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Measurement and analysis of frequency-domain Volterra kernels of nonlinear dynamic 3x3 MIMO systems
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2061-6366
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1183-6666
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2887-049x
2017 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 66, no 7, p. 1893-1905Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) frequency-domain Volterra kernels of nonlinear order 3 are experimentally determined in bandwidth-limited frequency regions. How the effect of higher nonlinear orders can be reduced and how this affects the estimated errors are discussed. The magnitude and phase of the kernels areKramers-Kronig consistent. The self- and cross-kernels have different symmetries and the kernels are therefore determined and analyzed in different regions in the 3D frequency space. By analyzing the properties along certain paths in the 3D frequency space, the block structures for the respective kernels are determined. These block structures contain the significant blocks of the general block structures for third-order kernels. The device under test is a MIMO transmitter for radio frequency signals.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE Press , 2017. Vol. 66, no 7, p. 1893-1905
National Category
Signal Processing
Research subject
Intelligent Industry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23216DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2017.2664482ISI: 000403292600026Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85014208551OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-23216DiVA, id: diva2:1062321
Available from: 2016-12-05 Created: 2017-01-05 Last updated: 2022-09-19Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Characterization and Linearization of Multi-band Multi-channel RF Power Amplifiers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Characterization and Linearization of Multi-band Multi-channel RF Power Amplifiers
2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The World today is deeply transformed by the advancement in wireless technology. The envision of a smart society where interactions between physical and virtual dimensions of life are intertwined and where human interaction is mediated by machines, e.g., smart phones, demands increasingly more data traffic. This continual increase in data traffic requires re-designing of the wireless technologies for increased system capacity and flexibility. In this thesis, aspects related to behavioral modeling, characterization, and linearization of multi-channel/band power amplifiers (PAs) are discussed.

When building a model of any system, it is advantageous to take into account the knowledge of the physics of the system and include into the model. This approach could help to improve the model performance. In this context, three novel behavioral models and DPD schemes for nonlinear MIMO transmitters are proposed.

To model and compensate distortions in GaN based RF PAs in presence of long-term memory effects, novel models for SISO and concurrent dual-band PAs are proposed. These models are based on a fixed pole expansion technique and have infinite impulse response. They show substantial performance improvement. A behavioral model based on the physical knowledge of the concurrent dual-band PA is derived, and its performance is investigated both for behavioral modeling and compensation of nonlinear distortions.

Two-tone characterization is a fingerprint method for the characterization of memory effects in dynamic nonlinear systems. In this context, two novel techniques are proposed. The first technique is a dual two-tone characterization technique to characterize the memory effects of self- and cross-modulation products in concurrent dual-band transmitter. The second technique is for the characterization and analysis of self- and cross-Volterra kernels of nonlinear 3x3 MIMO systems using three-tone signals.

Abstract [sv]

Världen av idag har omvandlats starkt av framsteg inom trådlos teknik. Framtidens smarta samhalle där samspelet mellan fysiska och virtuella dimensioner i livet är sammanflätade och där mansklig växelverkan mer ofta än inte sker med eller formedlas av maskiner - exempelvis smarta telefoner - kräver allt mer datatrafik. Denna ständigt ökande datatrafik kraver i sin tur utformning av trådlös teknik som kan rymma flera kanaler och flera frekvensband för att öka systements kapactitet och flexibilitet. I denna avhandling diskuteras aspekter relaterade till beteendemodellering, karakterisering, och kompensering av ickelinjär distortion i radiofrekvens (RF) effektforstarkare (PA) för multipla-insignaler-multipla-utsignaler (MIMO) och samtidiga signaler i dubbla frekvensband.

När man gör en modell av ett system är det fordelaktigt att ta hänsyn till kunskap om det fysikaliska systemet och använda denna information i modellen. Denna strategi skulle kunna bidra till att forbattra modellens prestanda och minska antalet modellparametrar. I detta sammanhang föreslås tre nya beteende- och DPD-modeller för ickelinjära MIMO sändare. Olika typer av överhörning i MIMO-sändare undersöks för att härleda enkla och kraftfulla modeller. Effekter av koherent och partiellt koherent signalgenerering på DPD-prestanda utvärderas också. För att modellera och kompensera ickelinjär distortion i galliumnitridbaserade (GaN) RF PA med langtidsminneseffekter föreslås två nya modeller for RF PA med en in- och en utsignal (SISO) tre nya modeller för RF PA för samtidiga signaler i olika frekvensband. Dessa modeller är baserade på teknik med expansion runt fasta polvärden och har oändligt minnesdjup. Modellerna visar betydande resultatförbättring i jämforelse med dem med ändliga impulssvar. En beteendemodell baserad på en fysikalisk modell av förstärkaren föreslås för en PA för samtidiga signaler i olika frekvensband. Dess prestanda undersöks som beteendemodell och för utjämning av ickelinjär distortion.

