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  • 1.
    Abdi, Joan
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences. Joan Abdi.
    Joel, Johansson
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Georeferering av ortofoto med UAV: En jämförelsestudie mellan direkt och indirekt georeferering2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    UAV (Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle) has revolutionized the creation of orthophotos with its contribution to increased safety, lower costs and more effective ways when making orthophotos. The traditional aerial photogrammetry with airplanes and placement of flight signals has been the standard method for years. To fly with UAV instead of an airplane is cheaper and saves time, however, the placement and measurements of flight signals is still time consuming and therefore expensive. The company DJI has developed a new UAV called Phantom 4 RTK that supports satellite based technology for direct georeferercing.

    This study compared two different measuring methods when producing orthophotos with UAV: direct georeferencing with NRTK (Network Real Time Kinematic) and indirect georeferencing when using different number of Ground Control Points (GCP). The study was conducted at the University of Gävle over an area of eight hectares. An investigation of the deviation in plane and height resulted in acceptable units based on the guidelines that were followed in HMK – Ortofoto and the controls that were followed from SIS- TS 21144:2016.

    The RMS value in plane for the indirect georeferencing method is 0,0102 m. For the direct georeferencing method the RMS value in plane when using ground control points is between 0,0132 and 0,0148 m. At last the RMS value for the direct georeferencing method without ground control points is 0,0136m. The RMS value in height is between the intervals 0,008-0,025 m.

    The data presented in this study show that an accepted quality in the orthophotos can be acquired based on the RMS values in plane and height for every georeferencing that was tested. After accomplished controls and evaluation the results show that the different georeferencing methods doesn´t differantiate too much from each other based on their quality. However, the direct georeferencing method with ground control points is more effective from a time perspective.

    Phantom 4 RTK is new on the market and more research is necessary in order to understand the potential of this technology and its posibility to integrate into society. More research is recquired for the direct georeferencing method in order to evaluate the quality of orthophotos.

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  • 2.
    Abdi, Shorash
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Stedt, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Utvärdering av Leicas multistations och laserskanners mätosäkerheter2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Presently there is no standard for the evaluation of measurement uncertainties for terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) despite the fact that the instrument has been on the market and used for a long time. Since the manufacturer's specifications do not always correspond with reality, it is important to have knowledge about how well the instrument performs. Numerous studies over the past decade have applied different approaches to estimate the measurement uncertainties on various TLS.

    The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the measurement uncertainties of the TLS Leica ScanStation C10 with the multi station Leica Nova MS50 under two different weather conditions. The uncertainty was calculated using ISO 17123-5:2012, which is an international standard developed for acquiring measurement uncertainties of total stations, to investigate whether this standard could also be applicable for TLS. The survey, which took place outdoor at the University of Gävle, was carried out by scanning targets that were set up in a triangle formation from three stations. Both spheres and HDS-targets were scanned with the TLS while the MS50 only scanned spheres. The targets were scanned four times from each instrument setup. Cyclone was used to find the coordinates on the center of the targets which were used to calculate the uncertainties according to the ISO-standard. The results showed that the 3D-uncertainty of C10 with HDS-target and spheres were 2.9 mm and 3.5 mm during sunny conditions and 1.1 mm and 1.4 mm during cloudy conditions, respectively. In the case of the MS50, the uncertainty was 3.0 mm during sunny and 3.7 mm during cloudy conditions. MS50 demonstrated a higher 3D-uncertainty in both weather conditions due to high uncertainty in the vertical direction. In addition, a chi-two-test carried out on the TLS showed that the calculated uncertainty in plane and height did not significantly deviate from the manufacturer's specified uncertainty when using HDS-targets during cloudy conditions. Furthermore, it was found in the F-test that there was a significant difference in plane and height between two scans with the same instrument and target type in different weather conditions. MS50 did not show any significant difference at all. The results of this study showed that there will be a significantly lower uncertainty when scanning in cloudy conditions. Our conclusion is that it is possible to apply the standard to calculate the measurement uncertainties on TLS and ISO should consider using the same standard for TLS as the total station.

