ABSTRACT

Title: To market using key concepts

Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration

Author: Louise Strand och Fanny Lind

Supervisor: Jonas Kågström

Date: 2019 – january

Aim: The aim of the study is to analyze the use of key concepts of influencers in non-textual content.

Method: The study is based on a data collection of 925 Instagram posts from two selected influencers during the years 2015–2018. The study is characterized by a multi-method research where we collected statistical data that is processed in SPSS and which are then analyzed and interpreted.

Result & Conclusions: The result showed that influencers use of the key concept @ has increased during 2015–2018 and that the use of the key concept # has decreased during the same period on Instagram.

The result also showed that the key terms should be used according to certain restrictions, so that the message in the Instagram post should be as clear as possible.

Contribution of the thesis: This study contributes to an increased understanding for the companies about how influencers use key concepts on Instagram and how it affect brand positioning. The study is based on the gap that previous research has highlighted.

Suggestions for future research: Research should further investigate the increased use of the key concept @ and, by studying it, we believe that it could also contribute to a clearer understanding of why the use of # has decreased over time. We believe that this can contribute to a deeper understanding of how the use of @ is perceived by consumers and thus also indirectly affect the perception of a company and its brand.

Abstract

Title: What motivates Swedish Millennials’ choices when buying wine? 

Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, final assignment. 

Authors: Richard Tarschis and Dag Ehlin 

Supervisor: Jonas Kågström 

Date: 2018 – January 

Aim: The purpose of this work is to analyze which driving forces affect the Swedish Millennials’ choices in the purchasing process of wine. 

Method: We used a quantitative research method in the form of a web-based survey that was sent out via Facebook and email with a total of 254 respondents. These data were then analyzed in the SPSS statistical software through cluster analysis, factor analysis and correlation analysis. The selection was aimed at Swedish men and women from Generation Y.

 Results & Conclusion: The results showed that the two most important driving forces were the emotional aspect as well as Word of Mouth. We also found that hedonism is a driving force for buying wine in general rather than for buying a specific wine. 

Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes to an understanding of what driving forces are the basis for purchasing decisions of a particular wine for the younger part of Swedish Generation Y. For marketers, this means knowledge about which marketing strategies they should use to reach the target group in question. 

Suggestions for future research: Future research should focus on replicating the study with a representative sample, a selection that is evenly distributed between all ages of the generation. It would also be interesting to replicate the study in neighboring countries such as Norway and Finland.

 Key Words: Consumer behavior, motivational factors, purchasing process, wine consumption, Millennials, Sweden.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att igenom det resultat som kommit fram efter sex individuella intervjuer med tre kristna och tre icke-kristna som förlorat sin tro få fram om kristendomen besitter patriarkala strukturer. Syftet är också att ta reda på att om kristendomen i sådana fall gör det, vad det då kan finnas för underliggande anledning(ar) till att kvinnor söker sig till religion och män söker sig ifrån religion som den tidigare forskningen visar. Intervjuerna berör ämnen såsom patriarkat, patriarkala strukturer, intervjuobjektens egna syn på kristendomen och huruvida det finns en koppling mellan kristendomen och patriarkala strukturer. Intervjuobjekten får även svara med sina egna teorier till varför kvinnor söker sig till religion och män gör tvärtom. Den metod som använts för denna uppsats är att de intervjuobjekt som deltagit har haft den erfarenhet som krävts för att kunna delta, dvs att antingen ha en kristen tro eller att ha tappat en kristen tro. Resultatet av denna uppsats är mångfaldig och eftersom denna uppsats är småskalig har det ej kunnat uteslutits att ett annat och/eller ett mer konkret resultat kunnat varit möjligt om den varit bredare eller med fler intervjuobjekt. Slutsatsen blir därför att utifrån de intervjuade, tidigare forskning och nuvarande relevant media finns det tecken på att kristendomen, likt samhället i stort, fortfarande har patriarkala strukturer.

