I det här arbetet undersöker vi hur man kan arbeta med dystopisk skönlitteratur som primärt verktyg i ämnesövergripande arbete på gymnasiet. Vi undersöker också hur ett sådant arbete kan främja elevernas kritiska tänkande och hur det kan gynna lärare i yrket. Uppsatsen vilar på en teoretisk grund vilken utgår från ett sociokulturellt lärande. Teoretikerna vi använder som stöd är Roger Säljö och Lev Vygotskij. Vi använder de skönlitterära verken Brave New World av Aldous Huxley, Kallocain av Karin Boye, 1984 av George Orwell och The Hunger Games av Suzanne Collins, som exempel i ett ämnesövergripande arbete. I studien har vi kommit fram till att ett ämnesövergripande arbete med dystopisk skönlitteratur som nyckeltext fungerar mellan svenska och flera olika kurser på gymnasiet. Vi har även kommit fram till att arbete med dystopisk skönlitteratur kan gynna elevers kritiska tänkande, vissa berättelser mer än andra. Genom att använda dystopisk skönlitteratur som nyckeltext i ett ämnesövergripande arbete får läraren avlastning i arbetsbördan. Det finns även dubbel kompetens att tillgå i ett sådant arbete, även för eleverna som genom textsamtal utifrån olika perspektiv har bättre förutsättningar till högre måluppfyllelse. 

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious and common disease that is one of the most common causes of hospitalization. The most common cause of the disease is tobacco smoking and exposure to chemical substances. But, there is also a genetic factor behind i.e lack of protein (alpha 1 antitrypsin) deficiency and old age. To prevent the disease from worsening, it is important to stop smoking and persons who have been diagnosed with COPD should consider exercising, physical activity and take their prescribed medications to stop the progression of the disease. Objective: To describe the quality of life in COPD patients cared for at home. Furthermore, the aim is to describe the included articles data collection method. Method: Descriptive literature with 15 scientific articles from the database PubMed has been used. Articles results and methodology were analysed and summarized in four categories. These categories were: Physical and Mental health. Needs of Support & Fears and Concerns, as well as the included articles Data Collection Method. Results: Self-care program for COPD patients has been shown to have positive effects on their physical and mental health and ultimately their quality of life. The patients who received pulmonary rehabilitation program reported that they experienced a high quality of life that was linked to increased physical health. Support from family members and from health care was considered important. The patients who were near death associated with the disease often experienced anxiety and fear of dying, which meant that their quality of life was low. Patients receiving oxygen therapy in the home experienced an improvement in breathing which raised their quality of life. Conclusion: Patient education proved to have good effect on COPD patients' self-care. Patients who have undergone training in pulmonary rehabilitation appeared to experience a high quality of life. COPD patients experiencing isolation when the disease leads to a sedentary life and a sense of exclusion from social life. The studies showed that it is important to support and provide information to COPD patients for them to cope with their illness. 

A dog tracker is something that is essential when hunting with a dog. The reason is because the hunter needs to know where the dog is always, while preferably as well knowing what happens with the dog. Today, when the traffic is increasing and more, it is of importance to be able to determine whether the dog is heading for a busy road. The tracker also gives the hunter the possibility to rescue the dog if it gets stuck or fall in water. Dog trackers are of importance to the hunter, but they are also expensive, most costs more than 2000 SEK/230 USD, so there is a desire for a cheaper dog tracker that still fulfil the demands that hunters or dog owners require.

The goal of this project is to design, build and program a dog tracker from Arduino UNO and Adafruit FONA 808, that meets the requirements stated by a user and at the same time are cheaper than the commercial equivalents. The method used are such that first relevant documents, such as Adafruit product description and testcode, are studied to gain an understanding of the units used. The units were then tested by the testcode to ensure that all parts are working correctly, this was done by testing read, delete and send SMS and get GPS-coordinates. When it was sure that all parts worked correctly a code was programmed that fulfilled all the requirements requested by a user. Then the finished dog tracker was evaluated to ensure that it fulfilled the requirements. Weight, battery time and positioning accuracy was tested, where weight was tested by a kitchen scale, battery time was tested by measuring the loss of charge once an hour over a period of three hours. From what was measured in those three hours a battery time was calculated by extrapolating loss of battery power/hour. The positioning accuracy was measured by using the dog trackers coordinates and comparing them to Google Maps and Eniro coordinates.

The conclusion of the project is that the dog tracker didn’t fulfil all the requirements, its positioning accuracy didn’t reach the requirement of max 5-meter error. Though the dog tracker is still usable for tracking because it still gives a good enough positioning for finding a dog. The dog tracker can also be used for other purposes such as placing in a car to track it in event of a theft. The dog tracker also acts as a base for future developments, like using it to send sound which is also of interest for a hunter.

This study aims to obtain an increased knowledge about experiences of leadership among employees in workplaces that focus on a health promoting leadership. The purpose of this study was to examine this issue in relations to the employees experiences of obstacles and opportunities in the health promoting work. In our study we performed four quality interviews with persons active within the public sector. The result of the study has there after been analyzed with the help of Antonovskys analytic method – KASAM and system theory. The most important results observed from our questions are that these respondents experience support from their colleagues and manager, though some of them underline that the support fails when it comes to stress and high workload. The majority of the respondents experienced high participation and influence at the working place while others did not experience this within the organisation. Another important factor that is revealed from our result is that more frequent dialogues with the employees, where you systematically discuss the working environment, seems to give positive effect on the indivduals´ health which confirms the importance of systematical health promoting environmental work.

Syftet med studien är att belysa hur forskning uppmärksammat fenomenet självkänsla samt hur aktiva förskollärare betraktar, uppmärksammar och arbetar med barns självkänsla. Genom att få ökad kunskap om detta, samt sprida den till verksamma kollegor, tror vi att arbetet med att stärka självkänslan i förskolan kan ges ökad betydelse och på så sätt stärka kvaliteten inom förskoleverksamheten.

Vi har genomfört fem kvalitativa intervjuer, närmare bestämt semistrukturerade intervjuer (Bryman 2011) och på så sätt har vi samlat in data från fem förskollärare. Intervjuerna var så kallade direkta intervjuer.

Resultatet av undersökningen visar på att förskollärarna aktivt försöker främja en god självkänsla i den vardagliga verksamheten genom ett medvetet positivt språkbruk. De har fokus på kommunikation i olika former, positiv konflikthantering, att vara en god förebild och att låta barn verka i små sammanhang. De skiljer på person och prestation. De arbetar efter ett systematiskt kvalitetsarbete med Läroplanen för förskolan (Skolverket 2016) som verktyg.

