Bakgrund: Neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar (NPF) är samlingsbegrepp för diagnoserna, ADHD, ADD, Tourettes, Asperger, Autism och språkstörning. En undersökning från Riksförbundet Attention visade att barn med NPF inom föreningsidrotten tenderar att sluta tidigare än genomsnittet med föreningsidrotten, framförallt i åldern mellan 9 – 12 år. En idrottsledare har en bidragande roll att behålla barnen med NPF inom föreningsidrotten med sitt bemötande. Att idrottsledare utbildar sig och skapar en förståelse för barnens behov i samband med NPF kan bidra med en mer tillmötesgående och positiv inställning till barn med NPF inom föreningsidrotten.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva vilken kunskap idrottsledare inom föreningsidrotten upplever att de har om barn med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar (NPF).

Metod: Studiens design har en kvalitativ inriktning där sju idrottsledare medverkade i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Idrottsledarna är verksamma från fotboll, ishockey, innebandy, orientering, friidrott och gymnastik, där åldern inom träningsgrupperna är mellan 9 – 12 år.

Resultat: De medverkande idrottsledarna har varierande kunskap om NPF. Erfarenhet och utbildning varierar på vilket sätt bemötandet sker inom träningsgrupperna. För att bemöta barn med NPF framhävdes tydlighet, struktur och planering som viktiga delar att ta hänsyn till. Ett fåtal av respondenterna kände sig mindre trygg i sitt ledarskap om de har vetskapen att ett barn i träningsgrupperna har NPF. Utbildning i större utsträckning om barn med NPF framkom däremot ha en stärkande effekt i hantering av situationer och bemötande till barnen. Det fanns tendenser med ett utanförskap hos barnen med NPF i träningsgrupperna, en upptäckt var dessutom föreningens påverkan och innebörden med att vara ideellt aktiv.

Slutsats: Kunskap om att leda barn med NPF kan beskrivas som varierande hos de medverkande idrottsledarna. Det finns flera faktorer som är viktigt att tänka på när en idrottsledare möter ett barn med NPF. Utbildning kan ge idrottsledaren kunskapen att bemöta barnen med NPF fördelaktigt och att behålla barn med NPF kvar i sitt idrottsutövande.

Bakgrund: Forskning har visat att risken för livsstilsrelaterade sjukdomar påverkas av en persons levnadsvanor. Folkhälsan i Sverige är globalt sett god, trots det insjuknar tiotusentals människor varje år i sjukdomar som hade kunnat förhindras med förebyggande hälso- och sjukvård. Ohälsan rapporteras vara som allra störst i Gävleborgs län. I Gävleborgs län blir alla som fyllt 40 år erbjudna ett kostnadsfritt hälsosamtal via sin hälsocentral. Samtalet kan hållas av en distriktsköterska och huvudfokus i hälsosamtalet är patientens levnadsvanor. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av hälsosamtal för 40-åringar på hälsocentraler i Gävleborgs län. Metod: Tio deltagare som uppfyllde inklusionskriterierna deltog i studien. Datainsamlingen skedde genom semistrukturerade telefonintervjuer. Materialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Huvudresultat: Resultatet presenteras utifrån tre huvudkategorier: Tydlig struktur på hälsosamtalet, nytändning och motivation efter hälsosamtalet och brister i hälsosamtalet. Deltagarna upplevde en tydlig struktur på hälsosamtalet då stjärnprofilen visualiserade patienternas totala hälsostatus på ett tydligt sätt. Flertalet deltagare hade blivit mer motiverade till att göra en livsstilsförändring efter hälsosamtalet, hälsosamtalet hade startat en reflektion angående deras hälsa. De hade också en förhoppning om att hälsosamtalet skulle ge de en nytändning. Majoriteten av deltagarna uppgav att det fanns brister i hälsosamtalet, de saknade erbjudande om uppföljning och de önskade även mer individanpassad rådgivning. Slutsats: Patienters upplevelser av hälsosamtal för 40-åringar sågs som en positiv ”hälsocheck-up”. Samtalsledarens roll har betydelse för upplevelsen av hälsosamtalet. Det framkom att hälsosamtalet har brister gällande uppföljning. Deltagarna saknade individanpassad rådgivning. 40-årssamtalet levde inte upp till patientens förväntningar och förhoppningar.

