This article provides an overview of the current state of continuing professional development (CPD) in Iran and attempts to map the national and local initiatives, procedures and challenges found in higher education institutions. It reports on the findings of a multiple sources design, analyses of relevant documents and policies and interviews with 14 faculty members at a well-known Iranian higher education institution. The findings present valuable insights into faculty development procedures, challenges and paradoxes that seem to shape faculty development in these institutions. Moreover, the findings highlight the need for structural modifications to simplify and harmonise the policies and procedures and harness profession development. To conclude, the initiatives and action plans that could contribute to faculty development and reshape the Iranian higher education landscape are discussed. The applications and implications are also seen as being relevant for similar higher education systems in developing countries.

This study employs a systematic mapping study to analysis publications on library performance evaluation with data envelopment analysis (DEA). The review is based on an extensive search in the academic literature including scientific Databases of Scopus and Web of science. 44 articles published between 1997 and 2018 were selected as the core of the study. The results show that the published studies are mostly conducted by specialists in economics, management, engineering, and hardly by library and information science specialists. Interestingly, a large number of the studies are conducted in Taiwan and the United States with a specific focus on performance evaluation of the university libraries. The findings of this study identify gaps in terms of the used techniques, methods, and processes about evaluating the performance of libraries. Identifying these gaps can help researchers in the library sciences to pay further attention to research about performance evaluating of the libraries. The study, further, identifies the key input and output variables in evaluating libraries' performance evaluation.

The introduction of information technologies (IT) as agent of change has been pushed to educational practices. The ability to use and embed information technologies as an integral component of educational practices is increasingly considered an important qualification for educational institutions and teachers. Such extensive push of technological technologies, seems, has not transform educational practices in preschool and schools (Brown, Englehardt, & Mathers, 2016; Cuban, 2018; Player-Koro, 2013).

An increasing number of studies highlight the importance of developing pre-service teachers’ digital competences as significant factor in determining the future level of information technology use in teaching and learning practices (Bakir, 2015; Brown et al., 2016; Tondeur et al., 2011). The Swedish Higher Education act underline the integrating information technologies as an integral part of teacher education programs (Government Bill, 2009/10:89, 2017/03:17). The Swedish curriculum for preschool (2018), similarly, highlights the preschool teachers’ role in providing authentic opportunities to develop children’s digital skills. A number of measures including substantial level of investment on IT have, accordingly, been adopted to extend the integration of IT in teacher education programs. The qualified pre-service teachers are, thus, expected to demonstrate ability and competence to use information technologies in their educational practices (Government Bill, 2017/03:17).

 An increasing number of teacher education institutions are implementing a verity of approaches to enhance pre-service teachers’ digital competences (Tondeur, van Braak, Ertmer, Ottenbreit-Leftwich, & Development, 2017). The ways i.e. how well teacher education programs prepare new teachers’ digital competences are seen as one of the factors which defines the teacher education programs’ quality.

Preparing future teachers who know how to integrate and make use of IT in their teaching and learning practices remains a challenging goal for teacher education programs (Brown et al., 2016; Scherer, Tondeur, Siddiq, & Baran, 2018; Tondeur et al., 2012). It seems that many newly qualified teachers do not have the necessary skills to be able seamlessly woven information technologies into the teaching and learning practices (Chigona, 2015; Player-Koro, 2013). Davis (2010) and Tondeur et al. (2012) in their studies argue that promoting pre-service teachers’ digital competences are not firmly anchored in teacher-education programs. The findings of these studies reconfirm that pre-service teachers’ graduates are ill-prepared to use information technologies in their educational practices (Bakir, 2015; Jordan & Elsden-Clifton, 2017; Lund & Hauge, 2011; Player-Koro, 2013; Scherer et al., 2018). Little research, however, has focused on preparing early childhood preservice teachers’ digital competences.

This study, accordingly, aimed to examine the underlying challenges in terms of whether (and if so, how) pre-service early childhood teachers are prepared to use information technologies in their future educational practices. The research questions that guide this case study are (1) How do preservice teachers perceive their digital competences? How do pre-service teachers’ digital competences are processed during their teacher education program? and Which factors can challenge and contribute developing of the preservice teacher digital competences?