Den 2 mars 2011 beslutade riksdagen att införa en legitimation för lärare och förskollärare samt att nyexaminerade lärare och förskollärare skulle genomgå en introduktionsperiod. Under denna introduktionsperiod skulle de få stöd av en mentor samtidigt som rektor eller förskolechef skulle bedöma deras lämplighet för yrket.

För rektorerna innebär lämplighetsprövningen av nyexaminerade lärare nya arbetsuppgifter och ett formaliserat uppdrag att bedöma lärares skicklighet. Detta i samband med att rektorers arbetssituation har befunnits vara intensiv med en uppsplittrad vardag där många snabba beslut måste tas väcker frågor kring hur arbetets förutsättningar påverkar lämplighetsprövningen, och hur lämplighetsprövningen påverkar arbetsförhållanden och yrkesroller.

I juni månad 2014 inbjöds 646 rektorer att besvara en enkät rörande lämplighetsprövningen. 248 rektorer svarade vilket ger en svarsfrekvens på 39 % (n=248). 159 kvinnor (64 %) och 89 män (36 %) besvarade enkäten. Nästan 60 % av rektorerna hade varit rektor på sin nuvarande enhet i tre år eller mindre. 77 % av rektorerna var verksamma vid kommunala skolor medan 23 % var verksamma vid fristående skolor.

Resultaten visar att rektorernas upplevelse av lämplighetsprövningen är att den i huvudsak, om än i varierade grad, upplevts meningsfull och att rektorerna känt sig tillfreds med de lämplighetsprövningar de genomfört. Det förekommer mer spriddaåsikter om i vilken mån lämplighetsprövningen varit väl investerad tid och kraft. Lämplighetsprövningen har konkurrerat med många andra arbetsuppgifter men det finns ändå en tendens att rektorerna som grupp anser att den investerade tiden och kraften varit värt utfallet.

Det råder oenighet kring i vilken mån lämplighetsprövningen bidragit till mer positiva relationer mellan rektor och den nya läraren, men att det råder relativt stor enighet om att lämplighetsprövningen inte nämnvärt försämrat relationerna. En sammantagen tolkning av detta är att något mer positiva relationer med de nya lärarna etablerats och att båda parter lärt känna varandra såväl professionellt som privat. Endast 12 % av rektorerna anger att de har fått någon utbildning i att genomföra lämplighetsprövningen. Rektorerna har haft ett begränsat stöd av huvudman eller andra rektorer vilket skapat ett frirum att genomföra lämplighetsprövningen på sitt eget sätt. Samtalen med mentorn har varit viktiga för rektorns bedömning. Vidare framträder lärarkollegiets informella bedömning dels som en viktig komponent i rektors formella bedömning, dels som ett viktig komplement till i rektors formella bedömning. Av de 137 lämplighetsprövningar som genomförts rådde viss tveksamhet i 10 fall och i två fall uppgav rektorerna att det råddestor tveksamhet. Samtliga 137 lärare bedömdes dock efter introduktionsperiodens slutsom lämpliga.

Rektorers tilltro till politiker har påverkats negativt av alla turer kring lärarlegitimationen och att lämplighetsprövningen slutligen avvecklades. 73 % av rektorerna anser att deras förtroende för politiker minskat, medan 6 % anser att förtroendet ökat.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka vad som motiverar olika åldersgrupper till att utföra gymträning. De valda åldersgrupperna var 16–21, 22–26 och 27–35. För att besvara syftet använde sig studien av två frågeställningar som handlade om hur deltagarna motiveras av samhällets kroppsideal och aktuella hälsotrender. Metoden som användes för undersökningen var en webbenkät med totalt 20 frågor varav 4 var öppna frågor. I undersökningen deltog totalt 56 personer med en jämn fördelning mellan alla grupper. Resultatet från denna studie visade att samtliga åldersgrupper blev motiverade till att gymträna för att de tycker att det är roligt och för att förbättra sin fysik. Åldersgruppen 16–21 var den grupp som var minst nöjda med sina kroppar och påverkades mest negativt av sociala medier även om alla åldersgrupper påverkades. Sociala medier visade sig även vara den största kanalen för hälsotrendernas spridning. Förslag på Vidare forskning är att se i hur stor utsträckning individers träning och hälsa påverkas av media och sociala medier. Ett annat förslag på vidare forskning skulle även kunna vara att undersöka om individers motiv till träning påverkas av hur länge individen varit fysisk aktiv.

Bakgrund: Fyrtioen miljoner barn runt om i världen under 5 års ålder lider idag av övervikt eller fetma. Detta ställer högre krav på BVC-sjuksköterskans arbete med prevention av övervikt och fetma.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva BVC-sjuksköterskors reflektioner kring sitt arbete med övervikt och fetma hos barn mellan 2 och 5 år inom primärvården.

Metod: En kvalitativ ansats med en deskriptiv design har använts i denna studie. Datainsamlingen har skett via semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio kvinnliga BVC-sjuksköterskor som hade erfarenhet av fetma och övervikt hos barn mellan 2 och 5 år. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av manifest och latent innehållsanalys.

Huvudresultat: I analysprocessen framkom ett tema och fyra kategorier. Temat var Att inte skuldbelägga föräldrarna och skapa förutsättningar för livsstilsförändringar för hela familjen. De fyra kategorierna som framkom var: Förutsättningar i BVC-sjuksköterskans arbete, Ett familjefokuserat arbetssätt, BVC-sjuksköterskans förebyggande arbete samt Hinder och utmaningar i BVC-sjuksköterskans arbete.

De BVC-sjuksköterskor som deltog beskrev önskan av att inte skuldbelägga föräldrarna och hur de försökte skapa förutsättningar för en livsstilsförändring för att kunna passa hela familjen. Ibland hade dock BVC-sjuksköterskorna svårt att utföra detta arbetet på grund av olika hinder. BVC-sjuksköterskorna upplevde att föräldrarna var det största hindret i arbetet med livsstilsförändringar hos familjen.

Slutsats: BVC-sjuksköterskor behöver mer tid och kunskap inom området barnfetma, för att lättare kunna hjälpa föräldrarna så att familjen kan uppnå en livsstilsförändring, som i slutändan hjälper barnet att uppnå en hälsosammare kroppsvikt. 

Introduction: Service companies and its offerings on the market are becoming increasingly standardized, which makes it difficult for service providers to distinguish themselves from the amount. In many cases this leads to a price squeeze. Many service companies do not understand the importance of building a relationship with their customer, and how to maintain long-term partnerships to increase customer value.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate what aspects service-producing companies should take into account in order to achieve a high customer value and thus become more attractive in the market.

