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Anti-doping – a legitimate effort?: Elite athletes' perspectives on policy and practice
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Public Health and Sport Science, Sports Science. Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8942-3058
2019 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The global anti-doping enterprise in sport is a comprehensive system in which the athlete is at the centre of regulation, scrutiny and control. There is limited knowledge about the implications of this extensive control system for athletes and about how athletes perceive the system; little is known about possible consequences of these implications and perceptions for the legitimacy of the system. The overall aim of this thesis is to analyse the legitimacy of global anti-doping policy and practice from the perspectives of international elite athletes.

Four articles are included in this compilation thesis. The first illustrates, based on a discourse analytical approach, how claims for legitimacy of the anti-doping system are produced in policy documents aimed at athletes. The second explores the perceptions and legitimacy of anti-doping policy and practice through a survey aimed at elite athletes in different sports and from different regions of the world. The third article examines, through an interview study, how athletes in different contexts experience the practice of anti-doping and what consequences this may have for the system's legitimacy. The interview study was also the basis for the fourth article, focusing on the athletes' experiences and perceptions of their opportunities for compliance and how this is related to their view of the system's legitimacy. Using the four articles as a basis, the analysis of legitimacy within the anti-doping system is expanded in the thesis through an overarching analytical framework inspired by David Beetham.

The results show that the legitimacy of the policy documents is based on essentially authoritative, but also rational, arguments for justifying the anti-doping enterprise. Elite athletes are generally in favour of anti-doping policy and the principle that doping should be prohibited. However, when the rules are implemented into practice, problems to do with lack of procedural justice arise which may have an impact on the system's legitimacy. Procedures in the system are perceived as having a negative effect on sportspersons' private life, and as ineffective and unequally implemented across the world; also, athletes have little influence over decision-making processes. Anti-doping practice is moreover perceived to cause structural inequalities due to inequality in access to technology, education and knowledge as well as supportive systems. Most athletes wish to comply with the rules, but many struggle with lack of control and have limited scope for taking responsibility regarding compliance with the doping rules. Even when athletes are dutiful and perform acts that confer legitimacy to the rules and the authorities, some experiences and perceptions could endanger the legitimacy of antidoping, as seen in the overall legitimacy analysis of the thesis. Athletes' perceptions of inequality, ineffectiveness and lack of leeway can be interpreted as a lack of rule conformity to the anti-doping authority. There also appears to be a lack of shared normative beliefs between sportspersons and the anti-doping authorities, as many athletes feel that their opinions are not taken into account. Decision-making processes that do not pay attention to the perceptions of those involved can result in a discrepancy between the rules and the norms.