The municipality of Kungälv has decided to reduce the proportion of purchased ac-commodation to reduce the cost within the Swedish act concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments [Lagen om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade] (LSS). To do this, the municipality needs to relocate in-dividuals that has accommodation in another municipality and/or hosted by a private organization to an accommodation hosted in and by Kungälv municipality.The purpose of the thesis is to describe a municipality's duties, rights and show avail-able tools for continued work. Laws and precedent judgments are analyzed in order to clarify a municipality's room for maneuver when relocating individuals. A work-shop within the project group is held to identify the aspects that are of interest to the municipality of Kungälv in the field.The result shows that a municipality has some leeway regarding the implementation of the accommodation location, but at the same time it is clear according to prece-dent judgements that the room for maneuver is not unlimited. Good living condi-tions for the individual weigh heavily, and this must be ensured before the munici-pality makes the relocation.The thesis presents a concept system that can facilitate the management of the type of balancing of interests that may need to be done, and a suggestion is given on how problems related to relocations could be handled.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka tio förskollärares syn på inkludering i förskolan med leken som verktyg. Det är av vikt eftersom förskolan anses som en plats för alla barn samt att leken har en väsentlig roll i barns lärande och utveckling. Vi vill genom detta få en bredare kunskap kring inkluderingsarbetet samt belysa förskollärarnas syn på och upplevelser med uppdraget att skapa en förskola för alla. I studien användes fokusgruppsintervjuer som metod, sammanlagt genomfördes tre fokusgruppsintervjuer. Dessa ägde rum vid tre olika tillfällen och spelades in samt skrevs ut. Resultatet visar att förskollärarna som ingår i vår studie anser att inkludering handlar om att skapa en verksamhet som passar alla barn där de ser leken som en viktig aspekt i arbetet med att inkludera alla barn i barngruppen. Resultatet påvisar att förskollärarna i studien upplever en svårighet och en komplexitet i arbetet med att inkludera alla barn. Det visas också att förskollärarna anser att de har ansvaret för att skapa en verksamhet som inkluderar alla barn. De menar att om de arbetar aktivt och närvarande i barns lek så blir de didaktiska implikationerna att de kan upptäcka exkluderingar och arbeta motverkande för att förhindra dessa. De menar att genom samtal med barnen och att ge barnen olika verktyg för att ta sig in i leken och gruppen så blir den didaktiska följden att verksamheten i förskolan blir mer inkluderande.

Den här undersökningen tar utgångspunkt i att forskning kring skapande kopplat till litteracitet är begränsad. Litteracitet är ett begrepp som kommer från eng. literacy och betyder i första hand läs- och skrivkunnighet, men kan också ses ur ett vidare perspektiv, vilket även innefattar sociala samspel (Axelsson, 2005). Studiens övergripande syfte var att undersöka och beskriva hur och på vilka sätt skapande aktiviteter i ateljén kan erbjuda möjlighet till barns litteracitetsutveckling. Syftet var tvådelat, att synliggöra vilka litteracitetshändelser som uppstod samt vilka multimodala resurser som deltagarna använde. Vi har med utgångspunkt i läroplanen valt tidigare forskning som presenterar skapandets betydelse i barns vardag och lärande samt forskning som kopplar detta till litteracitetsutveckling och multimodalitet.

I de metodologiska valen var vår utgångspunkt att göra en mindre studie med en etnografisk ansats. En minietnografi användes och i undersökningen tillämpades videoobservation, i tre olika ateljéer (på två förskolor och i en privat fristående pedagogisk verksamhet), där vi observerat förskollärare/ateljeristor och barn i det skapande arbetet i ateljén. 

Resultatet visar att det uppstår olika sorters litteracitetshändelser i ateljén och att dessa är sammanlänkade med det sociala sammanhanget. De multimodala resurser, så kallade modes, som litteracitetshändelserna analyseras med hjälp av är; verbalt språk, kroppsspråk, skrift, bild och sång. Det mode som visade sig mest framträdande var verbalt språk, vilket ofta förstärks med hjälp av kroppsspråk. Slutsatsen är att många olika modes används i de sociala sammanhangen, i litteracitetshändelserna. Vi kan också se att olika modes används och tillämpas olika i våra exempel. 

