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Geovisualisation of uncertainty in simulated flood maps
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Urban and regional planning/GIS-institute. (Geospatial informationsteknik)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3906-6088
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Urban and regional planning/GIS-institute.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5986-7464
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Computer science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0085-5829
2014 (English)In: Proceedings of the International Conferences on Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction 2014, Game and Entertainment Technologies 2014 and Computer Graphics, Visualization, Computer Vision and Image Processing 2014 - Part of the Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems, MCCSIS 2014 / [ed] Katherine Blashki and Yingcai Xiao, IADIS Press , 2014, p. 206-214Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) geovisualisation model of uncertainties in simulated flood maps that can help communicate uncertain information in the data being used. An entropy-based measure was employed for uncertainty quantification. In developing the model, Visualisation Toolkit (VTK) was utilised. Different data derived from earlier simulation study and other maps were represented in the model. Cartographic principles were considered in the map design. A Graphical User Interface (GUI), which was developed in Tkinter, was also created to further support exploratory data analysis. The resulting model allowed visual identification of uncertain areas, as well as displaying spatial relationship between the entropy and the slope values. This geovisualisation has still to be tested to assess its effectiveness as a communication tool. However, this type of uncertainty visualisation in flood mapping is an initial step that can lead to its adoption in decision-making when presented comprehensively to its users. Thus, further improvement and development is still suggested for this kind of information presentation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IADIS Press , 2014. p. 206-214
Keywords [en]
Flood, entropy, exploratory analysis, geovisualisation, uncertainty analysis
National Category
Other Computer and Information Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17659Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-84929408117OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-17659DiVA, id: diva2:753813
Conference
8th Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (MCCSIS), Lisbon, Portugal, 15-19 July 2014
Available from: 2014-10-09 Created: 2014-10-09 Last updated: 2023-02-17Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Modelling, mapping and visualisation of flood inundation uncertainties
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modelling, mapping and visualisation of flood inundation uncertainties
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Flood maps showing extents of predicted flooding for a given extreme event have wide usage in all types of spatial planning tasks, as well as serving as information material for the public. However, the production processes that these maps undergo (including the different data, methods, models and decisions from the persons generating them), which include both Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and hydraulic modelling, affect the map’s content, and will be reflected in the final map. A crisp flood boundary, which is a common way of representing the boundary in flood maps, may therefore not be the best representation to be used. They provide a false implication that these maps are correct and that the flood extents are absolute, despite the effects of the entire modelling in the prediction output. Hence, this research attempts to determine how flood prediction outputs can be affected by uncertainties in the modelling process. In addition, it tries to evaluate how users understand, utilise and perceive flood uncertainty information. 

Three main methods were employed in the entire research: uncertainty modelling and analyses; map and geovisualisation development; and user assessment. The studies in this work showed that flood extents produced were influenced by the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) resolution and the Manning’s  used. This effect was further increased by the topographic characteristic of the floodplain. However, the performance measure used, which quantify how well a model produces result in relation to a reference floor boundary, had also biases in quantifying outputs. Determining the optimal model output, therefore, depended on outcomes of the goodness-of-fit measures used.

 In this research, several ways were suggested on how uncertainties can be visualised based on the data derived from the uncertainty assessment and by characterising the uncertainty information. These can be through: dual-ended maps; flood probability maps; sequential maps either highlighting the degrees of certainty (certainty map) or degrees of uncertainty (uncertainty map) in the data; binary maps; overlain flood boundaries from different calibration results; and performance bars. Different mapping techniques and visual variables were used for their representation. These mapping techniques employed, as well as the design of graphical representation, helped facilitate understanding the information by the users, especially when tested during the evaluations. Note though that there were visualisations, which the user found easier to comprehend depending on the task given. Each of these visualisations had also its advantages and disadvantages in communicating flood uncertainty information, as shown in the assessments conducted. Another important aspect that came out in the study was how the users’ background influence decision-making when using these maps. Users’ willingness to take risks depended not only on the map, but their perceptions on the risk itself. However, overall, users found the uncertainty maps to be useful to be incorporated in planning tasks.