Methods: In order to respond to the purpose of the study, a case study was conducted, where the approach consisted of both qualitative and quantitative data collection to test the existing theoretical reference frames and to generalize the study. The quantitative data collection consisted of a survey sent to the company's customer base, which consisted of different industries and sizes of companies, where the answers were then weighted in a model. The survey was also sent to the case company to find possible differences between their own opinion and the customers. The qualitative consisted of three deep interviews with leading actors in different industries to gain a deeper understanding.

Results: The quantitative survey showed that quality is the most valued aspect with a supplier, followed by the price. The remaining questions showed that the customers and the case company shared a relatively even view of previous collaborations. The qualitative survey showed that all three respondents appreciated the same aspects of a service company; competence, customer focus and availability. They also agreed that the reputation of the relationship and service providers is valued very high. The relationship has been shown to be linked to several aspects such as flexibility, risk minimization and the quality of the work process. Customers have a greater tendency to choose service companies that are committed to trying to integrate long-term cooperation, which makes the customers feel priority and choose to place greater responsibility on the service company.

Conclusion: Companies should not focus on trying to find added value to their customers, the focus should be on creating and developing a deep and committed relationship with their customers. The advantages of this are illustrated by further development of the model presented in the theoretical reference framework, in which important aspects to be considered are described.

Knowledge about logistics and its economic importance for organizations has grown considerably in the recent decades. Logistics has been seen as a factor for a business success and contributes through effective information- and material flow to an organization's competitiveness. Organizations strive for profitability by responding to market demand and maximizing the machines utilization. This leads to early wear and tear of the machines, which then demands efficient storage operations that facilitate ongoing maintenance by supplying spare parts and components. The purpose of the study is to investigate the efficiency of material delivery at disk and seek to explain the factors that contribute to efficient material flows in an industrial storage operation. The process's activities are mapped through time and motion study, benchmarking, interviews and observations are conducted to develop the knowledge about the factors affecting the material flow. The empirical data is analysed with the help of a literature review. While mapping the material disk, it was found that it is a resource-intensive work and does not contribute to an efficient material flow. This study shows that how the number of services can be minimized by means of reservations, kitting, and reduction of non-critical items in the storage, EDI and self-service.

To enable self-service, this study presents the supporting factors, like material requisition, good visualization, barcodes, manual scanning and monitoring. This study presents the factors that contribute to an effective material flow in an industrial storage operations, for instance. The study's contribution to the case company is the consumed time of the material disk which amounted to 82.5 hours per month with an associated cost of approximately 300,000 SEK per year. Finally, the theoretical gap related to material flow within production is presented. Future research should address material planning and material flows from a storage perspective.

Keywords: Logistics, time and motion study, benchmarking, effective material flow.

Today, logistics is of great importance to companies. The need to constantly work with improvements andefficiency has increased. How companies choose to carry out their transport is of great importance to thecompany's profitability and efficiency. A major challenge for companies is to determine which logisticstools and key performance indicators (KPI) are to use.The purpose of this study is to streamline a container flow from a logistical perspective.The methodology of this study has been a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thequalitative part includes observation and interviews that have been used to develop a material flowchartand a process flowcharts. While the quantitative part includes the obtained data from the case companythat has been used to generate KPI. Theory has also been collected through literature and scientificarticles. All of these elements have contributed to the results and analysis of this study.One of the more clear results found in this study was the lack of route planning and the use of KPI in aneffective way. This research has shown that there are a number of ways to proceed to streamline acontainer flow. The first is the use of flowcharts to get a overall picture of the transport. This allows moreunderlying problems to reach the surface. Another way of streamlining in transport is the use of KPI.These KPIs can help companies to gain a more in-depth view of its operations and use of these providesdocumentation in terms of measurement values. The KPIs this study shows is the utilization rate in termsof time and weight and the filling rate that aims at the use of volume in the containers.This study shows that there are a number of factors that matters when it comes to streamlining containerflow. These factors is summarized as organizational, ie difficulties to see the overall picture andcommunication problems between departments, external factors such as queues due to traffic and the useof correct KPI such as utilazation rate. It has also been shown that the biggest factors that determine thetime of transport are distance as well as queues in traffic. This study have identified a number ofimprovement proposals for the case company. One of the proposals is the implementation of a routeplanning system, which would according to theory lead to 10% shorter transport distances.

The idea is to improve or help the treatments that exist in the market in the medical field. Treatments such as mammography or radiotherapy make use of X-rays. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation in a high frequency band, this type of electromagnetic is dangerous to health because ionizing radiation is used, ionized atoms interact with matter. For this reason, in our work we give alternative solution to these treatments without any risk to health. This project consists in the use of non-harmful frequencies such as microwave. In this way, we will make an antenna with medical applications whose frequency range will be between 300 MHz and 30 GHz, specifically between 950MHz and 2.45GHz (medical range). The first step will be the detection of the tumour and classification of this, but our work is about another technique called hyperthermia. This technique consists in increase the temperature with a value of 40-43 degrees in the tumour area. Tumour resistance decreases when heat is applied to this. When combining a treatment with oncologic hyperthermia, the effect of radiotherapy is most effective (between 1.5-5 times). The most important part is study antenna in body tissues characteristics as SAR, depth penetration and antenna size; this theory part is essential to know the best parameters and what case use this. In work development we will choose and design antennas for the different parts of the body in some specific frequencies and choose circular antennas in frequencies of 915 MHz and 1.8 GHz. Finally, we will take measurements about temperature increase with meat and say some conclusions.