Sammantaget framkommer att skapande kan stödja barns litteracitetsutveckling och att det med fördel sker i sociala sammanhang, såsom i ateljén.

Då det finns begränsad forskning kring praktisk undervisning om hur barn kan erövra litteracitet, menar vi att denna studie kan komma att bidra inom detta område.

Research Aim: Our aim is to understand how multinational companies integrate cultural diversity of employees in their corporate culture. To achieve this objective, we compare the employees’ perception with the company's view on the topic.

Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative case study is conducted with three sets of questionnaires. Two sets of questionnaires were designed for the foreign and the local employees. The third set was created for the department of human resource management who represented the company’s view. Analysis is done by comparing the theories with empirical findings of the study.

Findings: The findings revealed that corporate culture is inspired by the national culture. By implementing a proper recruiting process, socialization and teamwork, multinational companies can integrate cultural diversity successfully in their corporate culture. Several tools such as offering language courses, announcements in both languages, a welcoming at the new country booklet, mentors, anonymous feedback on cultural issues and sports or cultural outings are proposed to manage cultural diversity. These tools can be used for both the foreign and the local employees. The integration relies on both employees and the companies. However, upper management should support the department of human resources management to find solutions for the integration of a culturally diverse workforce.

Practical implications: Contemporary studies propose tools like mentoring programs that are costly and may ignite stereotyping while managing cultural diversity. This study proposes tools that are cost-effective and functional in integrating and managing cultural diversity of employees.

Originality/Value: Previous studies do not emphasize the role of corporate culture in integrating cultural diversity of employees. This study focuses on the empirical gap of employees’ perception on the role of corporate culture in integrating cultural diversity. It proposes, that to manage cultural diversity, companies should only focus on the national and corporate culture of the company and not necessarily of the employee’s culture.

Bakgrund: Telefonen är ett kommunikativ redskap som till fortsatt stor del användas idag, när personer ute i samhället behöver hälso-och sjukvårdsråd. Man kan definiera telefonrådgivning som praxis att tillhandahålla en komponent av telefonrådgivning som fokuserar på att bedöma, prioritera och referera till korrekt vårdnivå samt att identifiera orsaken och skyndsamheten av vårdsökarens behov. Svårigheter med telefonrådgivning för sjuksköterskor kan vara att man inte ser patienten som man samtalar med Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskors och distriktsköterskors erfarenheter av telefonrådgivning. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie genomfördes med databassökningar i Cinahl och Pubmed. Studien består av 12 vetenskapliga artiklar av kvalitativ, kvantitativ och mixmetod ansatts. Artiklarnas innehåll hade kritiskt granskat utifrån deras relevans mot syftet. Resultat: Tre övergripande kategorier framkom: Erfarenheter av kommunikation, Erfarenheter av krävande patientmöten och Erfarenheter av organisationen samt 12 subkategorier som belyser dessa svårigheter. Diskussion: I resultat så framkom det olika aspekter som telefonrådgivningssjuksköterskan fick hantera i samband med telefonrådgivningstillfället. Telefonrådgivningssjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att lyssna och ställa öppna medicinska frågor belystes som en bidragande faktor till att säkerhetsställa att korrekt information blivit utbytt mellan parterna. Det fanns många faktorer som kunde försvåra telefonrådgivningssamtalet så som krävande patienten men också telefonrådgivningssjuksköterskans egen arbetsmiljö. Slutsatser: Telefonrådgivningssjuksköterskornas erfarenheter av att arbeta med telefonrådgivning är att det förekommer många patientmöten som medför svårigheter för telefonrådgivningssjuksköterskan att hantera.

