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The contribution of individual differences in memory span and language ability to spatial release from masking in young children
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Environmental Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4947-4579
Medical Acoustics Group, Institute of Technical Acoustics, Rheinisch Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany.
School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK.
Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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2019 (English)In: Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, ISSN 1092-4388, E-ISSN 1558-9102, Vol. 62, no 10, p. 3741-3751Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: Working memory capacity and language ability modulate speech reception; however, the respective roles of peripheral and cognitive processing are unclear. The contribution of individual differences in these abilities to utilization of spatial cues when separating speech from informational and energetic masking backgrounds in children has not yet been determined. Therefore, this study explored whether speech reception in children is modulated by environmental factors, such as the type of background noise and spatial configuration of target and noise sources, and individual differences in the cognitive and linguistic abilities of listeners.

Method: Speech reception thresholds were assessed in 39 children aged 5-7 years in simulated school listening environments. Speech reception thresholds of target sentences spoken by an adult male consisting of number and color combinations were measured using an adaptive procedure, with speech-shaped white noise and single-talker backgrounds that were either collocated (target and back-ground at 0°) or spatially separated (target at 0°, background noise at 90° to the right). Spatial release from masking was assessed alongside memory span and expressive language.

Results and Conclusion: Significant main effect results showed that speech reception thresholds were highest for informational maskers and collocated conditions. Significant interactions indicated that individual differences in memory span and language ability were related to spatial release from masking advantages. Specifically, individual differences in memory span and language were related to the utilization of spatial cues in separated conditions. Language differences were related to auditory stream segregation abilities in collocated conditions that lack helpful spatial cues, pointing to the utilization of language processes to make up for losses in spatial information.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ASHA , 2019. Vol. 62, no 10, p. 3741-3751
National Category
Health Sciences
Research subject
no Strategic Research Area (SFO)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30831DOI: 10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-19-0012ISI: 000493287900009PubMedID: 31619115Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85074185001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-30831DiVA, id: diva2:1365141
Available from: 2019-10-23 Created: 2019-10-23 Last updated: 2020-11-23Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Effects of environmental acoustic factors, individual differences and musical training on speech perception in simulated classrooms
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of environmental acoustic factors, individual differences and musical training on speech perception in simulated classrooms
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Formal learning takes place primarily through speech perception in classroom environments and is therefore dependent on the listener’s ability to cope with a number of acoustic factors that interfere with the speech signal. As classrooms are inclusive spaces accommodating learners with a broad range of abilities and backgrounds, this research investigated some of the ways in which individual differences in supporting cognitive skills are related to speech perception outcomes in various challenging acoustic environments. A potential avenue for the remediation of speech perception problems was also investigated. Studies comparing trained musicians’ with non-musicians’ speech perception have consistently shown a “musicians’ advantage” for speech-in-noise tasks, therefore this research longitudinally investigated whether one year of musical training was capable of producing improved speech perception thresholds in children. Therefore, the first three studies investigated relationships between the cognitive abilities of the listener and speech perception under various challenging environmental conditions, and the final study reported whether a year of musical training was able to produce learning effects generalizable to speech perception in the same challenging auditory environments tested in the two preceding experiments. Tests involved attending to a target talker underexperimental conditions in which the target signal was increasingly difficult todiscern either by lengthening reverberation time or by adding noise (i.e., competing sounds or talkers). In the second, third and fourth studies, the configuration of target and noise sources in the simulated room were manipulated to be either collocated or spatially separated from one-another. In order to additionally explore the relationship between speech perception and underlying cognitive processes, a number of measures were taken including phonological working memory capacity (number updating, digit span) and language assessments (vocabulary, expressive language) and analysed in relation to speech perception outcomes under the various experimental conditions. In all four studies, speech perception was tested in virtual classroom environments that were simulated based on actual classroom acoustic measurements taken in participating Swedish schools. The cumulative findings of this body of work linked differences in language ability, background and performance on various cognitive tests to speech perception thresholds, suggesting that not all learners are on equal footing in the classroom environment. However, musical training of the intensity and duration provided was unable to improve group performanceon speech perception or cognitive measures.

Abstract [sv]

En stor del av elevers inlärning sker via katederundervisning i klassrumsmiljöer och är därför beroende av lyssnarens förmåga att hantera ett flertal akustiska faktorer som stör talsignalen. Klassrum är inkluderande lokaler som skall tillmötesgå elever med en bred variation av förmågor och bakgrunder. Denna avhandling sammankopplar individuella skillnader inom kognitiva förmågor med resultat av taluppfattning i utmanande akustiska miljöer. Även en intervention med syfte att förbättra elevers taluppfattning undersöktes. Tidigare studier som jämför musikers och icke-musikers taluppfattning har konsekvent visat fördelar bland musiker inom uppgifter gällande taluppfattning i konkurrerande bakgrundsljud. Därför genomfördes en longitudinell studie med ett årsmusikalisk träning i syfte att förbättra taluppfattningströskeln hos unga elever. De tre första studierna som presenteras i denna avhandling undersökte förhållandena mellan kognitiva förmågor hos lyssnaren och taluppfattning under utmanande ljudmiljöer. Den sista studien undersökte huruvida ett år av musikalisk träning kan skapa inlärningseffekter generaliserbara till taluppfattning i samma utmanande auditiva miljöer som testades i de tre tidigare experimenten. Studiedeltagarna lyssnade till en talare under experimentella förhållanden där förmågan att uppfatta talaren påverkades av antingen förlängd efterklangstid eller adderade bakgrundsljud (till exempel störande ljud eller andra talare). I studie två, tre och fyra manipulerades även talarens och bakgrundsljudets position i det simulerade rummet till att antingen komma från samma positioneller från olika riktningar. För att dessutom utforska förhållandet mellan taluppfattning och underliggande kognitiva processer analyserades ett antal kognitiva förmågor i relation till taluppfattningsresultaten under de olika experimentella förhållandena. I alla fyra studier testades taluppfattning i virtuella klassrumsmiljöer som simulerades utifrån verkliga akustiska mätningar från svenska skolor. De kumulativa resultaten i detta arbete sammankopplade svårigheter i språkförmåga, bakgrund samt prestation i flertalet kognitiva tester med taluppfattningströsklar. Resultaten visar att alla elever inte har en likvärdig grund i klassrumsmiljön. Resultaten från interventionsstudien gav inget stöd för att musikalisk träning ger positiv effekt på taluppfattning, möjligtvis var typen av musikalisk träning och längden av den musikaliska träningen i experimentet inte tillräcklig för att förbättra deltagarnas prestation i taluppfattning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2020. p. 37
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 15
Keywords
speech in noise, cognition, perception, musical training, spatial listening, virtual classroom environment, bakgrundsljud, kognition, taluppfattning, musikalisk träning, rumsligt lyssnande, virtuella klassrumsmiljöer
National Category
Psychology
Research subject
Sustainable Urban Development
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-33359 (URN)978-91-88145-48-2 (ISBN)978-91-88145-49-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-10-15, 12:108, Kungsbäcksvägen 37, Gävle, 11:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-09-21 Created: 2020-08-21 Last updated: 2024-08-29Bibliographically approved

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