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    Utvärdering av Leicas multistations och laserskanners mätosäkerheter
  • 3.
    Ageborn, Elisabeth
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Cardenström, Caroline
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Acceptans hos närboende vid etablering av bygdeväg: En fallstudie av Sundsvall- och Timrå kommun2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In the case of infrastructure projects, the authority should inform the nearby residents about what is happening in their area. Research shows that anchoring and trust are created when dialogues are applied in the planning process. These democratic processes are important to satisfy the interests of the public. The social aspect of a sustainable development is strengthened by allowing the public to participate in society's development, which in turn leads to greater equality. Changes create different reactions and communication has a significant role in the link between the public and authority, since information flows can contribute to less irritations and misunderstandings. An authority like the Swedish Traffic Authority not only has to deal with the public when establishing infrastructure projects, but also systems for planning processes, legislation, and financial frameworks. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the Traffic authority goes about giving out information to nearby residents in the planning process of new infrastructure and how the distribution of information affects the nearby residents' acceptance of the infrastructure project.

    A case study is carried out over two “2minus1” rural roads in Sundsvall and Timrå municipalities. For methods, questionnaires and interviews are used in studies, with the aim of collecting qualitative and quantitative data. Two methods are used to be able to verify results, as well as to get an overall picture of how the process works when establishing a “2minus1” road. Web-based questionnaires were sent to nearby residents at the two “2minus1” road, several interviews of nearby residents were conducted during site visits, and interviews were conducted with employees at the Swedish Traffic Authority who have expertise in establishing “2minus1” roads.

    The results of the interviews with the Swedish Traffic authority showed that there is no elaborate process for how they should distribute information to nearby residents when establishing a “2minus1” roads. This is because the “2minus1” roads are a new type of road and only a few of them have been established in Sweden. The results of the study indicate that information has a great importance for the acceptance of nearby residents. Acceptance is affected by when the information is distributed and whether the content of the information is adapted to the target group. By providing information on how the “2minus1” roads should be used and providing an understanding of the benefits of a “2minus1” roads, it contributes to greater acceptance by residents. Acceptance is a complex subject that can depend on many different factors. Acceptance is not only impact by information, but it can also depend on personal preferences.

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  • 4.
    Ahnberg Åsenius, Elisabeth
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Lekmöjligheter och trafiksäkerhet för barn i stadsmiljöer: Fallstudie av centrala Falun2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Small children in the age around two to ten needs space to play and move around to be able to develop, and these needs should be considered in the spatial planning practice. Unfortunely there are signs that childrens need for places to play and move around have lost in priority in spatial planning practice in Sweden the last decades. For example research shows that childrens access to public places to play at in swedish citys is reduced. Also childrens possibilities to move around freely in swedish cities are continuously reduced due to increasing traffic. It has also been noted that fewer children walk or bicycle on there own to school and bicycling in the spare time has also been declining.   

    The aim of this study has been to exmine childrens possibilities to play and move around independently in urban environment. The study is restricted to a casestudy of the city-environment Falun-Centrum. That is an area of ca 2,5 km2 predefined by Falu kommun. It contains the city-center with shops, parks, roads, residential areas, kindergardens, schools etc. Information has been collected by a postal survey sent to guardians of 100 children (about 20 % of the total number in the area) that were older than one year and younger than eleven years during 2017 living in the casestudy-area.

    The results are based on 53 answers; 39 answers to the postal survey and 14 answers to additional interwievs over telephone. The answers show that in Falun-Centrum the respondents experience that their children have quite good access to places to play at in their vicinity. Field inventory of the places showed that many of the places were spacious enough to allow vast playing and had green and varied terrain, which is good. Though, the results about the safety aspects in traffic shows that there are a lot of traffic hazards that prevent the children to move around independently in the area.

    In summary it means that the children in general have good places to play at in there vicinity (although there are exeptions), but that they can not go there on their own due to traffic hazards. The lack of traffic safety also means that the conditions for them to go to, explore and get to know new places in their surroundings are severely limited. In the long run it limits the development of their geographichal imagination of their urban surroundings. It also limits their opporunities to meet, get to know and understand other persons in the city. In the long run it inhibits the urban social sustainability.

