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On the Effect of Occupant Behavior and Internal Heat Gains on the Building’s Energy Demand: A case study of an office building and a retirement home
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Energy Systems and Building Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3378-5775
2021 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

About 12% of the greenhouse gas emissions and 40% of the total energy use in the EU derive from the buildings. User behavior, construction, and HVAC systems has a significant impact on a building’s energy use. If a building is to be energy-efficient it is important to understand how all these parameters are connected. This study is motivated by the need to decrease the energy use in buildings to reach the goals of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. 

In this thesis, measurements of indoor climate and electricity use, together with time diaries was used to create input data for an energy simulation model of a retirement home. A parametric study was conducted to simulate how energy demand was affected by changes in five different parameters in an office building. Also, two different energy-efficiency indicators were used to see how indicators can affect the perceived energy-efficiency of buildings.

High amount of airing and low electricity use had the most impact on the heating demand in the retirement home, and electricity use had the highest impact on the total energy demand in the office building. The model of the retirement home using data gathered on-site had 24% higher energy use than the model using standard user input data. In the office building, total energy demand for heating and cooling could be lowered with 12-31% by lowering the electricity use with 30% compared to standard user input data.

For office buildings the most important thing to lower total energy demand seems to be lowering the electricity use. Using today’s standard user input data does not correspond well to using on-site gathered data in a retirement home and it is therefore important to develop the standard user input data further. The indicator kWh/m2, seems to promote buildings with low occupancy. This could lead to buildings being utilized in an in-efficient way. The indicator kWh/m2 should either be replaced or combined with an indicator that takes occupancy into consideration. 

Abstract [sv]

Runt 12% av utsläppen av växthusgaser och 40% av den totala energianvändningen i EU kommer från byggnader. Brukarbeteende, konstruktion och HVAC-system har signifikant påverkan på en byggnads energianvändning. Om en byggnad ska bli så energieffektiv som möjligt är det viktigt att förstå hur dessa parametrar hör ihop. Denna studie motiveras av behovet att minska energianvändning i byggnader för att nå målen för energianvändning och utsläpp av växthusgaser. 

I denna avhandling användes mätningar av inomhusklimat och elanvändning, tillsammans med tidsdagböcker, för att skapa indata till en energisimuleringsmodell av ett ålderdomshem. En parameterstudie genomfördes för att simulera hur energibehovet påverkades av ändringar i fem olika parametrar i en kontorsbyggnad. Två olika indikatorer för energieffektivitet användes också, för att se hur olika indikatorer påverkar hur en byggnads energieffektivitet uppfattas.

Hög grad av vädring och låg elanvändning hade störst påverkan av energibehovet i ålderdomshemmet, och i kontorsbyggnaden påverkades det totala energibehovet mest av elanvändningen. Modellen av ålderdomshemmet där data insamlad på plats användes hade 24% högre värmebehov än modellen som använde standardiserade brukarindata. Det totala energibehovet för värme och kyla i kontorsbyggnaden kunde sänkas med 12-31% genom att sänka elanvändningen med 30% jämfört med standardiserad brukarindata.