Företag på dagens globala marknad utsätts ständigt för ökad konkurrens vilket gör det allt mer viktigt att utveckla konkurrensfördelar. Inköpsfunktionen har på senare tid blivit en viktig del för att företag ska drivas framåt på ett konkurrenskraftigt sätt. Tidigare studier visar att den strategiska planeringen av underhållsverksamhet i processindustrin har stor utvecklingspotential vad gäller kostnadseffektivitet. Outsourcing har blivit allt mer aktuellt i dagens konkurrensutsatta och globala marknad även inkluderat outsourcing av underhållstjänster. Syftet är att undersöka hur processföretag bör samarbeta med sina underhållsleverantörer på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt samt analysera vilken betydelse det interna informationsflödet har för samarbetet. För att kunna besvara syftet har en kvalitativ fallstudie kombinerats med en benchmarking. För att ta reda på relevant information har intervjuer och observationer utförts. Fallföretaget BillerudKorsnäs är en processindustri som tillverkar pappersmassa och vätskekartong. BillerudKorsnäs anser att inköp av externa underhållstjänster bör kostnadseffektiviseras för att de ska utvecklas konkurrenskraftigt. De påvisar att det finns brister i rutiner och hur samarbetet kring leverantörer ska hanteras. De belyser även möjligheten att det kan finnas brister i rutiner för hur och när en extern tjänst bör anskaffas. De vill bättre förstå varför externa leverantörer brukas istället för den interna bemanningen. Outokumpu i Avesta valdes som benchamarkingföretag då de påbörjat ett systematiskt samarbete och partnerskap med ett fåtal noga utvalda leverantörer. De har också outsourcat större delar av det mekaniska underhållet och kan därmed bidra med användbar information kring ämnet. Studien visar att fallföretaget bör definiera och utveckla sina processer för det aktuella flödet genom att definiera processerna samt utveckla standardiserade arbetssätt. Vid den aktuella utvecklingen bör underhåll och produktion samarbeta för att uppnå gemensamma mål. Standardiserade arbetssätt bidrar till utveckling av verksamhetens processer vilket resulterar i en ökad organisationsmognad. Det medför en större förståelse vid samarbete med externa leverantörer. Studien visar att ett nära samarbete genom partnerskap är att föredra vid aktiviteter som ligger nära kärnverksamheten. Det kräver dock att leverantören har en hög mognad samt högt tekniskt kunnande. Nära leverantörsrelationer genom partnerskap kommer på sikt skapa en större lönsamhet och därmed bidra till en ökad konkurrenskraft.  

Digitalization is a growing concept that principally means transforming from manual to digital. Now has the industrial sector also started to attack this technological development to improve the organizational processes which should increase the costumer value. Most small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) knows that they should work with digitalizing their business but they do not know where to begin or what to do. Usually SME has a limited amount of resources that are both material and personnel and these types of companies are flexible which enables them to effectively handle specific situations. To use a process oriented way of working is important for companies if they are going to accomplish an increase in costumer value and profitability. Purchasing is a meaningful process because the biggest expenses in a company are usually purchased goods and services, therefore it is important to develop these to increase SMEs profit and competitive advantage. In many cases is the purchasing process often seen as a support role and the potential is not used. There are more advantages than the price paid through developing purchasing, e.g. quality, decrease in time to customer or reduction on the environmental effects, but how can digitalization help to accomplish this. For this specific reason we chose to investigate on how purchasing processes can be more effective by using the digital tools and also how flexibility is affected with the use of digital tools. To solve the problem has a qualitative approach been used where the study has been conducted on a case company located in Gävle. On this case company has empirical data been collected through observations and interviews, which were later compiled in mapping of their purchasing process. With the help of previous research and our own knowledge, we have analyzed the mapping to seek improvements to the case company and SME in general. The result from the mapping implies that there is a difference on how the staff at the case company is purchasing their products. This depends on which product they are going to purchase, where many of the staffs experience is crucial. It was also noted that the employees know that they should use digital tools more, but they have no idea where and how to begin their digital journey, as other studies also have shown. The conclusion we draw from this study is that using digital tools can save time, especially in the administrative work. SMEs need more qualifications and education to take advantage of the full potential of digitization. To digitize their purchasing processes did not have a direct impact on the flexibility towards customers according to us.

I denna uppsats görs en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av ett urval av läromedel i religionskunskap 1 (ämnesplan 11). Analysen avser att fokusera på presentationen av relationen mellan religion och vetenskap, där analysen tar hjälp av fyra olika interaktionsmodeller inspirerade av Ian G. Barbour. Dessa interaktionsmodeller blir centrala i att försöka kategorisera olika mönster och avvikelser i läromedlen när de tar upp förhållandet mellan religion och vetenskap.

     Det som kunnat konstateras är att de läromedel som blivit analyserade för denna uppsats har till större delar liknande mönster. Dessa mönster beskriver för det mesta en pågående konflikt mellan religion och vetenskap men det finns en antydan till att denna beskrivning saknar en djupare inblick i de faktorer som lett till sagd konflikt. Förutom att läromedlens till största del fokus för lärornas relation är konfliktartad så får religionsbegreppet i princip bara representeras av kristna traditioner, något som kan upplevas som simplifierande i en bredare kontext.

     För att avsnitt i läromedel med fokus på momentet religion och vetenskap inte skall riskera att bara visa en förenklad bild av den komplexa relation som religion och vetenskap har så rekommenderas en applicering av historisk kontext, oavsett om läromedlen måste ändras eller om ansvarig lärare väljer att komplettera undervisningen med det.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka chefers upplevelser av det systematiska

arbetsmiljöarbetet (SAM) på ett bemanningsföretag inklusive det med kundföretaget

delade arbetsmiljöansvaret samt chefernas uppfattning av utmaningar och

förbättringsmöjligheter med SAM. Det genomfördes sju intervjuer med anställda på ett

bemanningsföretag och en intervju med en anställd på ett kundföretag. Utifrån

tolkningen av chefernas upplevelser framkom det fyra huvudsakliga teman som särskilt

berörde studiens syfte. Ett tema var huruvida man arbetar för att säkerställa en god

arbetsmiljö genom att använda sig av arbetsmiljöchecklista och riskanalys men också

uppmärksamma den psykosociala aspekten. Det handlade också om vikten av

arbetsplatsintroduktion för nyanställda både från bemanningsföretagets sida men också

från kundföretagets. Ett tredje tema handlade om det gemensamma arbetsmiljöansvaret

tillsammans med kundföretaget. Det sista temat handlade om vikten av dokumentation.

Under dessa teman lyfts även utmaningar och förbättringsmöjligheter fram utifrån både

bemanningsföretagets- och kundföretagets synpunkt.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to get an insight in if the method Signs-of- Safety might improve childrens’ participation in investigations concerning themselves. Our research questions were; How do social workers who use or do not use Signs-of- Safety reflect on children's involvement in investigations? and; Is there accordingly to the social workers a variation in the degree of participation among children in investigations where Signs-of-Safety is used compared to investigations where the method is not used? Two focus group interviews in two different municipalities, one where Signs-of-Safety had been used and one where the method not had been used, were performed. The interviews and four written investigations i each work group were analysed by using Hart´s participation ladder and social constructivism. The result showed that all our informants regarded childrens’ participation as important. No differences in the degree of participation of the children could be identified.