The main purpose with this study was to generate knowledge and understanding of how family factors and the reaction and behaviour of social contacts may serve as risk factors for people becoming drug comsumers. Five semi- structrured intervjues with people with problematic drug use was conducted. Theoretical starting points that was used for the analysis was Goldberg (2010)'s stamping theoretical model and Nakken (1999)'s abusing process theory. The result showed that the risk faktors that can be derived from family factors where being subjected to physical violence, to be the family scape goat or having phycisal or emotional absent parents. Social factors that were found to be risk factors was to be preschool/schools scapegoat, to be tranferred to the special class and to be placed outside the home by social services. The study also showed a correlation between problematic family relations and problematic social contacts.  The study shows that problematic family factors perceived as most significant for the development of problematic drug use.

Abstract

Background:

In our everyday lives worldwide, people are affected regardless of gender and age by accidents, deaths and other traumatic events. Some professions involve a greater risk of being exposed to traumatic events. Examples of these are ambulance, emergency personnel, police and health care personnel, primarily in emergency care. These events can sometimes become overpowering. One way to counteract burnout and post-traumatic stress symptom (PTSD) in healthcare professionals is to carry out debriefing talks. This is done with the healthcare staff who has participated in a traumatic event.

Aim:

The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of debriefing in healthcare professionals in emergency care in connection with traumatic events in their professional practice.

Method:

Literature study that contains a total of 10 scientific articles, five of which are qualitative and five are quantitative.

Results:

The study results show that debriefing is perceived as a positive tool when it comes to unloading after a traumatic event for the healthcare staff in emergency care. The main factors raised in the study are time and place for debriefing, debriefing impact on the communication between the healthcare staff, the choice of debriefing leader and the need for well-designed guidelines for debriefing.

Conclusion:

The present study demonstrates that debriefing should be regarded as an effective tool for counteracting mental illness in the healthcare staff and that debriefing also reinforces communication between the various professional occupational groups in emergency care. The study also shows that well-designed guidelines are important for achieving the purpose of the debriefing.

Title: You wash it off and then you go and do your job”

- A qualitative analysis about trauma nurses victimization of workplace violence

The aim of this study was to examine how trauma nurses relates to violence at work. The study was conducted through semi-structured interviews and a hermeneutic-sentence construction analysis has been used. The theoretical frameworks that was used in the study are social construction theory and the ideal victim. The result of the study showed that workplace violence frequently occurs and it also showed that psychological violence was the most common form. The trauma nurses usually don’t report this type of violence because of complicated reporting tools and a workplace culture that normalize violence from patients and relatives. The trauma nurses experience an implicit fear of being exposed of crime which limits them at their workplace. Suggested measures against workplace violence were education, simplified tools for report crime and increased endorsement from leadership. The conclusion of the study showed that the nurses need help to institute a zero-tolerance policy against violence to challenge their definition of violence.

Keywords: workplace violence, nurse, victim, perpetrator

The aim of this review was to study what is considered to promote formation of peer friendships and how it can contribute to a change of attitudes and prejudices. 11 research articles were compiled into an integrative review. The review focused on factors for children's friendships that are possible to influence and effective interventions. The various factors and interventions that emerged were education and teaching, adults leading the way, activities and commitment as well as economic conditions. The result was analyzed on the basis of intergroup contact theory, which contain conditions for optimal intergroup contact and processes for attitude change.  A discussion was conducted regarding promotion of health, adult'spossibilities to affect children's peer friendshipsand the impact of the activity's set-up.

The aim of this study is to explore the integration of non-European elderly migrants in Sweden with focus on everyday-life experiences. The study has an explorative design attempting at problematizing the integration of this group and finding new aspects that previous research has not addressed. A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews with four non-European elderly migrants has been carried out. The theories utilized for analyzing the research material are social integration theory and social exclusion theory. This study shows that non-European elderly migrants face linguistic and cultural barriers in their social integration and when seeking social support. They experienced lack of support in their integration into the everyday life of the society, risking of being lonely, isolated and marginalized. Late-in-life migrants appeared to be the most vulnerable.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how Disney princesses have been portrayed and how has it changed over time. I watched nine Disney films with a total of nine different princesses. I wanted to see if there are any stereotypical roles that fit in with female Disney princesses and also wanted to see when this change took place over how they were portrayed in the meantime. As a method, I have used qualitative content analysis. I chose different properties and categories that I was looking for in the movies. These categories and properties contain different stereotypical characters and chores that the princesses perform in their homes. This study has used the theories stereotypes and earlier research by Disney Princess. The conclusion was that there was a clear difference between the older and newer films. In the first films, the princesses only dreamed of finding their dream prince, but in newer films she had other goals and dreams than finding a man. The princesses in the first films were very stereotypical women and in newer films the princesses are braver and more independent.