Sammanfattning

Bakgrund Historiskt sett har sjuksköterskeyrket ansetts ha låg status och varit dominerat av kvinnor. Yrkesrollen har associerats till det kvinnliga och att vara omhändertagande, varm och moderlig. Denna stereotyp finns kvar ännu idag. I Sverige antog inte sjuksköterskeutbildningen män förrän under 1950-talet, och viss forskning har visat att patienter och kvinnliga kollegor varit skeptiska till män i yrkesrollen.

Syfte Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva manliga sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vara man i yrket.

Metod En beskrivande litteraturstudie. Databaserna Medline via Pubmed och Cinahl användes för att finna 13 artiklar, dessa analyserades genom en innehållsanalys. 

Huvudresultat Studien presenterar manliga sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av yrket i fem kategorier: Upplevelsen av marginalisering och exkludering, Förväntningar på män i yrket, Manliga sjuksköterskors syn på yrket, I mötet med patienten samt Fördomar om manliga sjuksköterskors sexuella läggning.

Slutsats Manliga sjuksköterskor har upplevt motstånd i sitt yrke och begränsats av fördomar om att män inte platsar i yrkesrollen. De upplevde sig exkluderade och marginaliserade kopplat till mansrollen, samt att de förväntades utföra tungt och tekniskt arbete. Trots sin minoritetsställning upplevde de ändå patriarkaliska fördelar. I samhället finns en uppfattning om att manliga sjuksköterskor är homosexuella. Resultatet vittnar om att könsroller och genusstrukturer påverkar arbetet, vilket kan relateras till Raewyn Connells maskulinitetsteori.

The purpose of the study is to depict the exit-process out of the religious group Jehovah's Witnesses, and compare nine informants narratives about the exit-process with three other models that´s been constructed over the exit-process from religious groups and compare and discuss the informants narratives about the exit-process with each other. The result of the study shows that the informants narratives about their exit-process shows some resemblance with the models about the exit-process that the authors Pernilla Liedgren Dobronravoff and Norman Skonovd has developed, and some lesser resemblance with the model about the exit-process that author Stuart Wright has developed. It is also important to point out that the informants narratives do not strengthen any of the models about the exit-process enough to call them complete, because of the differences that shows up in the informants narratives abouth their exit-processes from Jehovah´s Witnesses. The narratives of the informants exit-processes differ from each othertoo, mainly about the length of the exit-process, and the feelings that they feel during the exit-process. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study about the exit-process from the organization Jehovah´s Witnesses is that the exit-process seems to be very individual, although the informants narratives shows some resemblance in their exit-process, mainly about doubts throughout the exit-process, "the turning points", and the lack of support from the "original family" during the exit-process.

Billerudkorsnäs is a good example of an industry that associated with a 24/7 production and where faults lead to downtime in the production process which in its turn generates substantial losses. Sustainability is essential for a prosperous future for Billerudkorsnäs, and with the growth of technologies and digitalization with big data that are in line with the coming Industry 4.0 standard, the company will have the possibility to ensure a sustainable production system. However, to be able to achieve this, it is necessary to implement an intelligent maintenance system into the traditional manufacturing process. This study will, therefore focus on how online monitoring can be applied to estimate error prediction on Nash vacuum pumps by using Bluetooth low energy sensors.

At Billerudkorsnäs, 6 Nash vacuum pumps have from time-to-time had a problem of bearing faults resulting in unreliable production. Even though time-based maintenance has been implemented, it has proven to be an insufficient method to uphold an efficient production and to in-time detect faults in the production process. As a response to this, first, the study has deployed a digitalized online monitoring application for fault prediction. By utilizes of Bluetooth low energy (BLE) Beacon, communication gateway (BLuFi) and a web-based platform Bluzone with cloud server services that work parallel with machine learning technology.

The faults discovered by implemented application are observed via Bluzone. In addition, automatic generated e-mail sent to a vacuum pump inspector when such faults have occurred. Second, as an effect of this implementation, a classical theoretical framework based on an AutoRegressive (AR) and AR with exogenous input (ARX) for prediction modelling has been studied. The method applies historical data from the vacuum pump, and the problem with input and output data from two different applications is discussed.