The aim of the study was to examine the possibilities and difficulties for social workers whom work with individuals on long-term economic support. We used a qualitative method and interviewed six social workers from one municipality. We chose to use two theoretical perspectives, Empowerment and KASAM (Feeling of context), when analyzing the results and the study's empire was analyzed using a phenomenological and hermeneutic approach. Our results showed that the interviewees own view, on the work with individuals on long-term economic support, was that it is permeated by high workload, limited scope for action and difficulties in meeting with clients. The interviewees also stated that the organization, laws and guidelines affect the work with clients to a substantial extent and the ability to work out ideas with managers and colleagues is a great support.

Key words: social work, social worker, long-term, economic support.

Denna studies syfte var att undersöka professionella inom psykiatri och socialtjänst upplevelser av att samverka kring personer i behov av sammansatt stöd. Fyra kvalitativa intervjuer med professionella inom socialtjänst och psykiatri genomfördes. Studiens resultat analyserades med hjälp samverkansteori. Resultatet visade att professionella anpassar sin samverkan efter personens behov. Hindrande och försvårarande faktorer för samverkan beskrevs vara professioners skilda synsätt samt olika professioners status. Otydlig ansvarsfördelning samt oenighet om vilken verksamhet som har det yttersta ansvaret beskrevs också som hindrande. Främjande faktorer för samverkan var de olika huvudmännens specialisering som ansågs öka den sammanlagda kompetensen. Även forskning som stödjer att samverkan är nödvändig för dessa personer beskrevs som främjande. Resultatet av studien ligger i linje med tidigare forskning. En tolkning av resultatet skulle kunna vara att det kan vara svårt att åstadkomma effektiv samverkan mellan olika huvudmän den samstämmiga forskningen som belyser behovet av samverkan till trots, liksom informanternas medvetenhet om behovet samt lagstiftning om samverkan, så länge det är delat huvudmannaskap för denna

In this study, we have examined if and how parents who receive financial support from the social services experience that their children are being affected by financial stress, as well as whether the parents experience that they are given satisfactory support from the social services. Empowerment and Sense of coherence were used as a theoretical framework to analyze the results. Interviews with three informants who all were receiving financial support at the time, and have at least one child below the age of 18 in their custody were performed. The parents were devising strategies attempting to give the children the experienced of a better financial situation, in order to protect them from being adversely affected. The conclusion is that all informants experienced a lack of support from the social services. Further results show that the parents experienced that their children were adversely affected by financial stress, especially when comparing themselves with other children. Further the results show that the parents develop their own strategies in order to protect the children from being affected by financial stress. These strategies are for example to draw the children’s attention away from the family’s economic issues and to ignore their own basic needs to be able to give the children more varied opportunities.

Konstruktion pågår

– Socialtjänstens arbete med våld i nära relationer

Studiens syfte var att undersöka vilken typ av socialt arbete som bedrevs på en utvald

socialtjänst gällande våld i nära relationer. Studien genomfördes som en empirisk

intervjustudie med en kvalitativ ansats. För att samla in empiriskt material har sex

semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med socialarbetare anställda på den utvalda

socialtjänsten varav samtliga hade erfarenhet av arbetet med våld i nära relationer.

Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av tidigare forskning och utifrån

socialkonstruktionism som teori samt med ett genusperspektiv. Studien visade att det

finns en otydlighet kring hur arbetet ska bedrivas inom socialtjänsten, samtliga

intervjupersoner hade liknande syn på fenomenet våld i nära relationer men det var i

huvudsak magkänslan som avgjorde huruvida de skulle ställa frågor kring våld.

Studiens slutsats är därför att arbetet med våld i nära relationer är under konstruktion.

To get the pupil to return to school

- A qualitative study of social workers and educators' experiences of their work with long-term school absence

Previous research on long-term school absence has identified a number of risk and protection factors that affect pupils’ school absence. The purpose of the study was to investigate social workers’ and educators' perception of long-term invalid school absence and the extent to which known factors are used in an overall perspective in their work against and in their collaboration. The research questions concerned in what way professionals use known factors of influence in an overall perspective in the work against long-term invalid school absence and how social workers and educators cooperate with others in the work against long-term invalid school absence. The empirical material of the study was collected through two focus group interviews with social workers and teachers. System theory and organizational theory was used to analyze the results of the study. The result showed that a central part of the professional's work is to map the pupil's problems, which often consists of a complex problem that involves several factors. Collaboration with other professionals in working with the pupil is also described as necessary in order for efforts to be made against long-term invalid school absence.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine if there were any differences regarding procrastination and perceived stress between full-time female and male college students with or without work parallel to their studies, as well as the relationship between procrastination and perceived stress. A web-based questionnaire was designed based on Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14). The survey was shared on Facebook where the participants, 164 students of which 82 women and 82 men, were selected by convenience sampling. The result of the study showed that students who worked extra procrastinates less than students without work, and that women procrastinates more than men. The result also showed that students who worked extra were less stressed than students without work, and that women were more stressed than men. There was a strong positive correlation between procrastination and perceived stress for all groups in the study. Moreover, the effects of gender and extra work on procrastination disappeared when stress was statistically controlled for. This indicate that underlying factors, such as stress, can play an important role in procrastination.

The study's purpose was to examine how employer branding can be used to attract and retain volunteers with a high skill level in an organization that depends on skills. Another purpose was to explore the experience of active work with employer brandingto attract and retain volunteers. Six interviews were conducted with volunteers in a volunteers organization. The result showed that there were four main percevied themes that could be linked to the respindent's choice of a volunteers organization. These themes could also be linked to the organization's attractiveness. The result showed that there were four perceived main factors that could be associated with respondent's choice of volunteers organization. It also emerged that a personal connection and personal benefits of the organization was of great importance to the respondents. It was clear from the interviews that the perception of the organization as structured was considered a positive aspect in regards to remain in the organization. Finally, it appeared that the general awareness of the organization created motivation for the volunteers.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether there were any differences in self- perceived psychosocial work environment depending on whether employees work in an automated production or a manual production. The psychosocial work environment was measured on the basis of the aspects: intrinsic work motivation with the subcategories: autonomy, competence and belongingness as well as demands in work and stress. The survey was conducted on a steel industry where 60 employees participated in the survey. The measuring instruments used were the BNS (Basic Need Satisfaction at Work Scale) that measured the intrinsic work motivation with the needs; autonomy, competence and belongingness. COPSOQ (Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire) measured requirements in work and stress. The result showed a significant difference in intrinsic work motivation, where employees working at the automated department estimated higher autonomy than employees in the manual department. Furthermore, the result showed a tendency to differentiate from the requirements of the work. The staff at the manual department experienced higher demands at work than those working at the automated department. No differences were identified between departments regarding the motivational needs of competence, belongingness or stress.