Quality has emerged as an important academic performance metric which can shape the future of higher educaion instituions and have significant impact on the reputation of individuals, departments, faculties and institutions. Danish higher education is regarded as one of finest in the world. Top OECD indices are an indication of its excellent reputation. This keynote speech examines the quality assurance system of one of the largest universities in Denmark, the Aarhus University (AU).  First, a brief history of the evaluation system in Denmark and a description of the current situation on quality and quality assurance in  Higher Education in Denmark will be presented. This will be done by looking closely at the objectives of quality assurance and analysing the quality assurance mechanisms and procedures in the light of recent developments in the University of Aarhus. By exampifing Aarhus university as a case, the principles  and  procedures implemented in the university will be disscused. More specifically, I will try to present an overview of the quality assurance and management systems, their facilities, the people involved (boards, committees, departments, internal and external examiners) and the procedures currently in place. This talk will further explore the current startgies adopted to create a culture of quality in Aarhus University including making quality assurance as a routine process, teaching and supporting staff and students , and raising their awareness of the importance of quality in the design and delivery of study programmes.

The Interactive Whiteboard (IWB) is now a common technological artefact in Swedish preschools and schools. This study examines preschool teachers’ thinking behind the embedding of IWB in the early years’ mathematics classroom and how preschool teachers structure their mathematical activities when using IWB. Two complementary empirical studies, that is, interviews and video observations, were conducted with four preschool teachers. The findings demonstrate that (just) having a positive attitude to technological artefacts like IWB is less likely to enrich the learning environment and lead to pedagogical change. This suggests that teachers’ IWB use is mostly informed by their pedagogical knowledge.

The article aims to explore the attributes of quality and quality improvement including the process and specific actions associated with these attributes-that contribute enhancing quality in Iranian Virtual Higher Education (VHE) institutions. A total of 16 interviews were conducted with experts and key actors in Iranian virtual higher education. A constant comparative analysis was adopted to construct a grounded theory model. Drawing on the experiences and perspectives of key actors and experts closely associated with quality in e-learning, a paradigm model for quality improvement in virtual higher education institutions was developed. The model articulates causal conditions, action/interaction strategies, consequences, contextual factors and intervening environments. Interestingly, quality of learning, i.e. deep learning was the core phenomenon in quality of virtual higher education institutions.

More than half of the 14,000 students currently studying at the University of Gävle (HiG) are enrolled in courses that are totally or partly online based.  In 2015, a university-wide project on technology enhanced learning (TEL) (Steffens et al 2015) was initiated. The project focuses on course and programme development and is divided into four sub-projects, all of which contribute to the overall goals of project.

AIMS of the project

The aims of the project are to: (a) restructure teaching facilities and integrate digital technologies, (b) develop technology supported teaching methods, (c) integrate campus and distance education, (d) enhance teachers' and students' digital skills and (f) increase collaboration with relevant external actors.

These aims are achieved through the work of four project groups.

The digital environment group's (1) main focus is on digital tools for learning and the physical arrangement of learning spaces. The collaboration group's (2) main focus is on the maintenance and development of collaborative relationships and connections with communities in higher education for e-learning. The education and professional development group (3) focuses on issues such as professional development, learning design and the implementation of ICT in different courses and subjects. The research group (4) focuses on different issues connected to TEL.

One of the main principles of the project is that the above areas are interlinked and interdependent and that the different experiences and skills of each group and its members contribute to a broader perspective of TEL.

This poster focuses on the research conducted by the project's research group. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, the research focuses on issues and aspects of teaching and learning in higher education that contribute to multifaceted knowledge. The overall aim of the research is to generate knowledge about how conditions for teaching and learning change when the use of technology increases. The four research studies that are initiated are described below.

Study 1: Lecturers’ and students’ agency in encounters with digital media in higher education

This research study focus on issues related to lecturers’ digital teaching practices and students’ digital technological use in their everyday lives and for learning purposes.

Digital practices are defined as the different contexts in which lecturers teach and students participate in digital media (such as learning management systems, forums, communities etc.). Previous research shows that students’ own digital practices are not always made use of in higher education (Buzzard et al., 2011; Kelm, 2011).

A controversial issue in the Swedish higher education context is the discourse on students as customers. The perception of students as customers and “buyers” of ready-packaged content from lecturers is problematic. This view of what higher education stands for clashes with traditional academic views emphasizing critical thinking, reflection, self-directed learning, collaborative and individual learning etc.

In this study, the concept of agency is important in that it reflects “the capacity of actors to critically shape their own responsiveness to problematic situations” (Emirbayer & Mische, 1998, p. 971). In the different perceptions of students’ and lecturers’ tasks and roles in teaching and learning, especially in TEL, all the actors have to display agency in order to manoeuvre in the educational and digital contexts. Notably, agency is not something that people have, but is something that people achieve (Biesta & Tedder, 2006).