The results of the study gave at hand- in comparison with the technology used to-day – that the implemented new system has a more efficient in providing reliable information as to prevent unnecessary downtime in the Nash vacuum pumps. This implies a lower production cost. Although interesting results in practice it is difficult to use theoretically. In correspondence, AR prediction model results verify the model fit compared to the measured response. Also, the ARX model was tested.

In recent years, application of confluent jets for design of ventilation supply devices has been studied. Similarly, numerus studies have been made on the potential and application of variable air volume (VAV) in order to reduce the energy demand of ventilation systems. This study investigates the combination of supply devices based on confluent jets and VAV, both in terms of the nearfield flow behavior of the device and the impact on thermal comfort, indoor air quality and energy efficiency on a classroom-level space when the airflow rate is varied.

The method used in this study is an experimental field study where the confluent jets-based supply devices were compared to the previously installed displacement ventilation. The field study evaluated the energy efficiency, thermal comfort and indoor air quality of the two systems. In the case of the confluent jets supply devices, airflow rate was varied in order to see what impact the variation had on the performance of the system for each airflow rate. Furthermore, the confluent jets supply devices were investigated both experimentally and numerically in a well insulated test room to get high resolution data on the particular flow characteristics for this type of supply device when the airflow rate is varied. The results from the field study show nearly uniform distribution of the local mean age of air in the occupied zone, even in the cases of relatively low airflow rates. The airflow rates have no significant effect on the degree of mixing. The thermal comfort in the classroom was increased when the airflow rate was adapted to the heat load compared to the displacement system. The results lead to the conclusion that the combination of supply devices based on confluent jets can reduce energy usage in the school while maintaining indoor air quality and increasing the thermal comfort in the occupied zone.

The results from the experimental and numerical study show that the flow pattern and velocity in each nozzle is directly dependent on the total airflow rate. However, the flow pattern does not vary between the three different airflow rates. The numerical investigation shows that velocity profiles for each nozzle have the same pattern regardless of the airflow rate, but the magnitude of the velocity profile increases as the airflow increases. Thus, a supply device of this kind could be used for variable air volume and produce confluent jets for different airflow rates.

The results from both studies show that the airflow rate does not affect the distribution of the airflow on both near-field and room level. The distribution of air is nearly uniform in the case of the near-field results and the room-level measurement shows a completely uniform degree of mixing and air quality in the occupied zone for each airflow rate. This means that there is potential for combining these two schemes for designing air distribution systems with high energy efficiency and high thermal comfort and indoor air quality.

The focus of this study is how self-driving vehicles can come to affect the future urban planning of infrastructure. In order to find that out, earlier studies have been analyzed and interviews have been done with three infrastructure planners in different counties around Sweden to see if they have already been thinking about this topic. The purpose of the study is to give todays planners an insight on how the planning can be affected by the self- driving technology when it is put in use in our public spaces.

The public participated in this study by answering some questions on this topic and about their current transportation habits (as well as how they may be affected by the self-driving technology). The interviews with the infrastructure planners focused on what they were focusing on in todays planning of infrastructure and how that may be affected by the self-driving vehicles.

This study shows that infrastructure planners mostly focus on the availability to walk, bicycle and public transfer. Therefore, previous research shows that its possible that self-driving vehicles will be introduced to the society as an alternative to public transit rather than private cars.

Sammanfattning 

Den här undersökningen tar utgångspunkt i att forskning kring skapande kopplat till litteracitet är begränsad. Litteracitet är ett begrepp som kommer från eng. literacy och betyder i första hand läs- och skrivkunnighet, men kan också ses ur ett vidare perspektiv, vilket även innefattar sociala samspel (Axelsson, 2005). Studiens övergripande syfte var att undersöka och beskriva hur och på vilka sätt skapande aktiviteter i ateljén kan erbjuda möjlighet till barns litteracitetsutveckling. Syftet var tvådelat, att synliggöra vilka litteracitetshändelser som uppstod samt vilka multimodala resurser som deltagarna använde. Vi har med utgångspunkt i läroplanen valt tidigare forskning som presenterar skapandets betydelse i barns vardag och lärande samt forskning som kopplar detta till litteracitetsutveckling och multimodalitet.

