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Occupational and individual determinants of work-life balance among office workers with flexible work arrangements
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational Health Science and Psychology, Occupational Health Science. University of Gävle, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1280-1003
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational Health Science and Psychology, Occupational Health Science. University of Gävle, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2741-1868
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational Health Science and Psychology, Occupational Health Science. University of Gävle, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1443-6211
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational Health Science and Psychology, Occupational Health Science. University of Gävle, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7322-9346
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2020 (English)In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, ISSN 1661-7827, E-ISSN 1660-4601, Vol. 17, no 4, article id 1418Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Flexible work arrangements permitting workers to work anytime and anywhere are increasingly common. This flexibility can introduce both challenges and opportunities for the organisation, as well as for worker work-life balance (WLB). This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the extent to which occupational factors (organizational, leadership and psychosocial) and individual work-related behaviours (over-commitment, overtime work and boundary management) are associated with WLB, and whether these associations are modified by the perceived level of flexibility at work (i.e., control over when, where, and how to do the work). In total, 2960 full-time office workers with flexible work arrangements at the Swedish Transport Administration participated. Associations were determined using linear regression analyses with adjustment for covariates. The strongest negative associations with WLB were found for over-commitment, quantitative job demands, expectations of availability, and overtime work. Strongest positive associations were found for boundary management, information about organizing work, social support, and relation-oriented leadership. Perceived flexibility was positively associated with WLB, and interacted with several of the examined factors, buffering their negative associations with WLB. Results suggest that WLB can be promoted by organizational initiatives focusing on minimizing excessive job demands, increasing psychosocial resources, supporting boundary management, and enhancing perceived flexibility.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2020. Vol. 17, no 4, article id 1418
Keywords [en]
work-life balance; autonomy; job resources; job demands; work control
National Category
Occupational Health and Environmental Health
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work, Flexibelt arbete
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30408DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041418ISI: 000522388500294PubMedID: 32098327Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85079902220OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-30408DiVA, id: diva2:1335320
Part of project
Flexible work & Opportunity and Challenge (FLOC), Forte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare
Funder
Forte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, 2009-1761Swedish Transport Administration, 2015/92392Available from: 2019-07-05 Created: 2019-07-05 Last updated: 2024-04-26Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Promoting Work-Life Balance in Flexible Work
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Promoting Work-Life Balance in Flexible Work
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Flexible work arrangements (FWAs), which allows employees to decide when, where, and how to perform the work, is more prevalent than ever in modern working life. However, research about how FWAs can be organized to promote work-life balance (WLB) is sparse. The overall aim of this thesis was to develop, implement, and evaluate a workplace intervention among office-based employees with FWAs. More specifically, the aims wereto: 1) identify demands and resources related to WLB; 2) in co-creation with the investigated organization, identify suggestions for improvements to guide the development of a workplace intervention; and 3) implement and evaluate the effect of an intervention, addressing some of the identified suggestions on proximal (i.e., work strategies, use of work-related information and communication technology (ICT), productivity, and expectations of availability) and distal outcomes (i.e., WLB and interference between work and private life).

Methods: Paper I was a cross-sectional study based on a comprehensive questionnaire that examined occupational factors and their associations with WLB. Paper II comprised focus group interviews to collect suggestions for improvements in FWAs at an organizational, work group and individual level. Therefore, while paper I and II informed the design of the intervention, papers III and IV comprised its implementation and evaluation. Paper III examined effects on proximal outcomes and paper IV on distal outcomes.

Results: Identified resources related to employees’ WLB in FWAs were boundary management, information about how to organize work, and relation-oriented leadership. Identified demands were over-commitment to work, quantitative job demands, and expectations of availability. Perceived flexibility was a resource for WLB, which interacted with several demands and buffering their negative associations with WLB. Suggestions from the focus groups related to organizational (e.g., common guidelines for FWAs), workgroup (e.g., clarify expectations of availability) and individual-level improvements (e.g., determine own availability), which supported the development and implementation of an intervention addressing work strategies and culture in FWAs. Participants were satisfied with the intervention and reported changes in work strategies. No intervention effects were found on other proximal or distal outcomes.