The advancement of photovoltaic systems is growing exponentially both in Sweden and internationally. Reasons for this include decreasing prices, more efficient techniques, reduction in taxes as well as the increasing interest. In many cases, financial incentives like tax reductions or investment incentives are still necessary for photovoltaic systems to become profitable. In this case study, the possibility of installing a photovoltaic system at Västerberg folkhögskola in Storvik is examined. The properties are owned by Region Gävleborg. Bionär Närvärme AB, which is a subsidiary of Gävle Energi AB, provides the properties with heat through a pellet boiler system. In the summer however, electricity is used for the boiler when the heating requirement is less demanding, and there is an interest in producing electricity using solar cells. Since there is only one electricity subscription the PV-system is dimensioned with regards to the whole of the school’s electricity use including heating. The main purpose was to first identify suitable rooftops and then find the most costeffective size of a photovoltaic system for the school. Then, a simulation was performed to find out the annual electricity production and with the help of these results, an economic calculation could be determined. Suitable rooftops were selected with respect to orientation, angle, size and placement of distribution boxes. Quantitative data regarding the properties and electricity use were collected from Region Gävleborg. Subsequently, different photovoltaic system sizes were tested in Winsun to find the system size that yielded the shortest straight repayment time. Next, simulation of the selected system size was performed in PVsyst, where annual electricity exchange was presented as a result. An economic analysis could be carried out with the help of the values of electricity usage, solar-produced electricity, self-used electricity, over-produced electricity (which is sold to the power grid). The result shows that the system size that gives the shortest repayment time is just under 100 kWp. After simulation of selected rooftops in PVsyst, a peak power of 94.6 kWp was achieved. This gave a payback period of 7,8 years.

Background: Today's industrial market is facing fierce competition. The competition forces companies to work with different types of improvements. OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) is one of the most useful methods of working with improvements in manufacturing. The purpose of OEE is to measure the production efficiency of an individual machine.

Problem: Data used must be collected with effective methods, be relevant and then processed appropriately. It will be hard to make improvements if problems concerning data are not addressed. Data used must also be understood by the whole organization. Therefore, the study wants to create a logical working method that increases production efficiency with a focus on involving people and data.

Purpose: The aim of the study is to give a deeper understanding of the view of production efficiency and to develop a working method of increasing production efficiency.

Method: The study has used an abductive approach to answer the purpose and research questions. Data has been derived from a case study at Sandvik AB where interviews have been conducted. The interviews and collected data from the case company have been compared in parallel with a conducted literature review. The literature review is conducted in the fields of OEE-improvement methods, data collection and general improvement methods.

Conclusions: Through our presented working method, companies can ensure that people become more involved in the improvement work on production efficiency. The method provides conditions for efficiently collecting and analyzing credible data to generate wellfounded suggestions for improvement.

Racial profiling: Personal experiences that people of color face in Sweden 

The purpose of this study is to explore the personal experiences of racial profiling that people of color face in Sweden. Racial profiling is a social issue in the world today and a much-disputed subject in the Swedish society. The study was conducted with qualitative interviews with four people of color in Sweden. The intersectionality perspective was used as an analytical tool to analyze the experiences people of color face with the help of social constructionism theory. The results showed that all four interviewees have experienced racial profiling in different settings in their lives. In addition, the study showed that the interviewees’ experiences of racial profiling differed depending on the interviewees’ identity attributes such as gender, race, and their religious affiliation affecting their vulnerability and experiences of racial profiling. The findings also show that the four informants have experienced and are vulnerable to everyday racism in Sweden due to the existing prejudices in the Swedish society.

Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka lärares inställningar till utomhuspedagogik. Genom att belysa möjligheter och redogöra för hinder för utomhuspedagogisk verksamhet kan arbetet inspirera och motivera lärare och lärarstudenter till att använda sig av utomhuspedagogik, samt skapa diskussion. Den datainsamlingsmetod som använts i detta arbete är en webbaserad enkätundersökning som distribuerats via mejl till skolor i Stockholm. Resultatet visar att samtliga lärare som svarade ser möjligheter med utomhuspedagogik där ökad förståelse, möjligheten att upptäcka och uppleva naturen samt hälsofrämjande aspekter är de mest framträdande. Resultatet visar att det största hindret är bristen på personal. Resultatet visar även att lärare på skolor i innerstaden, upplever närmiljön som ett större hinder än lärare på skolor utanför innerstaden. Min undersökning visar på flera möjligheter med utomhuspedagogisk verksamhet.

Manufacturing companies in the Swedish industry often make maximum use of their machines in order to meet the demand of their products. This leads to wear on the machines and thus a great need for access to spare parts and components, which is required for a functioning maintenance process. At the same time, the companies bind a lot of capital in their spare parts inventories. To achieve economies of scale and reduced costs, companies may consider centralizing their inventory structures. In view of the above-mentioned aspects, it is essential to examine the possibilities for increased co-storage of spare parts in the Swedish pulp industry.

The purpose of this study is to examine the conditions required in order to centralise spare part storage.

Based on the nature of the research questions, the choice of method is a mixture between qualitative and quantitative method, with an emphasis on the qualitative part. The approach of the work is of an inductive type, since the problem area was identified early, and no theoretical acquisition took place until later into the research process. A case study was conducted in order to obtain in-depth and detailed information concerning the research questions. This also made it possible to employ a combination of the qualitative and quantitative method. Data collection was done through literature studies, document analysis and interviews. The interviews were of a semi-structured type and took place both over the telephone and on site at the case company. 

The financial aspect is the most significant motive for centralization and the biggest advantage that such a change can bring. The reason behind this is that the total number of spare parts can be reduced, which also help to lower costs in other areas. In addition, the study shows that a centralization leads to a reduced environmental impact. Barriers to centralization of the storage operations are the need for transparency, standardization and openness between the parties involved. Furthermore, a fair distribution of costs between the participants is needed, where individual performance targets exists.

The spare parts suitable for being stocked at a central warehouse are those that are shared by at least two production facilities, are bulky, have a high purchasing value, and are aging quickly.

Using a modified version of the Center of Gravity Method, a centrally located warehouse for the case company’s all Swedish mills has been located to Örebro and the surrounding area. If, however, the central warehouse is only assigned to the case company’s four northernmost mills, the warehouse should according to the modified Center of Gravity Method be located to Ludvika.

Today's competitive and changing market, places high demands on companies ability to develop new products and is considered crucial for their survival. 40% of all new products are estimated to fail at launch and only one out of 7-10 products have a successful sale. The product development process includes all different activities that gradually transform a product, from idea to launch. Therefore, one of the biggest challenges in the product development process is to control these functions and integrate them with each other. Through integrated product development, collaboration between different functions can be improved and they can be involved at an earlier stage in the process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the importance of a more integrated work between the different functions in the product development process at a major manufacturing company. This work has been performed through a case study at a larger manufacturing company that has a complex product development process with many activities and several functions involved. To collect the empirical material, qualitative data collection methods in the form of semi-structured interviews and document collection have been used. The empirical material together with previous research in the subject has formed the study's analysis and discussion. Furthermore, the conclusion was based on the result of the discussion and analysis. The study's empirical evidence shows that the functions of the case company are in various degrees involved in the product development process and that some functions are given priority. This lead, among other things, to delayed projects, not fully utilized competence and a lack of holistic view. Furthermore, the different functions within the company have a lack of understanding of each other's work. The company needs to improve communication internally since handover in the product development process often fails. Mail has become a major part of the communication and collocation has improved the function's interaction. The company wants to standardize the activities in the product development process to create a more uniform way of working in the organization. The results of this study indicate that integrated work between the functions has a positive effect on the product development process. However, there are factors that make the integrated work more difficult. By working more integrated within the process, this study suggests that the holistic approach for functions would be improved, priorities would be better and that understanding of others' work would increase. Furthermore, a more integrated way of working would help to minimize time from idea to launch.

Title: An essay based on the “Big Five” theory. The purpose of this essay is to examine and analyze how different personality traits relate to different phases and strategies of negotiation.

Level: Final assignment for a Bachelor Degree in Business Administration 

Authors: Kamila Crafoord and Malin Larsson

Supervisor: Jonas Kågström 

Date: 2019 – June

Aim: The aim of this essay is to examine and analyze how different personality traits relate to the different phases and strategies of negotiation.