I de metodologiska valen var vår utgångspunkt att göra en mindre studie med en etnografisk ansats. En minietnografi användes och i undersökningen tillämpades videoobservation, i tre olika ateljéer (på två förskolor och i en privat fristående pedagogisk verksamhet), där vi observerat förskollärare/ateljeristor och barn i det skapande arbetet i ateljén. 

Resultatet visar att det uppstår olika sorters litteracitetshändelser i ateljén och att dessa är sammanlänkade med det sociala sammanhanget. De multimodala resurser, så kallade modes, som litteracitetshändelserna analyseras med hjälp av är; verbalt språk, kroppsspråk, skrift, bild och sång. Det mode som visade sig mest framträdande var verbalt språk, vilket ofta förstärks med hjälp av kroppsspråk. Slutsatsen är att många olika modes används i de sociala sammanhangen, i litteracitetshändelserna. Vi kan också se att olika modes används och tillämpas olika i våra exempel. 

Sammantaget framkommer att skapande kan stödja barns litteracitetsutveckling och att det med fördel sker i sociala sammanhang, såsom i ateljén.

Då det finns begränsad forskning kring praktisk undervisning om hur barn kan erövra litteracitet, menar vi att denna studie kan komma att bidra inom detta område.

During the 1950s and 1960s, many urban squares and centers in Sweden were built thanks to the growing economy prevailing in the country. A number of these places are today desolate. Agö Square, located in Brynäs, is an example of a district square and center built during this period and has since then largely remained unchanged. The square is not a natural meeting place in Gävle and is currently being poorly used. The square works largely as the distance of transport for the residents of the district to get to the service that is directly adjacent to the square. A well-designed square is a place where the opportunity for meetings between people is good and where there is an attraction and a function that inspires to visit and stay on site. Squares are part of the public realm and are important ingredients in a city to enhance the quality of life. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to find out how the square and the center can be developed into a vivid and useful meeting place for residents of the district and visitors. Two proposals have been produced. The first proposal is based on my own knowledge and the second proposal were made using literature and an inventory, survey and observations. Observations were conducted according to Gehl and Svarre’s methods. The proposals were compared with the zero alternative, i.e. what the square looks like today and how it is used today. This was done using the multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) through analytic hierarchy process (AHP), observations and a questionnaire that were distributed to visitors to the square. The result of the AHP shows that both my proposal and the proposal based on theory and methodology are a clear improvement in the way the site is today. Important factors for making the square an attractive meeting place are accessibility, security, greenery, attractions and contemplation. With the theoretical background and the collected empirics as the basis for a proposal which, according to the current landscape convention, takes on nature and cultural values, there seems to be good opportunities for implementing a change of Agö square into an attractive meeting place with the design proposals as a starting point. One prerequisite for success is that citizens continue to be engaged in the design and future use of Agö Square.

Ringing phones are common in work space environments in the 21th century and while capturing the attention of the call-taker they also tend to disrupt people in the surrounding environment. This study aims to investigate the attentional capturing effect of ringtones by comparing sudden and increasing onsets with quiet and noise masking conditions while participants undertook a test of short-term memory for serial order (serial recall). The experiment presented new evidence that increasing ringtone sounds have a disruptive effect on serial recall processing. A masking noise background, however, successfully eliminated the effect of the increasing ringtone sound.  In contrary to what was anticipated, the ringtone with the sudden onset did not cause an attentional capture effect, suggesting at least in behavioural terms, it was successfully ignored. The results are discussed in relation to the literature on looking effects. Increasing ringtone sounds may appear looming, with sudden onset sounds decreasing in volume appearing receding. The central idea is that looming sounds are more disruptive to serial recall because they cause a diversion of attention from the serial recall task so as to react to the apparently approaching sound. The disruption attributable to looming sounds may be a form of attentional capture that is more specific than those triggered by deviant events within a to-be-ignored stream of sounds. 