The purpose of this study was, on behalf of a global industry organization, to investigate the experience of university students concerning external employer brand in a decentralization process. The study was based on eight interviews with material science students, which are their potential future employees. The data was analyzed on the basis of a qualitative thematic analysis method. The results revealed six different themes that, according to respondents, are relevant to take into account in a decentralization process. These six themes are Economy; Organizational structure; Managers and management; Communication; Culture and climate and Career opportunities. The result showed that explicit communication, within and between the units, is necessary to succeed in a decentralization process. The result also revealed the importance of the managers' responsibility in decentralization, where increasing independence requires competent people as managers. The organizational structure enables quicker decision-making with more influence for the employees, where a stronger culture can appear. Furthermore, the risk of increased competition between the units and the inferior of career opportunities was pointed out by the respondents.

Denna studie har gjorts inom en mansdominerad industri och syftet har varit att undersöka vilka utmaningar kvinnliga chefer upplever i sin chefsroll och som kan härledas till att de är kvinnor i en mansdominerad miljö. Undersökningsmetoden var kvalitativ och utfördes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Åtta kvinnor deltog, vilka valts ut utifrån kriteriet att de var chefer i en mansdominerad miljö. Resultatet analyserades därefter med en induktiv tematisk analys där fyra teman lokaliserades:

Ledarskap, Arbetsplatskultur, Karriär och Prestation. Samtliga respondenter definierade sitt ledarskap i första hand utifrån sig själv som person och inte utifrån att de är kvinna. Exempel på en utmaning respondenterna upplevde gällde bemötande från andra kollegor, framförallt från andra kvinnliga medarbetare och äldre män. Viljan att avancera uppåt i bolaget var svagt hos samtliga åtta respondenter. Orsaken till detta handlade om ointresse för att avancera, faktorer kopplade till work life balance eller brist på tillit inför sin egen kompetens.

The aim of the present study was to investigate if perceived pay justice (procedural and distributive) is predicted by personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, consciousness, emotional stability and open to experience) beyond the effects of individual background factors. The main results of the present study, which included 115 participants, showed that the Big-five personality traits did not predict procedural or distributive pay justice beyond the effects of individual background factors. Incomebefore taxes was the only background factor (positively) related to procedural and distributive pay justice. This indicates that personality is of less importance when it comes to perceived pay justice while the background factor income before taxes is of greater importance.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relation between the leadership of the workplace with the well-being and stress levels of the employees. The leadership styles that where investigated was transactional, transformational and laissez-faire style. The participants in the survey worked as socialworkers, a well-known a risk group of workrelated stress and stress diseases. A survey was conducted with 110 participants. The data was analysed in SPSS via regression analysis. The results of the study was that the transactional leadership has as significant positive relationship with the employees stress levels. Transformational and laissez-faire leadership had no relation to the employees workrelated stress.  

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine if there were any differences regarding work motivation, stress and role conflict among middle managers depending on gender and length of service. The psychosocial environment is defined by inner work motivation, stress and role conflict. Another purpose with the study was to examine whether there were any interactions between gender and length of work. The study was conducted at a larger industrial company in Sweden where a total of 44 middle managers took part in the study by answering a paper survey. The measuring instruments used were Basic Need Satisfaction at workscale (BNS) measured inner work motivation and the instrument COPSOQ measured stress and role conflict. The result showed a significant difference regarding length of work and relatedness whereas those with a longer length of work estimated a higher estimation compared to those with a shorter length of work. The result showed no more differences regarding length of work and no differences depending on gender and therefore neither any interaction effects.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur chefer och medarbetare upplevde organisationens målarbete samt hur de ansåg att den kunde förbättras, för att på så vis stärka arbetsmotivationen hos medarbetarna. Elva enskilda intervjuer genomfördes och materialet analyserades med hjälp av en induktiv tematisk analys. Detta resulterade i två huvudteman: Målarbetet och dess olika nivåer samt Faktorer som främjar arbetsmotivationen. Resultatet visade på ett fungerande och aktivt målarbete där medarbetarna gavs utrymme för självbestämmande och delaktighet. Förslag på förbättringsområden för att främja arbetsmotivationen inom målarbetet var uppföljning, utvärdering och kontinuerlig feedback. 

Deep down, maybe she wanted it

An essay based on qualitative focus group interviews with adolescents in a Swedish high school, regarding their thoughts on and constructions of perpetrators and victims of sexual offenses. The aim of our study was to examine adolescents perceptions and constructions of perpetrators and victims of sexual offenses from a gender perspective. We conducted three focus group interviews with a total of 18 adolescents between the age of 16 and 19. The adolescents consistently referred to perpetrators as men and generally had difficulties seeing women as perpetrators of sexual offenses. Male offenders were primarily depicted as alpha males who commit sexual offenses in order to get a sexual release, while female offenders were primarily depicted as sick, strange and without self-respect. The adolescents more easily perceived women as victims of sexual offenses, still, some circumstances seemed to affect the possibility for a woman to be viewed as an ideal victim, in a negative way. Being a woman subjected to a sexual offense was thought to result in mental issues and breached sexuality, while men were thought not to be as affected by sexual abuse. The adolescents believed that women who reported abuse risked being looked at as sluts and as tainted while men who reported abuse where at risk of being considered as unmanly and as homosexuals.  

The purpose of this study was to examine the subjective experiences of the way out of drug abuse. Central to the study has been to investigate what, according to the interviewees, has caused the break up and what has been important for maintaining the drug-free life. The study is based on narrative interviewes with five individuals who have previously had a drug abuse. The study´s main results showed that the participants motivation for leaving the drug abuse was due to the negative consequences of the abuse. Several of the interviewees stated that they had reached a personal bottom before the break up of abuse. The results also showed that important factors for breaking up was to break with old friends and move to a new city. The most important thing for the break up was an internal driving force. In order to ensure a drug-free life the results showed that employment were important. 

Studiens syfte var att analysera hur skjutvapenbrott beskrivs i statens offentliga utredningar under perioden 1994-2014, vi ville se om det skett några förändringar över tid i den kriminalpolitiska debatten gällande den specifika brottstypen. Frågeställningarnas fokus låg främst på hur brottet konstrueras samt vilka motåtgärder som anses lämpliga och hur detta kan förstås utifrån teorier om normaliseringsprocesser.

Som metod har vi använt en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och datamaterialet bestod av tio relevanta utredningar som i någon utsträckning berör skjutvapen. I analysen fann vi tre stycken huvudteman som kunde relateras till frågeställningarna vi hade och benämnde dessa orsaker till skjutvapenbrott, konsekvenser av skjutvapenvåld samt åtgärder och påföljder. Resultatet av analysen visade att det skett en normalisering av tvångsmedelsanvändning och lagstiftningsreformer, genom en utökad användning av hemliga tvångsmedel och strängare straff för skjutvapenbrott. Det hade också skett en förändring gällande hur brottet konstrueras över den berörda tidsperioden.