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  • 5.
    Alikhani, Mohammad
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    A GIS-based crowdsourcing iPhone Application to Report Necessities, Civic Issues, and Public Events2011Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Civic issues in a society can be reported through a crowdsourcing web application. People can download the application on their smartphones and report the issues such as a pothole or broken streetlight. The report is submitted by taking a photo of the issue and additional information is entered. At first, the reports are submitted to a call center and after analyzing they will be transferred to organizations responsible for this type of events. In such a crowdsourcing project it is very vital to motivate people to participate in the project. The reports are supplied by users and without an acceptable number of users the application would be useless. In addition, having the exact location of a report is very helpful to facilitate the process of solving civic issues. Positioning with smartphones is not very accurate as they do not have strong and accurate GPSs. Therefore, there is a need to improve the accuracy of the positioning process and consequently accuracy of the spatial data. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how to employ GIS to help reporting civic issues and how to design an interesting client interface for such an application, in order to motivate user to download and use it. The goal is also to find out shortcomings and weaknesses of the positioning with smartphones and find a way to improve its accuracy.Some of successful similar applications’ structures and their interfaces were reviewed. In addition, a survey among existing users of crowdsourcing applications has been done in order to find out how to design the application to be interesting for users. Furthermore, some techniques and methods were chosen in order to improve the GPS accuracy especially in the places with a low GPS signal strength. These methods exploit WLAN and some of embedded features in a smartphone such as microphone, camera, accelerometer, gyroscope to improve the positioning accuracy. In the end, along reporting civic issues the user is able to report and get information about cheap and appropriate necessities and public events in different geographical areas through a map-based application. Furthermore, he or she is benefited by some location-based services such as online-food or taxi. The client application’s interface was designed for iPhone.This GIS-based mobile application would be an appropriate alternative for the old reporting methods like phone call or mail. Nevertheless, reporting civic issues itself, cannot be necessarily a strong motivation to attract the user to download and use the application. Therefore, desired feedbacks of the crowd need to be found out in order to encourage them to spend their time for the application. User needs to get motivated to use the application and considered additional parts can be very helpful to reach this aim.

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  • 6.
    Almstedt, Åsa
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Peterson, Niclas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Lägesosäkerhet vid nätverks-RTK-mätning med inbyggd lutningskompensator: en undersökning av Leica GS18 T2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    A recently introduced GNSS instrument on the market is Leica GS18 T with tilt compensation, based on GNSS/Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) integration, with no need to centre the survey pole with the GNSS instrument over the target point being measured. Besides making surveying faster, the tilt compensation technique enables measuring of hidden points where the use of conventional GNSS measuring normally is not possible without more time-consuming methods. The instrument also has advanced GNSS signal tracking which makes surveying in challenging environments possible.

    In this study, the Leica GS18 T has on behalf of Lantmäteriet been tested through studying the measurement uncertainty in network RTK measurement with tilted survey pole in three different situations: with the survey pole tilted in various degrees in both favourable and challenging survey environments; with tilt towards north, east, south and west to test if the tilt direction would affect the result; and for surveying of building corners as a possible field of application. In the latter case, the result was compared with what can be achieved with the conventional hidden point method using intersection of distances. The analysis of the measurement uncertainty was based on calculations of standard uncertainty, RMS (Root Mean Square) and mean deviation.

    The measurement uncertainty from the first part of the test was on cm-level horizontally, both in favourable and challenging survey environments, and in height on mm-level in favourable survey environment and on cm-level in challenging survey environment. Further, the results indicate that the tilt direction affects measurement uncertainty. The reason for this is not clarified and needs further investigation. The measurements of building corners resulted in a mean deviation of approximately 12 mm when the survey pole was tilted 30°. The hidden point method using intersection of distances generally resulted in lower mean deviation, even though the difference is relatively small (4 mm at best). To summarize, Leica GS18 T seems to be well suited for measuring with tilt in detailed surveying, at least if the requirements of position uncertainty is on cm-level.

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  • 7.
    Andersson, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Färdigställande av Sveriges digitala förrättningsarkiv: Effekter av skanning av äldre gällande förrättningsakter2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    When the Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority, Lantmäteriet, first digitised their archived cadastral procedures into the digital archive Arken, the aim was to create a national digital archive for cadastral procedures. Lantmäteriet now have their cadastral procedures digitised in Arken. Some municipalities still have their older analogue cadastral procedures from 1972 and before archived in the office of their local authority. For the cadastral procedure, this means the land surveyor is bound to contact the local authority to reach all information needed for the procedure.

