This thesis examines the environmental impacts of wind power, emphasizing its effects on biodiversity both on land and at sea. A comparative case study analysis of biodiversity impacts between wind farms within terrestrial and marine settings is carried out. The two case studies are: the Tarifa Wind Farm in Spain and the Hornsea Project One in the UK. The research investigates how windfarms disrupt local ecosystems and discusses mitigation measures currently implemented.

The findings highlight significant biodiversity impacts, including risks to birds, bats, marine mammals, and benthic organisms. For instance, the Tarifa Wind Farm shows high fatality rates among raptors and bats due to collisions with turbines. Meanwhile, the Hornsea Project One affects marine mammals through noise pollution and benthic organisms through habitat disturbances. However, positive impacts were also noted, such as the creation of artificial reefs at the Hornsea site, which can enhance local biodiversity by providing new habitats

Despite these findings, challenges remain in fully addressing the negative impacts on local ecosystems. Effective mitigation measures, such as selective turbine stopping and noise reduction strategies, show promise but require continuous adaptation and monitoring.

The thesis offers targeted recommendations for policymakers and future studies to enhance the ecological sustainability of wind energy projects. Recommendations include implementing robust environmental guidelines, creating buffer zones around critical habitats, enforcing seasonal restrictions onconstruction activities, and investing in technology to minimize wildlife disturbances. Furthermore, ongoing post-installation monitoring is crucial toassess the long-term ecological impacts and effectiveness of these measures.