Tvåtonskarakterisering är som ett fingeravtryck vid karakterisering av minneseffekter i dynamiska ickelinjära system. I detta sammanhang föreslås två nya tekniker för karakterisering av sändare för samtidiga signaler med olika frekvens och och MIMO-sändare. Den första tekniken är en dubbel tvåtonskarakterisering för de individuella minneseffekterna i egen- och korsmoduleringsprodukter i sändare med samtidiga signaler i olika frekvensband. Den andra tekniken är för karakterisering och analys av egen- och korsvolterrakärnor hos ett ickelinjärt 3×3 MIMO-system med hjalp av tre-tonssignaler. I den föreslagna tekniken analyseras egen- och korskänor längs linjer i en frekvensrymd för att fastställa blockstrukturer hos det underliggande systemet. Den kunskap som erhållits med hjälp av denna karakeriseringsteknik har kunnat användas för att modifiera tidigare publicerade beteendemodeller.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2017. p. 59
Series
TRITA-EE, ISSN 1653-5146 ; 2016:185
National Category
Signal Processing
Research subject
Intelligent Industry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23287 (URN)978-91-7729-198-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2017-02-24, 99:133, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2017-02-02 Created: 2017-01-11 Last updated: 2022-09-19Bibliographically approved
2. Characterisation, Modelling and Digital Pre-Distortion Techniques for RF Transmitters in Wireless Systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Characterisation, Modelling and Digital Pre-Distortion Techniques for RF Transmitters in Wireless Systems
2019 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Wireless systems have become an inevitable part of modern technologies serving humankind. The rapid growth towards large dimensional systems, e.g. 5th generation (5G) technologies, incurs needs for improving the performance of the systems and considering aspects to make them as far as possible environmentally friendly in terms of power efficiency, cost, and so on. One of the key parts of every wireless communication system is the radio frequency (RF) power amplifier (PA), which consumes the largest percentage of the total energy. Hence, accurate models of RF PAs can be used to optimize their design and to compensate for signal distortions. This thesis starts with two methods for frequency-domain characterisation to analyse the dynamic behaviour of PAs in 3rd-order non-linear systems. Firstly, two-tone signals superimposed on large-signals are used to analyse the frequency-domain symmetry properties of inter-modulation (IM) distortions and Volterra kernels in different dynamic regions of RF PAs in a single-input single-output (SISO) system. Secondly, three-tone signals are used to characterise the 3rd-order self- and cross-Volterra kernels of RF PAs in a 3 × 3 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. The main block structures of the models are determined by analysing the frequency-domain symmetry properties of the Volterra kernels in different three-dimensional (3D) frequency spaces. This approach significantly simplifies the structure of the 3rd-order non-linear MIMO model.

The following parts of the thesis investigate techniques for behavioural modelling and linearising RF PAs. A piece-wise modelling technique is proposed to characterise the dynamic behaviour and to mitigate the impairments of non-linear RF PAs at different operating points (regions). A set of thresholds decompose the input signal into several sub-signals that drive the RF PAs at different operating points. At each operating point, the PAs are modelled by one sub-model, and hence, the complete model consists of several sub-models. The proposed technique reduces the model errors compared to conventional piece-wise modelling techniques.

A block structure modelling technique is proposed for RF PAs in a MIMO system based on the results of the three-tone characterisation technique. The main structures of the 3rd- and higher-order systems are formulated based on the frequency dependence of each block. Hence, the model can describe more relevant interconnections between the inputs and outputs than conventional polynomial-type models.

This thesis studies the behavioural modelling and compensation techniques in both the time and the frequency domains for RF PAs in a 3 × 3MIMO system. The 3D time-domain technique is an extension of conventional 2D generalised memory polynomial (GMP) techniques. To reduce the computational complexity, a frequency-domain technique is proposed that is efficient and feasible for systems with long memory effects. In this technique, the parameters of the model are estimated within narrow sub-bands. Each sub-band requires only a few parameters, and hence the size of the model for each sub-band is reduced.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2019. p. 73
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; ; 2019:9
Keywords
RF power amplifiers, non-linearity, memory effects, Behavioral modelling, MIMO, Digital pre-distortion
National Category
Signal Processing Telecommunications
Research subject
Intelligent Industry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-29302 (URN)978-91-7873-076-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2019-02-18, Hörsal 99131, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2019-02-18 Created: 2019-02-18 Last updated: 2022-10-31Bibliographically approved

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Alizadeh, MahmoudAmin, ShoaibRönnow, Daniel

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