The purpose of this study was to examine and illustrate Swedish probation officers’ experiences of their use of the RNR model. We have completed six qualitative interviews with probation officers. The probation officers showed a positive attitude towards the RNR model. They also showed experiences of flaws and difficulties in their use of the model and related these to the risk assessment instrument and the characteristics of the clients. The positive effects that the use of the RNR model had was that it brought structure, lucidity and focus to their work. They also pointed out the models relative advantage towards earlier methods. It was also clear that the probation officers had different views of the responsivity principle. These different views could affect their use of this principle. The difficulties regarding the use of the model that could be related to the probation officers’ experiences consisted of several possible causes. Education regarding the model was one of these possible causes that we found could explain the experienced difficulties in the probation officers use of the RNR model.

The purpose of this study was to examine constructions within the Swedish legal system of the plaintiff and the defendant in court cases involving domestic violence. Nils Christies theory of the ideal victim in addition with Strobls criterions was used as theoretical framework. The methodological approach of this study belongs to the critical linguistics. The analysis contained both freeing sentences and convictions during 2016 in Gothenburg's District Court. The result revealed that different types of constructions were present in the material, both regarding the plaintiff and the defendant. It is our belief that in the convicted cases the woman is being described as more fearful and subdued. The cases where the defendant was found guilty contained more vivid descriptions of the violence and the women’s fear. We could see that the plaintiffs response to the violence seemed to be of great importance. The less resistance the better. The analysis also revealed signs of variation in the court´s ruling between similar cases. This with regard to what extent the woman cooperated during the legal process.

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of long term imprisonment on

inmates. Our prime interest have ben to identify if eventual effects are considered

positive or negative or even a combination of the two. To answer these questions

we conducted observations of convicts in a high security prison in Sweden. The

collected data were followed by interviews with individuals who have spent

considerable time behind bars. We discovered several different behavioral effects

whilst conducting our study. Most of them indicated negatively by alienating and

suppressing the individual's development, distancing them further away from the

community. Inmates tend to alter their behavior substantially when being locked up

for longer periods of time in small places with other criminals. Hence their

identities change to fit into the environment. Some individuals develop

communicational skills to adapt and manage their lifestyle in prison. In general,

incarcerated individuals develop special social skills that are crucially needed in

prison environment but tend to be redundant in the social community.

Key words - differential association, social bonds, communication, identity

Bakgrund: Operationsavdelningen klassas som en högriskmiljö, fel eller kommunikationsmisstag kan få allvarliga konsekvenser för patienten. Teamarbete, effektiv och frekvent kommunikation mellan personalen leder till minskade risker för patienten.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva anestesisjuksköterskors upplevelse av kommunikationen med operationsteamet under operation

Metod: Kvalitativ intervjustudie. Åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med anestesisjuksköterskor med olika bakgrund och erfarenhet. Innehållet har analyserats utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys.

Huvudresultat: Resultatet resulterade i tre kategorier; perioperativt samarbete, betydelsen av WHO´s checklista och klimatet på operationssalen. Anestesisjuksköterskorna upplevde förbättrad kommunikation när det hade ett fungerade teamarbete och alla strävade åt samma håll och arbetade för patienten. En tydlig och ömsesidig dialog var helt avgörande för att optimera förutsättningarna för anestesisjuksköterskan att göra det bästa för patienten. Sedan införandet av WHO´s checklista upplevde anestesisjuksköterskorna förbättrad kommunikation och ökad delaktighet. De visade sig också att klimatet på operationssalen spelade en avgörande roll för kommunikationen. Tillåtande klimat skapade möjligheter för god kommunikation medan andra faktorer försämrade och försvårade kommunikationen med operationsteamet. 

Slutsats: Det framkom i studien att kommunikationen förbättrades av teamarbete och att alla strävade åt samma håll och arbetade för patienten. En tydlig dialog mellan alla i operationsteamet var avgörande för att optimera anestesisjuksköterskornas förutsättningar att göra det bästa för patienten. Införandet av WHO´s checklista hade förbättrat kommunikation och klimatet på operationssalen spelade en avgörande roll för kommunikationen. Det framkom också att bristande kommunikation skapade frustration och försämrade anestesisjuksköterskornas förutsättningar att göra det så bra som möjligt för patienten. Att belysa vikten av god kommunikation mellan yrkeskategorierna på operation kan förbättra omvårdnaden och patientsäkerheten.

Manure consist of feces, manure water, urine and stray material. Environmental and health harmful substances can also occur in manure. That is why it is important that the manure management is handled in a correct way to avoid the harmful substances that are likely to cause environmental and health problems. Natural substances are also a part of the manure and those are nitrogen and phosphorus and they could cause environmental effects as eutrophication and acidification with insufficient manure management. The environmental effects could affect ecosystems and the consequences could appear as that fishes are dying and poisonous algal blooms in watercourses. The bachelor thesis will illustrate the ecological and social benefits that Kolmården could achieve if they are replacing the current manure management which is manure spreading with anaerobic digestion. Besides that the current manure management will be described in more depth, aspects that could affect the biogas potential will be presented and the theoretical amount of biogas of the manure will be calculated. The first step that was completed in the thesis were to divide Kolmården’s animals into different animal groups that later could be used in the calculations of the biogas potential. Totally there are three animal groups in this thesis and they are: fowl, non-ruminant and omnivore and beast of prey. When dividing the animals was completed the search for literature began with the purpose to get up-to-date material that could be used in the thesis and to prepare the interview questions for the study visit at Kolmården. The amount of manure that emerge in the zoo is mucked from the animal’s pens and stables every day to be stored in small manure storage places. Those are emptied three times a week and freighted to a central storage place before the manure is spread on tenancy land or transferred to a farmer. The theoretical biogas potential from the manure at Kolmården can cover almost half of the energy need in a year. Aspects as food, straw material, nutrition content and antibiotics can affect the biogas yield.

In wintertime, a large amount of snow falls on roads, streets and parking lots in Gävle. Snow from urban areas may contain pollutants from sources such as atmospheric contamination, traffic emission and de-icing chemicals. These pollutants accumulate in the snow during the winter and are released when the snow melts in the spring and summer. Besides logistic and traffic safety, snow-handling strategies are an important issue for the municipal organization in terms of environmental effects from the melt water.