Aim

The aim of the research project is to study: (a) students’ use of digital technology in their everyday practices and in relation to teaching situations and (b) how lecturers’ agency is played out in teaching and learning when trying to facilitate TEL.

Methodology

In spring 2017 an online survey involving up to 200 students will be conducted in order to generate knowledge about (a) students’ everyday experiences of digital practices and how these are utilized in higher education and (b) how higher education challenges and develops students’ digital skills and knowledge. In the same period, interviews with lecturers at the university will be conducted in order to generate knowledge about lecturers’ (c) everyday teaching practices with digital technologies and (d) the perceived challenges and development of teaching in relation to their use.

Study 2: Teachers’ understanding and enactment of practice in online and blended educational contexts

The knowledge that teachers need to develop is referred to as a ‘didaktik’ knowledge in the German/European tradition (cf. Kansanen 2009) and as pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in the Anglo-Saxon literature (Shulman 1986; 1987). However, in what Castells (2011) describes as a network society, teachers are faced with new challenges and opportunities. Koehler et al (2014) argue that teachers’ development and integration of a new knowledge domain is not simply a matter of adding this “technology knowledge” to existing knowledge, but involves a reframing and reconceptualization of their existing professional practices and knowledge. They refer to this amalgam knowledge as technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). The TPACK framework has been widely accepted as a useful theoretical construct. However, there is a need for research on the development and manifestation of TPACK in different disciplinary contexts (Koehler et al 2014).

Aim

The aim of this sub-project is to study: a) how teachers reframe and reconceptualize their practices and the kind of knowledge that is needed in online contexts b) how teachers practices are manifested when ICT is used to create (intended) added pedagogical values in educational designs c) the characteristics of educational designs regarded as adding pedagogical value

Methodology

Three higher education teachers of different courses and subjects in three different departments participate in the study. A design-based research approach is applied, where one of the participating researchers engages in so-called design conversations with the teachers. As is characteristic of DBR, this researcher does not only observe and interview, but also acts as a “co-designer” on the understanding that the teachers are the context experts and the final decision makers (McKenney & Reeves 2012; Plomp & Nieveen 2013).

The data consists of recorded design conversations, educational designs and the artefacts used in the educational designs, the researcher’s/co-designer’s field notes and recorded “field-note conversations” between the researcher/co-designer and the other researcher.

Expected outcomes

The study is expected to contribute knowledge about how teachers’ knowledge and practices are understood and manifested in online and mixed higher educational contexts.

Study 3: Researching and developing student nurses’ drug calculation skills in an explorative design comprising digital technologies

This study is partly experimental in nature. It focuses on the challenges involved in student nurses’ development of accurate drug calculation skills. Challenges like this are not specific to nurse education at the University of Gävle, but appear to be universal (cf. Wright, 2009). However, it has also been claimed that written drug calculation tests do not accurately evaluate the skills involved in drug calculation, in that they are decontextualized from healthcare settings (Wright, 2005; 2012). It has also been claimed that this problem is more imaginary than factual, given that in practice nurses have been shown to handle drug calculation well (Wright, 2009).

Aim

The aims of this sub-project are to: (a) deepen the understanding of the challenges and mistakes that student nurses make in drug calculation exams, why they occur and how they might be prevented, (b) explore how the teaching and examination of drug calculation can be made more effective and contextualized and whether digital technologies can help in this.

Methodology

A multiple design method is employed using empirical data from written examinations, analyses of the set tasks and interviews with student nurses.

Expected outcomes

It is expected that the study will contribute knowledge about why (some) student nurses find it difficult to pass exams and that sufficient knowledge will be developed to facilitate the exploration of an experimental design for teaching and learning that includes digital technologies.

Study 4: Situating ICT in teacher education programmes at the University of Gävle

Integrating ICT as an integral part of teacher education programmes has been addressed as the most significant factor in determining the future level of ICT use in teaching and learning practices (Davis, 2010). According to the Swedish Higher Education Act, ICT should be embedded across entire educational practices in teacher education programmes (Government Bill, 2009/10:89). Numerous teacher educationprogrammes have made extensive efforts to prepare and empower teacher education students’ ICT competences so that ICT-based technologies are seamlessly woven into the teaching and learning process. Most schools try to enhance teachers’ digital competences by in-service education and expect newly qualified teachers to be adequately trained to use digital technologies in their educational practices. However, in reality it would seem that many newly qualified teachers do not have the necessary skills for this (see Chigona, 2015; Koehler, Mishra, Akcaoglu, & Rosenberg, 2013). 