Method: We have used a quantitative research method, based on a deductive approach. The data were obtained via a questionnaire, subsequently analyzed in the statistical programme “Jamovi”, using descriptive analysis, reliability analysis and factor analysis. The respondents were students of business administration at Högskolan i Gävle.

Results & Conclusions: The results show that the personality traits ”openness”, “conscientiousness” and ”agreeableness” are recurrent in the pre-bargaining as well as in the bargaining phase. “Conscientiousness” is linked to distributive strategies. The traits “agreeableness” and “openness” are associated with integrative strategies. We have made new findings concerning “openness” in particular, which is prominent in both the initial phase and the negotiation phase.

Contribution of the thesis: The study shows that certain personality types have a greater penetration power in different phases of negotiation. This knowledge can be useful, for example when putting together a negotiation team, where a dividing up of negotiators can be done based on the negotiation phases. Thus, the individual strengths of the team are used in the best possible way. The study has not been conducted in a specific line of business, and the results may be used in many situations where negotiations take place.

Suggestions for future research: The number of respondents in this study is limited. We believe that a more comprehensive study could contribute to a more in-depth knowledge concerning different lines of trade. In order to contribute to new knowledge of negotiation and its phases, it would be fruitful to compare senior negotiators to less experienced ones (students) within the field of Business Economics. It would also be interesting to stage negotiations with a group of participants, and compare their self-assessed views through a BFI-44 to the actual measured results of the negotiations.

Keywords: “negotiation”, “negotiation phases”, “initial phase”, “pre negotiation”, “bargaining phase”, “distributive”, “integrative”, “The Big Five”, “personality traits”, “individual differences”.

Abstract

Title: How parental leave policies influence employee engagement

Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration

Author: Patrick Hammer and Rickard Palmgren

Supervisor: Tomas Källquist and Pär Vilhelmsson

Date: 2019 – June

Aim: Several studies have found that perceived flexibility and the ability to manage the demands of work and personal life are related to higher levels of employee engagement and expected retention. However, little research have been done to explore the relationship between parental leave (a component of work-life balance) and employee engagement and retention. The aim of this study is to increase the understanding about how parental leave influence employee engagement, and subsequent employee retention.

Method: This study is based on a social constructive and hermeneutic perspective. Empirical data was collected through 18 semi-structured interviews with employees in Sweden and the United States. The findings were compared to previous research with an abductive approach. Theoretical and empirical findings were combined and resulted in a new model based on the aim of this study.

Result & Conclusions: Our model illustrates how parental leave influence employee engagement and retention from an employee perspective. Parental leave was found to influence employee engagement and retention in four main ways (themes), which are relationship with manager, salary and career opportunities, alignment of values, and well-being.

Contribution of the thesis: From a theoretical perspective, the model we developed is useful as it highlights how employee engagement is influenced by parental leave policies. From a practical perspective, this model can be used by managers and leaders in organizations worldwide that are looking to understand drivers of employee engagement and how to increase employee retention.

Suggestions for future research: Further research is needed to test this model in different contexts to confirm its accuracy. For future research, this model can be tested from the manager or management perspective, which could identify new components that can be added to the model.

Key words: Parental leave, employee engagement, employee retention, work-life balance, family friendly policies

Arbetets övergripande syfte har varit att kartlägga ­företagsinkubatorn Movexums kundresa, lokalisera eventuella problem och hitta ­­­­­­­­­­­förbättringsmöjligheter. En företagsinkubator hjälper entreprenörer och idébärare med att göra sina innovativa idéer att bli framgångsrika ­produkter och tjänster. Data samlades först in genom research för att sedan fyllas på med data genom observationer av det dagliga arbetet på Movexum och vid ­tillfällen där kontakt med kund sker, till exempel vid coachmöten, en kunds första intervju eller en av deras främsta tjänster, Boost Chamber. Även intervjuer med både personal på Movexum och med sju av deras kunder genomfördes, plus kortare samtal med nyblivna medlemmar i Boost Chamber.