Abstract [sv]

Översvämningskartor som visar utbredningen av förutspådda översvämningar för vissa extrema händelser har stor användning i all typ av samhällsplanering, samt fungerar som informationsmaterial för allmänheten. Men, de produktionsprocesser som dessa kartor genomgår (inkluderande olika data, metoder, modeller och beslut från de personer som genererar dessa) och som innefattar både geografiska informationssystem (GIS) och hydraulisk modellering, påverkar kartornas innehåll, vilket även återspeglas i de slutliga kartornas utseende. En skarp översvämningsgräns, som är det vanliga sättet att visa gränsen i översvämningskartor, är därför antagligen inte det bästa sättet att representera utbredningen. Sådana gränser ger en falsk trygghet i att dessa kartor är korrekta och att översvämningsutbredningen är absolut, trots att hela processen att producera dem innebär osäkerheter. Denna studie försöker därför undersöka hur översvämningskartering påverkas av osäkerheter i modelleringsprocesser och hur dessa osäkerheter kan representeras, visualiseras och kommuniceras i kartorna. Dessutom försöker studien utvärdera hur olika användare förstår, använder och uppfattar översvämningskartor som innehåller osäkerhetsinformation.

Tre huvudmetoder har använts i denna studie: osäkerhetsmodellering och analys, kart- och geovisualiseringsutveckling samt användarstudier. Resultaten visar att översvämningsgränserna påverkades både av de digitala höjdmodellernas upplösning (cellstorlek) och markens friktion, representerat av Mannings 𝑛, men också av markens topografi. För att kvantifiera skillnaderna mellan modell och referensöversvämningsyta och därefter kunna välja den mest optimala modellen användes olika valideringsmetoder. Dessa lider dock också av olika brister, vilket gör att resultaten varierar beroende på den valideringsmetod som används.

I denna studie föreslås flera sätt att visualisera osäkerheter baserat på resultaten från osäkerhetsmodellering och karaktären av osäkerhetsinformation. Dessa utgörs av kartor med divergerande färgramp (sk. dual-ended colour maps), sekventiella kartor (som framhäver graden av säkerhet, respektive osäkerhet), binära kartor, överlagring av översvämningsgränser från olika modeller samt värdestaplar. Olika karteringsmetoder och visuella variabler användes för att representera informationen. Resultat från en användarstudie visade att dessa, samt utformningen av den grafiska representationen, underlättade förståelsen av informationen. Beroende på uppgiften finns det visualisering som är lättare eller svårare att förstå för kartanvändarna. Varje visualisering hade också för- och nackdelar med att kommunicera översvämningsosäkerhetsinformation. En annan viktig aspekt som kom fram i studien var hur användarnas bakgrund påverkar beslutsfattandet när de använde de olika kartorna. Användarnas vilja att ta risker berodde inte bara på kartan, utan också på deras uppfattning av risken i sig. Sammantaget visade det sig emellertid att osäkerhetskartorna är användbara för planeringsuppgifter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2018. p. 109
Series
Studies in the Research Profile Built Environment. Doctoral thesis ; 10
Keywords
cartography, flood, hydraulic modelling, GIS, map, uncertainty, visualisation, GIS, hydraulisk modellering, karta, kartografi, osäkerhet, visualisering, översvämning
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences Other Earth and Related Environmental Sciences Civil Engineering
Research subject
Sustainable Urban Development
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27995 (URN)978-91-88145-33-8 (ISBN)978-91-88145-34-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2018-12-10, Lilla Jadwigasalen (12:108), Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 15:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2018-11-13 Created: 2018-10-10 Last updated: 2024-08-29Bibliographically approved

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Lim, Nancy JoyÅhlén, JuliaSeipel, Stefan

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