    A digitisation of the remaining older cadastral procedures may improve their availability and make todays cadastral procedure more effective and manageable for Lantmäteriet. This also applies to other users of these older archived documents. This dissertation aims to answer the following questions: 1) How may cadastral procedures become more effective and 2) become more legally certain through a digitisation of the analogue archives? 3) Which impact may a digitisation of these older archives have on the real property market and the Swedish municipalities? The research questions were answered through inventory of cadastral procedures and personal interviews with local authorities and other actors, experienced of or influenced by these matters. The inventory helped answering the amount of work remaining in digitising these archives. The interviews answered which impact a digitisation of the material would have on different users of the information. Interviews were also used together to investigate both the legal certainty of cadastral procedures and the quality of the Swedish land registry.

    The result of the dissertation shows which impact a digitisation would have on different users of the information. The most common effect of digitisation was effectiveness in different aspects, such as timesaving and cost-effectiveness along with legal certainty. Conclusions from the dissertation are: all interviewed users of the older cadastral procedures are positive to a digitisation of the material. More effort in time and finance from the different Swedish local authorities and Lantmäteriet is needed and strongly recommended.

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  • 8.
    Andersson, Elias
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Dokumentation av en trafikolycka med handhållen laserskanning och UAS-fotogrammetri: En utvärdering av punktmolnens lägesosäkerhet och visuella kvalitet2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In the event of a traffic accident, it is often important to restore the site to its normal condition as fast as possible. Occasionally, the accident scene must be documented so that the cause of the accident can be investigated at a later stage. Traditionally, this work has been performed by taking pictures of the site and measuring different distances. Lately, terrestrial laser scanning has also become a reliable alternative. With that said, it is possible that photogrammetry and other types of laser scanning also could be utilized to achieve similar results.   

    The aim of this study is to investigate how handheld laser scanning and UAS photogrammetry can be used to document a traffic accident. This is achieved by examining the positional uncertainty and visual quality of the point clouds. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are explored, for instance in terms of time consumption and costs, in order to finally come to a conclusion of which method is best suited for documenting a traffic accident.

    A traffic accident with two involved cars was staged and initially laser scanned with the handheld laser scanner Leica BLK2GO. Thereafter, pictures were collected with the unmanned aerial vehicle Leica Aibot followed by the creation of a reference point cloud with the terrestrial laser scanner Leica C10. By comparing the coordinates of control points in the reference point cloud with the coordinates of the corresponding control points in the two other point clouds, their positional uncertainty could be determined.

    The results of the study show that both the point cloud produced by the handheld laser scanner and UAS photogrammetry have a positional uncertainty (standard uncertainty) of 0.019 m. Both methods are applicable for documenting a traffic accident but compared to terrestrial laser scanning, the point clouds are deficient in different ways. BLK2GO produces a relatively dark point cloud and dark objects are reproduced worse than lighter objects. In the point cloud produced by Leica Aibot, there were noticeable cavities in the bodies of the cars. Handheld laser scanning is a time-efficient method while UAS photogrammetry can be performed at a lower cost.

    In conclusion, it is not possible to arrive at an unambiguous conclusion with regards to which method that is best suited for documenting a traffic accident. The choice depends on the prevailing circumstances at the accident scene.

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  • 9.
    Andersson, Kjell
    et al.
    School for Forest Management, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture.
    Angelstam, Per
    School for Forest Management, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture / Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences.
    Brandt, S. Anders
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Axelsson, Robert
    County Administrative Board Västmanland.
    Bax, Gerhard
    Limited GIS skills hamper spatial planning for green infrastructures in Sweden2022In: Geografiska Notiser, ISSN 0016-724X, Vol. 80, no 1, p. 16-35Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The term green infrastructure captures the need to conserve biodiversity and to sustain landscapes’ different ecosystem services. Maintaining green infrastructures through protected areas, management and landscape restoration requires knowledge in geography, spatial data about biophysical, anthropogenic and immaterial values, spatial comprehensive planning, and thus geographical information systems (GIS). To understand land use planning practices and planning education regarding GIS in Sweden we interviewed 43 planners and reviewed 20 planning education programmes. All planners used GIS to look at data but did not carry out spatial analyses of land covers. BSc programmes included more GIS than MSc programmes but very few taught analyses for spatial planning. As key spatial planning actors, municipalities’ barriers and bridges for improved GIS use for collaborative learning about green infrastructures are discussed. A concluding section presents examples of how GIS can support spatial planning for green infrastructures.