I det stora hela upplever kunderna sin resa hos Movexum väldigt positivt. Jag möttes av stor nöjdhet från dem, framförallt gällande personalen på Movexum och det bemötande och engagemang de ger kunderna. Men efter att ha analyserat den inkomna datan lade jag märke till att det rådde lite problem, förvirring och oklarheter gällande ­­­­informationen från Movexum. Exempelvis kunde kunderna uppleva svårigheter att veta om aktiviteter och information var relevant för just dem, men ­också att ­information ibland kom med för kort varsel. Dessutom rådde det ­­oklarheter hos kunderna om vad vissa tjänster faktiskt innebär för dem.

Resultaten av detta blev tre förslag på verktyg. Det första är själva ­­­­kartläggningen av kundresan. En visuell kartläggning som på ett ­tydligt sätt förklarar den resa kunden gör från det att en idé föds till att man blir ­utskriven från inkubatorn som alumniföretag. Det andra ­verktyget blev beteendetyper. Ett verktyg med syftet att öka förståelsen för ­kunden och dess upplevelser under resan. Det sista verktyget blev en ­introduktionsguide. Tillsammans skapar de tre förslagen ett förbättrat ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­samarbete och underlättar arbetet för både Movexum och kunderna.

Title: Consumers emotions towards the personal brand – A qualitative study.

Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration.

Author: Rebecca Enblom and Amanda Pettersson.

Supervisor: Jonas Molin and Lars-Johan Åge.

Date: 2019 – June.

Aim: The aim of this study is to contribute to a deeper understanding of how written self-presentations affect the potential consumers’ emotions towards the personal brand.

Method: The study is based on a qualitative research method with an inductive approach and a hermeneutic research tradition. In order to study the potential consumers’ emotions towards the personal brand, data has mainly been collected through ten semi-structured interviews. These have later been analyzed by using a thematic analysis.

Result & Conclusions: Findings from this study show that short and well-structured self-presentations create a good first impression. The self-presentations should be formed in a way that creates curiosity among potential consumers. It is also important that the presentations bring out a feeling of commitment and trust.

Contribution of the thesis: This research contributes knowledge about how real estate agents and other professionals can create a personal brand in form of a self-presentation. This with the purpose to generate positive emotions among potential consumers. As a result, the study fills the research gap we found on the subject of the personal brand.

Suggestions for future research: Given that a qualitative research method has been used, the result is not possible to generalize. Therefore, we are requesting a similar study with a quantitative approach. It would also be interesting to study the correlation between emotions towards the personal brand and personality features. Finally, we propose a continued research about social media’s impact on consumers’ emotions towards the personal brand. 

Key words: Personal brand, branding, digital marketing, online marketing, self-presentation, emotions.

The information that wool is burned in quantities while we are importing wool speaks its clearlanguage, something needs to be done. Wool, which is a durable and 100% renewablematerial with both historical connections as well as fantastic properties, is a huge waste ofresources to burn as if it were rubbish.

From a sustainability perspective as well as a personal interest, based on my years as astylist, I have investigated the sensual properties of the wool to find new materialexperiences in one of the world's oldest textile materials. The climate issue that is mostup-to-date, which we all have to relate to in one way or another, and that I want to make myresearch available to everyone, means that my work is relevant from a sustainabilityperspective.

I have worked from a material-driven design, where the meaning of the material has beenimportant in order to weave the emotional connection to a material. With an artisticapproach, I wanted to take on my work in exploring, evaluating and questioning myself andmy work in a material-driven process, in which I turn materials and user tests to contributewith new material experiences of wool. I hope that my work contributes to seeing Swedishwool with new eyes. With new associations and perspectives. To see opportunities insteadof impossibilities.

The collateral effects of fossil fuels push humanity to seek solutions to these adversities. Energy efficiency and renewable energies have gone from being almost imaginary concepts to necessary. Several studies have shown that self-sufficiency through photovoltaic systems and wind energy is possible. In addition, it is necessary a storage of the surpluses of both since it increases notably the efficiency of these systems and supposes to the short/medium term a saving of money in the consumer. Due to the mentioned before, the aim of the thesis is to convert a science park located in a cold climate such as Sweden into a complex that does not depend energetically on external sources. For this purpose, a series of data from the park were first collected and then simulated and optimised using the HOMER software for different energy configurations. At the same time, a computer code was created in MatLab to enable the energy produced to be used responsibly. The proposed system consists of PV panels, wind turbines and a battery. Thanks to it, a 64 % renewable fraction is achieved, which means a reduction of 27.45 tons of CO₂ per year. In addition, through the energy management system created, the electricity contract is reduced, reducing the purchase of electricity during peak hours. It is concluded that the implementation of both proposed systems contributes significantly to the achievement of the sustainable goals set for 2 030 by the main world leaders, even though a total disconnection with the electrical grid has not been achieved.

