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The Technical Challenges in Orthotic Exoskeleton Robots with Future Directions: a Review Paper
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Science, Electronics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2878-5930
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Science, Electronics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5429-7223
2023 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The robotic wearable exoskeletons have been developed due to various advantages offered by these devices. These advantages are manifested by integrating the human and a robot into one system under the user's control, which motivated researchers to develop different exoskeletons through years. However, several advances in exoskeleton; still, dealing with the various technical challenges in designing these impressive devices is inevitably. This paper aims to introduce informative resources and quick guidance of various technical challenges as such information is critical for exoskeleton development. The constructive discussion is intended to encourage researchers, innovators and academia to be aware of these challenges. Finally, the contemporary research gaps with various challenges have been highlighted, which remain to be solved as well as some future directions in this field that will have far-reaching effects on developing exoskeletons.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE , 2023.
Keywords [en]
Design Aspects; Exoskeleton Future Directions; Orthoses Exoskeletons; Technical Challenges; Wearable Robots
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work, Digital shapeshifting
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-40338DOI: 10.1109/ITIKD56332.2023.10099850Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85158116378ISBN: 978-1-6654-6372-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-40338DiVA, id: diva2:1707633
Conference
ITIKD-2023: International Conference on IT Innovations and Knowledge Discovery, Manama, Bahrain, March 15-16, 2023
Available from: 2022-11-01 Created: 2022-11-01 Last updated: 2023-09-15Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. The Robustness and Energy Evaluation of a Linear Quadratic Regulator for a Rehabilitation Hip Exoskeleton
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Robustness and Energy Evaluation of a Linear Quadratic Regulator for a Rehabilitation Hip Exoskeleton
2022 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The implications of gait disorder, muscle weakness, and spinal cord injuries for work and age-related mobility degradation have increased the need for rehabilitation exoskeletons. Specifically, the hip rehabilitation exoskeletons due to a high percentage of the mechanical power is generated by this join during the gait cycle. Additionally, the prolonged hospitalisation after hip replacement and acetabular surgeries that affect human mobility, the social-economic impacts and the quality of life. For these reasons, a hip rehabilitation exoskeleton was our focus in this research, as it will contribute being a sustainable solution to take over the burden of physiotherapy and let patients perform their rehabilitation at home or outdoors. 

This thesis details an approach of creating a hip rehabilitation exoskeleton, starting with modelling, simulating, and controlling the rehabilitation hip joint in a based-simulation environment. The mathematical model and the reason for using a series elastic actuator in the hip joint to execute the movement in a sagittal plane are more detailed. Because trajectory tracking is commonly used for controlling rehabilitation exoskeletons to ensure safe and reliable motion tracking methods; therefore, two desired torque signals were tested and analysed with the optimal linear quadratic regulator (LQR). The experiments were performed using two torque signals of a healthy hip joint—representing the sit-to-stand (STS) and the walking activity for their importance in lower limb movements. However, the mathematical model used as a basis of the optimal control strategy is usually influenced by multiple sources of uncertainties. Therefore, four case studies of various optimal control strategies were tested for a twofold reason: to choose the most optimal control strategy, and to test the energy consumption of these cases during the STS and walking movements, because the long-term goal is to produce a lightweight and reliable rehabilitation hip exoskeleton.

The research showed compelling evidence that tuning the control strategy will not influence the robustness of an optimal controller only, but affect the energy consumption during the STS and walking activity, which needs to be considered in exoskeleton control design regarding its applications.

Abstract [sv]

Behovet av exoskelett för rehabilitering har ökat p.g.a. komplikationer som uppstår vid arbete och åldersrelaterad försämring. Komplikationerna består bland annat av gångstörning, muskelsvaghet och ryggmärgsskador. Speciellt höftexoskelett avsett för rehabilitering är extra intressant på grund av att rehabilitering inom detta område omfattar långvarig sjukhusvistelse efter höftprotes- och acetabulära operationer. Höftleden är en av de leder som utsätts för relativt höga mekaniska påfrestningar och minskad rörelseförmåga leder inte sällan till socioekonomiska effekter och minskad livskvalité. Av denna anledning kommer höftexoskelett för rehabilitering vara det primära området i denna avhandling då det kommer att vara en lösning för att minska belastningen inom sjukvård och låta patienter utföra sin rehabilitering hemma på egen hand.

Denna avhandling beskriver en metod för att skapa ett höftexoskelett avsett för rehabilitering med början i modellering, simulering och kontroll av en höftled av exoskelett i en simuleringsmiljö. Genom att använda ett serieelastiskt manöverdon för att utföra en höftledsrörelse i ett sagittalt så uppnås en mer detaljerad matematisk modell. Genom att använda banspårning, som vanligtvis används för att kontrollera exoskelett för rehabilitering för att säkerställa säkra och pålitliga rörelsespårningsmetoder, så analyserades två vridmomentssignaler mot en linjär kvadratisk regulator (LQR). Simuleringarna utfördes med hjälp av två vridmomentsignaler som representerar sitt-till-stå (STS) och gångaktivitet hos en frisk höftled. Den matematiska modellen som används för att hitta den optimala kontrollstrategin påverkas vanligtvis av flera osäkerhetskällor. Därför testades fyra fallstudier av olika optimala kontrollstrategier för två skäl: den ena för att välja den mest optimala kontrollstrategin emellan och den andra för att mäta energiförbrukningen för dessa STS och gångrörelse så att vi kan producera ett lätt och pålitligt höftexoskelett avsett för rehabilitering.

Forskningen visar övertygande bevis för att inställning av styrstrategin inte bara kommer att påverka robustheten hos en optimal styrenhet utan även påverkar energiförbrukningen under STS och gångaktivitet vilket måste beaktas vid design av exoskelett.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2022. p. 34
Series
Licentiate thesis ; 15
Keywords
Hip Rehabilitation Exoskeleton, Robust Controller, Energy Consumption, Series Elastic Actuator (SEA), LQR Control, Luenberger State Observer, Torque Control, Höftexoskelett för rehabilitering, Robust reglering, Energiförbrukning, serieelastiskt manöverdon (SEA), LQR reglering, Luenberger State Obser-ver, Moment reglering
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-39907 (URN)978-91-88145-97-0 (ISBN)
Presentation
2022-11-28, Krusenstjernasalen, University of Gävle, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-11-07 Created: 2022-09-09 Last updated: 2023-02-17Bibliographically approved

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Andersson, RabéBjörsell, Niclas

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