Aims

This study focuses on understanding why a large number of the newly qualified teachers in teacher education institution remain underprepared to use digital technologies in their educational practices, despite an increased investment in the provision of digital technologies in these institutions.

 Methodology

In order to explore how digital technologies are integrated into teacher education in higher education institutions, a sequential explanatory multiple sources design consisting of two distinct phases will be implemented (Creswell, 2012). In this design, a number of course syllabi in a programme will be analyzed. Interviews with key actors, including students, teacher educators and gatekeepers, will be conducted in order to contextualize and deepen the analysis of the syllabi.

Expected outcomes

The study is expected to deepen the understanding of how student teachers are pedagogically trained in ICT in teacher education institutions.

Concluding remarks

The four research studies in the project investigate how students and teachers understand and use educational ICT. This is done by using different methodologies and from different perspectives. It is expected that the research studies will contribute to the broader and more inclusive project perspective by their specific aims and generate knowledge that will contribute to the multifaceted field of TEL.

References

1. Biesta, G. & Tedder, M. (2006). How is agency possible? Towards an ecological understanding of agency-as-achievement. Working paper 5, Learning Lives: Learning, Identity and Agency in the Life Course, University of Exeter, England.
2. Buzzard, C., Crittenden, V.L., Crittenden, W.F. & McCarty, P. (2011). The Use of Digital Technologies in the Classroom: A Teaching and Learning Perspective. Journal of Marketing Education. 33 (2), 131-139.
3. Buzzard, C., Crittenden, V.L., Crittenden, W.F. & McCarty, P. (2011). The Use of Digital Technologies in the Classroom: A Teaching and Learning Perspective. Journal of Marketing Education. 33 (2), 131-139.
4. Castells, M. (2011) The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, 2nd edn (Vol. 1). Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons. 
5. Chigona, A. (2015). Pedagogical shift in the twenty-first century: Preparing teachers to teach with new technologies. Africa Education Review, 12(3), 478-492. doi:10.1080/18146627.2015.1110912
6. Davis, N. (2010). Technology in Preservice Teacher Education. In P. Editors-in-Chief:  Penelope, B. Eva, E. B. Barry McGawA2 - Editors-in-Chief:  Penelope Peterson, & M. Barry (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition) (pp. 217-221). Oxford: Elsevier.
7. Emirbayer, M., & Mische, A. (1998). What is agency? American Journal of Sociology, 103(4), 962-1023.
8. Kansanen, P. (2009). The curious affair of pedagogical content knowledge. Orbis Scholae, 3(2), 5-18.
9. Kelm, R. (2011). Social Media. It’s what students do. Business Communication Quarterly. 74, (4), 505-520.
10. Koehler, M. J., Mishra, P., Akcaoglu, M., & Rosenberg, J. (2013). The technological pedagogical content knowledge framework for teachers and teacher educators. In R. Thyagarajan (Ed.), ICT integrated teacher education: A resource book. New Delhi, India: CEMCA.
11. Koehler, M. J., Mishra, P., Kereluik, K., Shin, T. S., & Graham, C. R. (2014). The technological pedagogical content knowledge framework. In J.M. Spector, M.D. Merrill, J. Elen, & M.J. Bishop (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (pp. 101-111). Springer New York.
12. McKenney, S., & Reeves, T. C. (2012). Conducting educational design research. London: Routledge.  
13. Plomp, T. & Nieveen, N. (Eds.). (2013) Educational Design Research: Introduction and Illustrative Cases.  Enschede, Netherlands; SLO Netherlands Institute for Curriculum Development.
14. Regeringens proposition, (2009/10:89) Regeringens proposition 2009/10:89 om lärarutbildning m.m. [Government Bill, 2009/10:89 regarding teacher education etc.]  (Stockholm, Gotab) (in Swedish).
15. Shulman, L. S. (1986). Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher, 15, 4–14.
16. Shulman, L. S. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57, 1–22.  
17. Steffens, K., Bannan, B., Dalgarno, B., Bartolomé, A. R., Esteve-González, V., & Cela-Ranilla, J. M. (2015). Recent Developments in Technology- Enhanced Learning: A Critical Assessment. RUSC. Universities and Knowledge Society Journal, 12(2). pp. 73-86.
18. Wright, K. (2005). An exploration into the most effective way to teach drug calculation skills to nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 25, 430–436. 
19. Wright, K. (2009). The assessment and development of drug calculation skills in nurse education – A critical debate. Nurse Education Today, 29, 544–548. Doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2008.08.019 
20. Wright, K. (2012). Editorial. Drug calculation skills – Are we running scared? Nurse Education Today, *. Doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2011.06.001 