Idag spenderas en stor del av vår tid inomhus, det ställer krav på inomhusluften.  Koldioxid och andra föroreningar, som stannar i luften vid dåligt ventilerade  lokaler, påverkar negativt och är bevisat att påverka prestationen och produktiviteten  hos människor i specifika uppgifter. Idag läggs mycket fokus på miljösmarta  lösningar och effektiviseringar, men ibland glöms inomhusklimatet bort. För att  människor ska få en behaglig upplevelse av inomhusklimatet krävs  kvalité på inomhusluften men också på den termiska komforten. Huvudsyftet med examensarbetet är att förklara hur det går att uppnå  förbättrat inomhusklimat och samtidigt minska energiförbrukningen. Genom att minska energibehovet kan företag bli mer konkurrenskraftiga och samtidigt rusta sig mot de stigande elpriserna. Det finns även en ekonomisk fördel för företag såväl som för privata bostäder. Examensarbetet består utav en fallstudie, där luftenstemperatur och fuktighet kommer at loggas och data genereras. Loggning kommer att  ske vid två tillfällen. Först i början för att få en uppfattning om varför  personalen upplever dåligt inomhusklimat och sedan efter justering av luftflödena  för att se skillnaden i förändringen av inomhusklimatet och energipåverkan.   Genom att justera systemet och sammanställa resultat har forskningsfrågan ”Kan inomhusklimatet förbättras samtidigt och samtidigt minska energiförbrukningen?”  besvarats. Litteraturstudien visar att om alternativa ventilationsprinciper  används, istället för det konventionella omblandande systemet, går det att minska  energiförbrukningen samtidigt som inomhusklimatet förbättras. Detta har gjorts  genom att golvventilation använts där tilluften tillförts lågt och undertempererad för att luften ska stiga genom de termiska krafterna. Resultatet visar att termisk komfort försämrats enligt enkätstudierna, men samtidigt visar det en förbättring av  inneklimatet i enskilda frågor. Mätresultaten indikerar även på förbättrad  ventilation och inomhusklimat. Slutligen presenterades energibesparingsåtgärder som företaget kan göra för att minska energibehovet och samtidigt förbättra den termiska komforten.

The purpose of this essay has been to figure out how people that are a part of the anti-vaccination movement communicate in social media. The essay explores how they communicate in posts and comments in a closed group on Facebook. With the help of a coding scheme, 97 posts became analysed and placed in different categories with different variables. A couple of tables were created from the code scheme that demonstrated the most relevant facts. From that information, and with several detailed descriptions of example posts, describes the general mode in the group and how they speak with each other. The result was that they communicate with each other in a nice and supporting way, contribute with relevant information when it was asked for, but with some hostility shown towards those who come with opposite views. The group was closed, which means that only individuals who share the same views as them are involved with the platform, which also means that opinions are almost never challenged. 

EU regulations, decisions and policy making are matters that concern every resident in the EU and risk and benefit assessment and analysis form part of the EU decision and policy making. This thesis discusses the decision/policy making in the EU and the risk assessment activities of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), as well as ECHA’s socio-economic analysis activities. It also studies the role of the European Commission and the Comitology process. The EU regulates what chemicals or food stuffs/ingredients, for instance additives, may be made available in the European market. How the decisions are made about what is allowed and what not, and who makes those decisions, is not necessarily evident due to the complexity of the processes. In this thesis the decision making at different stages of the EU regulatory processes has been identified and analysed in order to find out by whom and how the decisions are made. The method used was a literature search with an overview of the existing theories and research from the areas of EU decision making, risk assessment and risk management. The regulatory processes were studied from a decision making perspective with the aim to identify and record possible decision making opportunities of different actors beyond the European Commission. The decision making opportunities were classified and organised based on their level of impact to the processes. Two real cases were studied: the restriction of lead in jewellery under REACH Annex XV restrictions and the authorisation of ammonium chloride in food under Flavourings regulation. Decision making opportunities and methods were looked for in those processes. It was found that while, in the studied cases, there appeared possibilities to ensure science based good regulatory decision/policy making, it remained uncertain and possibly politicised. It was also revealed that in certain steps the processes lacked transparency.