Conclusions: We identified both demands and resources related to employees’ WLB in FWAs. Employees suggested intervention activities mainly focusing on changing work strategies, both as individuals and as a workgroup. The intervention was effective in changing work strategies, but not in improving other proximal and distal outcomes.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Flexibelt arbete, vilket definieras som anställdas möjlighet att bestämma när, var och hur arbetet ska utföras, är vanligare än någonsin i dagens arbetsliv. Forskning om hur flexibelt arbete kan utformas för att främja balans mellan arbete och privatliv är sparsam. Syftet med avhandlingen var att utveckla, implementera och utvärdera en arbetsplatsintervention bland kontorsanställda med flexibelt arbete. I synnerhet var avhandlingens syfte att: 1) identifiera krav och resurser relaterade till balans; 2) att i samskapande med organisationen identifiera förslag på förbättringar som önskas implementeras i en arbetsplatsintervention; och 3) implementera och utvärdera effekten av en intervention som antar några av förslagen, på proximala (dvs. arbetsstrategier, arbetsrelaterad användning av informations- och kommunikationsteknologi, produktivitet och förväntningar på tillgänglighet), och distala utfall (dvs. balans mellan arbete och privatliv och konflikt mellan arbete och privatliv).

Metod: Studie I var en tvärsnittsstudie baserad på ett omfattande frågeformulär som undersökte sambanden mellan arbetsrelaterade faktorer och balans mellan arbete och privatliv i flexibelt arbete. Studie II bestod av fokusgruppsintervjuer för att kartlägga förslag på förbättringar på organisations-, arbetsgrupp-, och individnivå. Studie I och II låg således till grund för utformningen av interventionen, medan studie III och IV bestod av implementering och utvärdering av interventionen. Studie III undersökte effekterna på proximala utfall och studie IV på distala utfall.

Resultat: Resurser för balans mellan arbete och privatliv var gränshantering, information om hur arbetet kan organiseras och ett relations inriktat ledarskap. Krav för balans var överengagemang i arbetet, arbetskrav och förväntningar om tillgänglighet. Förslag från intervjuerna berörde organisationen (t.ex. gemensamma riktlinjer för flexibelt arbete), gruppen (t.ex. klargöra förväntningar om tillgänglighet) och individen (t.ex. klargöra den egna tillgängligheten), vilket låg till grund för att utforma och genomföra en intervention för att förändra arbetsstrategier och kulturen i flexibelt arbete. Deltagarna var nöjda med interventionen och rapporterade förändrade arbetsstrategier. Inga interventionseffekter hittades för andra proximala eller distala utfall.

Konklusion: Vi fann både positiva och negativa faktorer för balans mellan arbete och privatliv i flexibelt arbete. Anställda föreslog interventionsaktiviteter för att förändra arbetsstrategier, både individuellt och inom arbetsgruppen. Interventionen var effektiv för att ändra arbetsstrategier, men inte för att förbättra andra proximala eller distala utfall.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2024. p. 64
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 39
Keywords
digitalization, job autonomy, work control, job demands, job resources, work-life balance, work-home interference, home-work interference, participatory approach, intervention, digitalisering, arbetsautonomi, arbetskontroll, arbetskrav, arbetsresurser, balans mellan arbete och privatliv, arbetet inkräktar på privatlivet, privatlivet inkräktar på arbetet, deltagande tillvägagångssätt, intervention
National Category
Occupational Health and Environmental Health
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work, Flexibelt arbete
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-43400 (URN)978-91-89593-17-6 (ISBN)978-91-89593-18-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-02-16, Krusenstjernasalen, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 10:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Forte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, 2009-1761Swedish Transport Administration, 2017/528
Available from: 2024-01-26 Created: 2023-12-06 Last updated: 2024-02-21Bibliographically approved

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Bjärntoft, SofieHallman, DavidMathiassen, Svend ErikLarsson, JohanJahncke, Helena

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