The international anti-doping system is a major international enterprise with comprehensive rules that need to be applied equally around the world, and that also need to be legitimated in different countries where athletes have different conditions to comply with the regulations. In this thesis, I have shown that these different conditions have consequences for the ability to comply with the rules and also for the application of the regulations. The far-reaching rules mean that procedures within the system are experienced as causing a number of negative consequences. I have shown that this poses a risk to the legitimacy of the system if these problems are not addressed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH , 2019. , p. 93
Keywords [en]
Anti-doping, Doping in sports, Legitimacy, Elite athletes, Compliance, WADA
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-29152ISBN: 978-91-983151-6-5 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-29152DiVA, id: diva2:1281484
Public defence
2019-02-08, Krusenstiernasalen, Högskolan i Gävle, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2019-01-22 Created: 2019-01-22 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. From fighting the bad to protecting the good: legitimation discourses in WADA’s athlete guides
Open this publication in new window or tab >>From fighting the bad to protecting the good: legitimation discourses in WADA’s athlete guides
2019 (English)In: Performance Enhancement & Health, E-ISSN 2211-2669, Vol. 7, no 1-2, article id 100147Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The global anti-doping effort in sport is based upon perceptions of the system as desirable, proper and appropriate and thus considered legitimate. The legitimacy of the anti-doping system has earlier been studied bottom-up, based on the views of athletes. In order to gain greater understanding of legitimation processes, it is also important to study legitimation strategies top-down, used by decision-making and governing bodies. The aim of this study was to use Fairclough's critical discourse analytical approach to analyse the social construction of legitimacy in the World Anti-Doping Agency's three editions of a guide to anti-doping rules aimed at athletes. The analysis was performed based on van Leeuwen's four specific legitimation strategies: authorization, rationalization, moral evaluation and mythopoesis. Our analysis shows that the legitimation of the anti-doping discourse as constructed in the athlete guides that has accompanied anti-doping regulations for more than a decade is characterized by continuity as regards an authoritarian attitude, but also by change towards a more rational and athlete-centred stance. A shift can be seen in the construction of legitimacy in the anti-doping discourse from “fighting the bad” to “protecting the good”. We discuss the moral evaluation strategy as a way to construct legitimacy for anti-doping efforts and sport in general towards a wider public. In the light of the results of this study, we conclude that policymaking in relation to doping issues should take into account the dimension of the discursive top-down legitimation, which could affect how the policy is received at the level of the athletes and provide conditions for a sustainable anti-doping system. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2019
Keywords
Anti-doping, Doping in sports, Legitimacy, Legitimation strategies
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-29160 (URN)10.1016/j.peh.2019.100147 (DOI)2-s2.0-85074421285 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2019-01-08 Created: 2019-01-23 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
2. Anti-doping and legitimacy: an international survey of elite athletes’ perceptions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Anti-doping and legitimacy: an international survey of elite athletes’ perceptions
2016 (English)In: International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, ISSN 1940-6940, E-ISSN 1940-6959, Vol. 8, no 3, p. 491-514Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Anti-doping work is a comprehensive enterprise that entails control and governance of elite athletes’ everyday lives. However, in policy-making regarding doping and anti-doping in elite sports, the athletes’ perspective has not been considered adequately. Focusing on elite athletes’ perceptions of anti-doping as both principle and praxis, the study aimed to analyse how these perceptions can be understood from a legitimacy perspective. A survey study involving 261 elite athletes from 51 different countries and four international sports federations was conducted. The results showed that the athletes did not question the legitimacy of the rules, but had concerns about the legitimacy of the way the rules and principles are enforced in practice, specifically with regard to matters of privacy, lack of efficiency and equal conditions as well as athletes’ involvement in the anti-doping work. The article describes how athletes’ perceptions of the legitimacy of anti-doping work constitute the basis for their willingness to follow regulations as well as a precondition for the work’s functionality and stability. In light of this finding, the article calls for the empowerment of athletes in anti-doping work.

Keywords
anti-doping policy, anti-doping practice, doping in sports, performance-enhancing drugs, legitimacy
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21529 (URN)10.1080/19406940.2016.1170716 (DOI)000390991800009 ()2-s2.0-84969235547 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2016-05-30 Created: 2016-05-30 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
3. Contexts and conditions for a level playing field: Elite athletes’ perspectives on anti-doping in practice
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Contexts and conditions for a level playing field: Elite athletes’ perspectives on anti-doping in practice
2016 (English)In: Performance Enhancement & Health, E-ISSN 2211-2669, Vol. 5, no 2, p. 77-85Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The implementation of global anti-doping regulations was intended to provide a level playing field for all athletes entering sports competitions. However, studies have shown that the worldwide harmonization of rules has not been entirely efficacious. For instance, great variation has been found in how anti-doping organizations implement anti-doping regulations, and it has also been shown that athletes distrust the equivalence of the worldwide rules as regards their effects. The purpose of the present article is to examine how elite athletes from different contexts experience anti-doping procedures and to analyse the legitimacy of anti-doping practice. In order to capture a variety of voices and perspectives, 13 elite athletes from five different continents and three international sports federations were interviewed. The analysis shows that when global anti-doping policy is implemented in different contexts and under different conditions, inequities and structural injustices emerge concerning infrastructure, knowledge and support at the individual athlete level. These consequences may have implications for the legitimacy of anti-doping work, because the existence of procedural justice may be called into question. We therefore suggest that anti-doping policy-making should be based on taking into account these different conditions and being aware of the perspectives that underpin regulations intended to be applied global.

Keywords
Legitimacy, Anti-doping, Harmonization, Doping in sports, Sports policy
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-22489 (URN)10.1016/j.peh.2016.08.001 (DOI)2-s2.0-84994234525 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2016-09-21 Created: 2016-09-21 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
4. Obligations and opportunities: elite athletes, anti-doping and compliance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Obligations and opportunities: elite athletes, anti-doping and compliance
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-29161 (URN)
Note

At the time of Anna Qvarfordt's disseration this was a manuscript.

Available from: 2019-01-08 Created: 2019-01-23 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved

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