Det viktigaste för att få ner det totala energibehovet i kontorsbyggnader verkar vara att sänka elanvändningen. Att använda dagens standardvärden för brukarindata överensstämmer inte väl med att använda data insamlad på plats för ett ålderdomshem. Det är därför viktigt att vidareutveckla standardiserad brukarindata. Indikatorn kWh/m2 verkar främja byggnader med låg beläggning. Detta skulle kunna leda till att byggnader utnyttjas på ett ineffektivt sätt. Indikatorn kWh/m2 skulle därför behöva ersättas eller kombineras med en indikator som även tar byggnadens beläggning i beaktande. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press , 2021. , p. 53
Series
Licentiate thesis
Keywords [en]
building energy simulation, energy efficiency indicators, occupant behaviour, energy performance
National Category
Energy Systems
Research subject
Sustainable Urban Development
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-35507ISBN: 978-91-88145-73-4 (print)ISBN: 978-91-88145-74-1 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-35507DiVA, id: diva2:1541975
Presentation
2021-06-09, 13:111, Högskolan i Gävle, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, 801 76, Gävle, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 20150133Available from: 2021-06-28 Created: 2021-04-06 Last updated: 2021-06-28Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Integration of measurements and time diaries as complementary measures to improve resolution of BES
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Integration of measurements and time diaries as complementary measures to improve resolution of BES
2019 (English)In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 12, no 11, article id 2072Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Building energy simulation (BES) models rely on a variety of different input data, and the more accurate the input data are, the more accurate the model will be in predicting energy use. The objective of this paper is to show a method for obtaining higher accuracy in building energy simulations of existing buildings by combining time diaries with data from logged measurements, and also to show that more variety is needed in template values of user input data in different kinds of buildings. The case studied in this article is a retirement home in Linköping, Sweden. Results from time diaries and interviews were combined with logged measurements of electricity, temperature, and CO2 levels to create detailed occupant behavior schedules for use in BES models. Two BES models were compared, one with highly detailed schedules of occupancy, electricity use, and airing, and one using standardized input data of occupant behavior. The largest differences between the models could be seen in energy losses due to airing and in household electricity use, where the one with standardized user input data had a higher amount of electricity use and less losses due to airing of 39% and 99%, respectively. Time diaries and interviews, together with logged measurements, can be great tools to detect behavior that affects energy use in buildings. They can also be used to create detailed schedules and behavioral models, and to help develop standardized user input data for more types of buildings. This will help improve the accuracy of BES models so the energy efficiency gap can be reduced. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2019
Keywords
Building energy simulation, Energy performance, Indoor climate, Occupant behavior, Retirement home, User input data, Buildings, Energy dissipation, Energy utilization, Input output programs, Building energy simulations, User input, Energy efficiency
National Category
Energy Systems
Research subject
Sustainable Urban Development
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30551 (URN)10.3390/en12112072 (DOI)000472635900039 ()2-s2.0-85066738324 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 20150133Swedish Energy Agency, 37492-1
Available from: 2019-08-22 Created: 2019-08-22 Last updated: 2023-08-28Bibliographically approved
2. Effects on Energy Demand in an Office Building Considering Location, Orientation, Façade Design and Internal Heat Gains: A Parametric Study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects on Energy Demand in an Office Building Considering Location, Orientation, Façade Design and Internal Heat Gains: A Parametric Study
2020 (English)In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 13, no 23, article id 6170Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

12.9% of the energy use in the EU originates from the commercial and public sector. It has therefore become a priority to optimize energy efficiency in these buildings. The purpose of this study has been to explore how energy demand in a new office building is affected by different internal heat gains, location, orientation, and façade design, and also to see how different indicators can change perspective on energy efficiency. The study was performed with simulations in IDA-ICE with different façade design and changes in internal heat gains (IHG), orientation, and location. Energy demand was then compared to two different indicators. Using a façade designed to lower solar heat gains had little effect on energy demand in the north of Sweden, but slightly more effect further south. The amount of internal heat gains had significant effect on energy demand. Making deeper studies on design and internal heat gains should therefore be prioritized in the beginning of new building projects so the most energy-efficient design can be chosen. When the indicator kWh/m2 was used, the cases with low internal heat gains were perceived as the most energy efficient, while when kWh/(m2 × hpers) (hpers = hours of use) was used, the cases with high occupancy and low electricity use were considered to be the most energy efficient. Therefore, revising the standardized indicator is of great importance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2020
Keywords
building energy simulation, energy efficiency indicators, internal heat gains, occupant behavior, parametric study
National Category
Energy Engineering
Research subject
Sustainable Urban Development
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-34379 (URN)10.3390/en13236170 (DOI)000597747400001 ()2-s2.0-85106632858 (Scopus ID)
Projects
Forskarskolan REESBE+
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 20150133
Available from: 2020-11-24 Created: 2020-11-24 Last updated: 2023-08-28Bibliographically approved

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