Today, snow plowed in urban areas of Gävle are being transported to a snow deposit in the harbor of Gävle, Gävle hamn. In the future, the current location are going to be used by Gävle hamn. Therefore, the municipality of Gävle are looking at five different alternatives for localization of snow deposit.

To determine which of the five alternative locations are suitable for construction of snow deposit in terms of environmental conditions, this study examines the different locations in terms of recipient, geology, biological consequences, land use and surroundings.

If one large snow deposit, designed similar to the current one in Gävle hamn, is chosen to solve the snow handling in the future, location number 3 Ersbo syd would be the best option. Location 1 Fredriksskans, 2 Duvbacken and 5 Kungsbäck, has god potential to alone and/or in combination with another location, serve as area for snow deposit. Location number 4, Ersbo telepylon, should not be considered as an alternative location for a snow deposit.

There are possibilities for unconventional solutions, such as district cooling or even use the snow to infiltrate in the ridge, the chance to reverse the snow-handling problem to a resource is great. Creative solutions could be a possibility to cover and prepare for the eventual environmental challenges the future may bring.      

The colouring of water in many lakes across the Northern hemisphere is increasing. This is also the case in Lake Öjaren in Sandviken municipality in Sweden. The lake is the main water source in Sandviken and has a high and increasing watercolour. This leads to more complex cleaning methods and higher costs for the society. This study focuses on the changing and increasing watercolour in the lake over a period from 1995-2015. The factors analysed in this study are those who is considered to have an effect on the watercolour in the lake.

The reasons for increased brownification are different depending on which type of water body is studied. Climate, soil conditions and pollutants contributes in varying extent to brownification. Increased levels in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and iron are common reasons for brownification in Lake Öjaren and other water bodies, in Lake Öjaren increased levels of manganese are also shown to affect brownification.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the correlation between the watercolour and the factors: iron, pH, COD, manganese, temperature and precipitation. The aim is also to investigate which actions are possible to apply to prevent increased watercolour.

Water samples from Lake Öjaren between the years 1995-2015 have been the basis for the executed statistical analysis. Evaluating the correlation between the factors we have used Minitab 17 and calculated Pearson´s correlation coefficient. To further explain the relationship between the factors a principal component analysis (PCA) has been performed. Future scenarios and current trends have also been produced, in order to develop a better foundation for further studies.

The correlation analysis reveals that the most significant connection with watercolour are iron, COD and manganese. The result of the PCA also corroborates this connection where three factors are the ones that are most co-variating.

The trend and the future scenario for all the factors in Lake Öjaren are that they all are increasing and the watercolour is expected to be increasing by 63 % until year 2050. This scenario means that actions are needed to counteract the increasing colouring of the water.

The EU has demanded lower energy consumption in buildings through a new directive where each member state has been assigned the task of developing new energy consumption targets for their respective country. In Sweden, Boverket has been assigned this responsibility. There is a concern in the Swedish construction industry that it will be difficult to meet these new requirements. Manufacturers of small houses usually have a standardized design that they now may need to adjust.

The purpose of this thesis was therefore to investigate whether a single-family house manufacturer needs to change its standard construction, and if so, what changes could be made to achieve the new requirements for energy usage.

By studying current energy requirements and Boverket's proposal for future requirements as well as theories in architectural engineering, the theoretical basis for the thesis has been laid out. A literature study has also been performed of previous studies in the field. Particularly studies of home improvements to get energy-efficient houses have been of great help for this work. A single-family house has been constructed and simulated in the IDA ICE simulation program. The house was made out of wood with a ground source heat pump and FTX ventilation located in climate zone 1. Eight improvements in the house design have been studied with new simulations to identify which of these improvements are appropriate to implement. The most suitable improvements have finally been combined to meet the new energy requirements.

The study shows that the current house construction design does not meet future requirements. Based on the delimitations that have been made for this thesis, it is recommended that the following three measures are to be taken; A heat pump with a COP of 4 instead of 3, windows and doors with a U-value of 0.8 W/(m2*K) instead of 1,2 W/(m2*K) and outer walls with a U-value of 0.1 W/(m2*K) instead of 0,137 W/(m2*K). These recommendations are based on the assumption that the proposed new requirements are also applicable for climate zone 1.

Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzaldehyde) is one of the most employed aromatic and flavoring additives in food and cosmetic industry. The industrial interest in vanillin could also apply to its biodegradation products. The microbial transformation of vanillin can open the possibility of new products with new areas of application for products related to vanillin. For example, vanillyl alcohol, vanillic acid and ferulic acid are currently used in the pharmaceutical or food industry. Some species reported to biodegrade vanillin into the related products vanillyl alcohol and vanillic acid, are: Brettanomyces anomalus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Moreover, certain microorganisms possess the ability to accumulate lipids when cultivated on different carbon sources, opening the possibility of microbial lipid production as another industrial application. The present investigation focuses on the optimization of extraction methods for vanillin biodegradation products, as well as identifying the isolates of a collection of microorganisms originating from the Faroe Islands that are amenable to being cultivated on a lignin-based media. Finally, the potential for microbial lipid accumulation was also studied. Two analytical methods, Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC) were employed for characterizing the biodegradation products obtained after 24 hours and 72 hours of culture in growth medium supplemented with 1 mM of vanillin. The results showed that after 24 hours of incubation, the model microorganism, strain FMYD002, had consumed some of the vanillin and transformed it into biodegradation products. TLC retention factors and GC chromatograms revealed that the main biodegradation product after 24 hours - when compared to a standard – is likely to be to vanillyl alcohol. Furthermore, vanillin and its biodegradation products were relatively temperature-stable based on a temperature test of supernatant from a 24-hour culture, however, when the 72-hour culture had been subjected to the highest temperature (60 °C) some spontaneous decomposition occurred. The biodegradation pattern of the 72-hour culture evidenced by TLC revealed two additional biodegradation products, one of which migrates in a similar fashion to vanillic acid. After 72 hours of incubation, the biodegradation product presumed to be vanillyl alcohol was no longer observed. Acidification tests showed that the best route for extraction of the product believed to be vanillyl alcohol is to adjust the extracted sample to a pH of 9. The cultivation test of the isolates in media prepared from different lignin-based residual products showed that 26 out of 60 initial strains grew regardless of the concentration of lignosulfonates and vanillin. Moreover, 17 strains grew in nitrogen-limited medium. Eight of the strains accumulated lipids. A preliminary categorization of isolates based on their colony morphology and capacity of growth on different substrates showed that to some extent, their morphology can predict the ability to grow on lignin- and vanillin-based media. This could help future scientists to easily screen for and select isolates with interesting activity for the ligno-cellulose industry.