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Temporal co-variation between eye lens accommodation and trapezius muscle activity during a dynamic near-far visual task
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Occupational health science. University of Gävle, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research. Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2919-3921
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Occupational health science. University of Gävle, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7680-1929
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Occupational health science. University of Gävle, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5777-4232
2015 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 10, no 5, article id e0126578Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Near work is associated with increased activity in the neck and shoulder muscles, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown. This study was designed to determine whether a dynamic change in focus, alternating between a nearby and a more distant visual target, produces a direct parallel change in trapezius muscle activity. Fourteen healthy controls and 12 patients with a history of visual and neck/shoulder symptoms performed a Near-Far visual task under three different viewing conditions; one neutral condition with no trial lenses, one condition with negative trial lenses to create increased accommodation, and one condition with positive trial lenses to create decreased accommodation. Eye lens accommodation and trapezius muscle activity were continuously recorded. The trapezius muscle activity was significantly higher during Near than during Far focusing periods for both groups within the neutral viewing condition, and there was a significant co-variation in time between accommodation and trapezius muscle activity within the neutral and positive viewing conditions for the control group. In conclusion, these results reveal a connection between Near focusing and increased muscle activity during dynamic changes in focus between a nearby and a far target. A direct link, from the accommodation/vergence system to the trapezius muscles cannot be ruled out, but the connection may also be explained by an increased need for eye-neck (head) stabilization when focusing on a nearby target as compared to a more distant target.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2015. Vol. 10, no 5, article id e0126578
Keywords [en]
Accommodation, Ciliary muscle, Computer work, Electromyography, Eye-neck (head) stabilization, Gaze stabilization, Visual ergonomics
National Category
Occupational Health and Environmental Health
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-16689DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126578ISI: 000354542500115PubMedID: 25961299Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-84930675377OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-16689DiVA, id: diva2:719183
Funder
Forte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, 2005-0488; 2009-1761Available from: 2014-05-23 Created: 2014-05-23 Last updated: 2022-09-15Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. The impact of visually demanding near work on neck/shoulder discomfort and trapezius muscle activity: Laboratory studies
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The impact of visually demanding near work on neck/shoulder discomfort and trapezius muscle activity: Laboratory studies
2016 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Introduction: Musculoskeletal discomfort in the neck and shoulders is common among workers performing visually demanding near work, e.g., on a computer screen, and sustained low-level muscle activity during such work can lead to work-related pain. The relationships between visual demands and muscle activity and discomfort in the neck/shoulder region are at present unclear. Aim: The aims of this thesis were to determine whether neck/shoulder discomfort and trapezius muscle activity increases during visually demanding experimental near work, and to investigate whether eye-lens accommodation is a mediating mechanism behind increased trapezius muscle activity. Methods: The four papers included are based on two experiments with different visually demanding near work tasks (duration 5 and 7 min). Trial lenses of different diopters were used to manipulate the visual demands (i.e., induce more or less accommodation) and thereby create different viewing conditions. Monocular viewing, which does not require active convergence, was used to examine the isolated effect of accommodation. Eye-lens accommodation and trapezius muscle activity were measured continuously during the visual tasks, and in one experiment the participants rated their eye and neck/shoulder discomfort at baseline and after each visual task. Results: Neck/shoulder discomfort and trapezius muscle activity increased during the visually demanding near work and participants experiencing a greater increase in eye discomfort (compared with baseline) also developed more neck/shoulder discomfort with time. There were no significant differences in muscle activity among the viewing conditions, and no effect of isolated accommodation response within the monocular viewing conditions. Conclusion: These findings indicate that accommodation per se is unlikely to mediate trapezius muscle activity. Instead, the increase in trapezius muscle activity observed here may be due to a combination of high visual attention and enhanced requirement for eye-neck (head) stabilisation. Since these results suggest that neck/shoulder discomfort may aggravate with time when the visual demands are high, it is important to provide good visual conditions in connection with visually demanding occupations.

Abstract [sv]

Introduktion: Muskelrelaterade besvär i nack- och skulderområdet är vanligt förekommande, framförallt hos individer som utför synkrävande datorarbete. En orsak till sådana besvär anses vara långvarig lågintensiv aktivitet i dessa muskler. Det är i dagsläget oklart om de belastningar som synsystemet utsätts för vid synkrävande arbete bidrar till ökad muskelaktivitet i nack/skulderregionen. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka om experimentellt synkrävande närarbete påverkar muskelaktivitet och besvär i nack/skulderregionen, och att undersöka om aktivitet i trapezius muskeln (kappmuskeln) påverkas av ögats ackommodation, d.v.s. när linsens brytkraft förändras för att se skarpt på nära håll. Metod: De fyra delstudierna baseras på två laborativa experiment där försökspersoner (66 respektive 26 stycken) genomförde olika synkrävande uppgifter (fem och sju minuter långa). För att göra synuppgifterna mer eller mindre ansträngande för synsystemet användes linser med olika grad av brytkraft (dioptrier). Dessutom, eftersom monokulärt seende inte kräver aktiv konvergens, genomfördes tre av de fyra synuppgifterna i ena experimentet med ett öga för att undersöka den enskilda effekten av ackommodation. En autorefraktor mätte ögats ackommodation under synuppgifterna och aktiviteten i trapeziusmuskeln registreades kontinuerligt med elektromyografi (EMG). I samband med det ena experimentet skattade deltagarna sina upplevda ögon- och nack/skulderbesvär, både före experimentet (baslinje) och efter varje synuppgift. Resultat: Det synkrävande arbetet ökade både de självskattade nack/skulderbesvären och muskelaktiviteten i trapezius. De personer som upplevde en högre ökning av ögonbesvär (i förhållande till baslinjen), rapporterade också mer nack/skulderbesvär över tid. Det var varken någon signifikant skillnad i grad av muskelaktivitet mellan synuppgifterna, eller något signifikant samband mellan monokulär ackommodation och muskelaktivitet. Slutsats: Resultaten indikerar att ögats ackommodation, i sig, inte påverkar muskelaktiviteten i trapezius. Ökad muskelaktivitet i nack/skulderregionen i anslutning till synkrävande arbete kan istället bero på en kombination av höga krav på visuell uppmärksamhet och ett ökat behov av att stabilisera ögonen (huvudet) i förhållande till objektet i fokus (t.ex. texten på en bildskärm). Eftersom resultaten tyder på att synkrävande närarbete leder till ökade besvär i nack/skuldraregionen över tid, är det viktigt att utforma arbetsplatser och synkrävande arbetsuppgifter (t.ex. vid datorn) på ett sätt som främjar visuell hälsa.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2016. p. 55
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine, ISSN 1651-6206 ; 1228
Keywords
Accommodation, Asthenopia, Computer work, Eye-neck (head) stabilization, Muscle activity, Neck pain, Visual Attention, Visual demand, Visual ergonomics
National Category
Occupational Health and Environmental Health
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21511 (URN)978-91-554-9583-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2016-06-09, Krusenstjernasalen, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2016-05-20 Created: 2016-05-20 Last updated: 2022-09-15Bibliographically approved

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Zetterberg, CamillaRichter, HansForsman, Mikael

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