هدف اين مقاله بررسي چگونگي كاربست فناوري اطلاعات و ارتباطات (فاوا) در تربيت معلم و در يك رويكرد وسيعتر در توسعه مدارس است. براي آمادهسازي دانشجويان تربيت معلم و معلمان آينده جهت كار در جامعه به شدت در حال تغيير و سرشار از اطلاعات و فناوري، موسسات آموزش عالي در كشورهاي مختلف استراتژيهاي گوناگوني را براي كاربست فاوا در تربيت معلم اعمال ميكنند.بررسي و تجزيه و تحليل جهتگيريها و استراتژيهاي به كار رفته در كاربست فاوا در سيستمهاي آموزشي كشورهاي مختلف ميتواند مسير حركت ما را در بستري كه تنها عنصر ثابت آن تغيير است، تا حدود زيادي روشنتر نمايد. در همين راستا مقاله حاضر مطالعهاي كيفي از نوع فراتركيبي جهت تحليل و تركيب مطالعات و كاربست فاوا در آموزش، به خصوص در تربيت معلم، ميباشد. نتايج به دست آمده در دو مقوله اصلي شامل كاربست فاوا در آموزش ضمن خدمت معلمان و كاربست فاوا در آموزش پيش از خدمت معلمان، آورده شده است. جهتگيريها و استراتژيهاي به كار رفته در كاربست فاوا در آموزش پيش از خدمت معلمان بايستي مبتني بر رويكرد گلچين شدهاي باشد كه برنامه استراتژيك، دسترسي مناسب به نرم افزار و سخت افزار و پشتيباني در موسسات و رشته مورد نظر، ارائه فعاليتهاي تدريس سازنده، ايجاد شبكه ميان دانشجويان تربيت معلم و معلمان، افزايش مهارت فاوا مدرسان معلمي و ارشادگرها، و موارد مشابه را در خود داشته باشد. در همين راستا اثربخشترين نحوه كاربست فاوا در موسسات آموزشي، به كارگيري تركيبي از استراتژيهاست. براي كاربست فاوا در تربيت معلمان و در يك رويكرد كلي تر توسعه مدارس، لازم است بر هر دو نوع آموزش پيش و ضمن خدمت معلمان تاكيد گردد. در ابتدا رويكردهاي كاربست فاوا در توسعه مدارس بحث ميشود؛ سپس روشهاي كاربرد فاوا در آموزش پيش از خدمت و ضمن خدمت معلمان مورد بحث قرار ميگيرد و نهايتاً اين دو حوزه كاري به يكديگر ارتباط داده شده و به جستجوي شباهتها و تفاوتهاي آنها پرداخته ميشود.

This article looks at the integration of ICT in teacher education in the wider perspective of school development, which puts on focus both in-service and preservice teacher education. To prepare teacher-education students for work in a rapidly changing, information rich and technology based society, the key strategies in integration of ICT in teacher education programs and provides implications and directions for future analyses of ICT integration efforts are analyzed. A metasynthesis exercise was undertaken, to analyze and synthesize the studies and examples of best practice to integrate ICT in education particularly in teacher education. The results were provided into two main parts including: - ICT in inservice teacher education; - ICT in pre-service teacher education. Discussing the examples of practices and strategies, it is argued that addressed strategies are complementary, thus a combination of the given strategies may be more efficient way in integrating ICT in teacher education programs.

This study aimed to identify the ways in which information and communication technologies (ICT) are integrated in three preschools in south-western Sweden. The case study involved observations of and interviews with preschool teachers. The findings support claims that ICT can enhance preschool practices by providing a variety of complementary opportunities to enrich and transform existing curricula. The study shows that in the studied preschools ICTs have been appropriated in distinctive ways: as an object to enrich existing practices; as a cultural mediator; as a way to entertain young children; and as a communication and documentation tool. In addition, by addressing the teachers’ values and attitudes to the role of ICT in early childhood, the paper also unpacks the stances of teachers who consider ICT to be unsuitable for early childhood education. The findings of this study may bring some clarity to the complexities that surround engagement with any innovation in preschool settings, and the adoption of new technologies in particular.