Objective: The increased attempted suicide rate is one of the main problems healthcare systems face in many societies. Social meaning is one of the main fields of studying suicide attempts. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the motives of suicide attempts among Iranian women.

Method: To explore suicide motives, history of medical or psychological issues, family relationships, and environmental conditions, participants were interviewed individually. The present study comprised semi-structured interviews involving 52 women who had attempted suicide and subsequently been hospitalised. Finally, the data were transcribed, categorised and narrated.

Results: The study identified two types of suicide meanings: escape and appeal. Escape suicide attempts were motivated by a desire to run away from intolerable situations in the family or social life. Escape suicide attempts were characterised by flight from grief, loss of honour, shame, infamy or memories of failure incidents. In appeal suicide attempts, participants experienced high pressure or control from husbands or other heads of families and the suicide attempts were used as a strong request to make her husband or family change. Other participants attempted suicide when their honours or masteries were threatened, or when they had committed deeds associated with great shame. The results also showed that several participants provided clear examples of patriarchic oppression as a strong underlying mechanism for suicide motivation.

Conclusions: As the results of our study revealed that family and gender structures play integral roles in motives of suicide attempts, future research among Iranian men is suggested. 

In some custody disputes parents are equally fit, other factors are not decisive, shared custody is ruled out, and the parental conflict is the only threat to children's well-being. There are no systematic principles to resolve these disputes. To fill this gap, I introduce the equality principle. Following splitting the difference and goal-setting theory, parents renegotiate under threat of randomization. If renegotiation fails, their chances of winning are equal. This principle may improve children's well-being, parental behavior, court efficiency, and custody investigations. The principle is discussed in terms of child perspective, appellate rights, applicability, irrationality, and attorney effects on negotiations. Key Points for the Family Court Community: _ The equality principle is a strategy to motivate litigating parents to agree about custody, living, or visitation disputes. _ Compared to the present system, the equality principle is beneficial because. Children spend less time in harmful uncertainty,. Parents are incentivized to behave more rationally and generously,. Courts and parents save resources,. Custody evaluations are improved as irrelevant differences between parents are ignored, and. Judges are less emotionally strained to make important decisions based on insufficient information.

Frontal cortex activity in the left hemisphere during depression is reduced. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that can increase frontal cortex activity. Therapy based on tDCS and positive psychology (PP) therapy was applied improving patients' quality of life. The present study compared three conditions participants with clinical depression; (a) tDCS therapy, (b) positive psychotherapy, and (c) combined treatment. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Adult State Hope Scale and Optimism/Pessimism Scale (OPS) was used at baseline, 2 weeks, 4-weeks and 3-months follow-up. Combined condition participants showed greater reduction in depressed mood, improved hope and optimism after 4-weeks as well as during 3-months follow-up than the other conditions. The results are discussed in terms of additive or synergistic relation between tDCS and PP treatment. Future studies should (a) use larger sample-sizes, (b) include no-treatment control conditions, (c) include double-blind designs, (d) control for previous or on-going drug therapy, (d) control for previous or ongoing psychotherapy. Furthermore, future studies should aim to increase theoretical understanding by investigating whether the relation between tDCS and psychotherapy are additive or synergistic.