Sammanfattning

Titel: Avkastningskrav och riskpreferenser – En studie om sambandet mellan ägarnas avkastningskrav och företagsledningens riskpreferenser.

Nivå: Examensarbete på kandidatnivå i företagsekonomi

Författare: Pontus Gelin

Handledare: Peter Lindberg

Datum: Februari 2019

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan ägarnas avkastningskrav och en kvinnlig verkställande direktör.

Metod: Kvantitativ forskningsdesign med multipel linjär regressionsanalys.

Resultat och slutsats: Det går inte att fastställa någon korrelation mellan ägarnas avkastningskrav och en kvinnlig verkställande direktör. Resultatet visar på att den eventuella risken, som en kvinnlig vd medför, har diversifierats bort av investerare.

Vidare forskning: En given fortsättning på studien vore en kategorisering av aktuella bolag, där de bolagen med en kvinnlig vd ställs mot övriga. Detta test skulle visa på om ägarnas avkastningskrav är lägre för de bolag som har en kvinnlig vd, än övriga.

Nyckelord: Avkastningskrav, kapitalstruktur, risk, CAPM, betavärde (β), verkställande direktör (vd), riskpreferenser.

Abstract

Title: The deviation between actual and expected CSP and the effect on company value - A quantitative study of 185 public companies over a ten year period

Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration

Author: Anton Tideman and Moa Jakobsson

Supervisor: Jan Svanberg

Date: 2019 – March

Aim: Prior research have studied the effect that CSP has on company value with both positive and negative results. With the purpose to find a more reliable measuring variable the study has developed AECSP which symbolises the deviation between actual and expected CSP to find a solution to the different results earlier research has presented. The study aims to find a positive relationship between AECSP and company value

Method: The study adopt a positivistic research philosophy with a deductive approach and a longitudinal design over ten years. The secondary data is collected from Thomson Reuters Datastream and have therafter been analyzed and processed in the statistical program SPSS.

Result & Conclusions: The results of the study gives evidence that a deviation between actual CSP and expected CSP exists. Also that AECSP is a reliable and significant measurement in the measuring of CSPs effect on company value and that a positive relationship can be proved.

Contribution of the thesis: The study’s development of the variable AECSP has contributed as a new way of measuring the relationship between CSP and company value. The study has also contributed by reducing the information asymmetry between companies and stakeholders.

Suggestions for future research: One suggestion for future research is to treat a short time period to generate a larger amount of data. Another suggestion is through qualitative interviews reduce the information asymmetry between companies and stakeholders.

Key words: CSP, company value, market value, market efficiency, information asymmetry

Ringtones are a common distracting sound in modern workspaces. In an earlierexperiment, ringtones increasing in volume (looming) produced greater attentional capture effectin the context of serial short-term memory, than ringtones with sudden onsets that decreased involume (receding). To determine whether this effect occurred merely because the loudest part ofthe looming ringtone coincided with the most sensitive part of the serial short-term memory task,this study repeated the sound conditions of the first experiment, but altered their timing. In thisstudy, the onset of the ringtones were brought forward in time such that the loudest part of thelooming ringtone now coincided with the part of the serial short-term memory task wherein theonset of the looming ringtone occurred in the first experiment. The looming ringtone againproduced more disruption than the receding ringtone, which failed to disrupt performance relativeto the quiet control condition. The presence of a masking sound eliminated the looming ringtoneeffect, as in the previous study. The results here support previous work demonstrating that thelooming sounds give rise to attentional capture and that this reflects an evolutionary adaptation tounconsciously react to approaching sounds/objects.