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    Limited-GIS-skills-hamper-spatial-planning
  • 10.
    Andersson, Leo
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences.
    Lägets betydelse för värdet på småhus och tomtmark vid skidanläggningar2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study is to find out if vicinity to alpine ski resorts affect the transfer prices of properties. The study should also describe and analyse whether the taxation level of singel-family house properties close to a ski resort should be managed through value area divisions. The study is written on behalf of Lantmäteriet.

    In Sweden, the land is divided into various large properties. Each property is unique, which means that they have different values. The most important factor for the property’s tax assessment value is its geographical location. If the property is far from the community with poor communications to a nearby city, it probably has a low property value. If the property on the other hand has good communications, close to shops, schools and access to municipal water and sewage, it probably has a higher property value. In order to investigate this, two local price surveys on two alpine ski resorts has been done, Björnrike and Lofsdalen in the municipality of Härjedalen. Data on sales has been collected for each area, which has been analysed and processed into the result of this study. Interviews have also been done in the study.

    The study shows that there is a connection between family-house properties that have ski-in/ski-out location and the tax assessment value. Properties that have this location are sold for a higher purchase price than the properties that do not have a ski-in/ski-out location. This study has only investigated how the ski-in/ski-out location affects the market value of properties in Björnrike and Lofsdalen. However, real estate agents from various alpine ski resorts in Sweden agree that the sales prices are higher for properties and condominiums with a ski-in/ski-out location.

    In Björnrike, the value difference is not significant enough in order to be managed through value area divisions. In Lofsdalen, on the other hand, family-house properties with ski-in/ski-out location should be handled with separate value area divisions. One suggestion that this study has resulted in, and which is reported in the discussion, is that family-house properties at alpine ski resorts could be handled in different location classes in relation to the ski slope and the ski lift. Based on the location class, the family-houses would then be assessed differently. The closer to the ski slope the property is located, the higher the location factor the property will have, which affects the tax assessment value.

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  • 11.
    Andersson, Linda
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Hedlund, Johanna
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Trivsam boendemiljö för studenter: En gestaltningsstudie utifrån studenters åsikter för ett trivsamt boende2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The physical environment is a very important component for human health.  A well-functioning site enables people to recreation and social life. People who spend a lot of time outdoor are also experiencing less stress. If people doesn’t give opportunity to influence the spatial planning process there is a risk of negative attitudes and discomfort. This can create a mental illness. This study deals with how students feel about their physical environment and how they want it to be designed. The study is aimed at students who live in one of the three different student areas in Gävle: Kungsbäck, Campus Sätra and Midgård. The study is based on three methods. These were: a questionnaire, an observation study, and a physical design study in 3D.

     

    The observations showed significant problems with the site design as only movement, who take into necessary but significant activity account. The observations showed a clear lack of both elective and social activities, both of which are important for a well-functioning place. The survey showed dissatisfaction about the site design among the students. Through this study, students were given an opportunity to share their wishes about the site's future design. The proposals were designed in 3D. Three different proposals were developed: a zero option, an economical option, and an expensive option. The zero option indicates a probable development of the area if no action takes place. The economical option indicates a solution that focus on economical sustainability. The expensive option has the highest costs both in construction and maintenance. The evaluation showed that the students liked the economical proposal option most.

     

    The result showed the importance of student participation in the planning process. Student comments through the survey and evaluation, indicated that: trees, venues, water, grass and lighting should be included in future planning frameworks for student housing.

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  • 12.
    Andersson, Martin
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Energy Systems and Building Technology.
    Jonsson, Andreas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Energy Systems and Building Technology.
    Nyström, Niklas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Energy Systems and Building Technology.
    Insvällning av olimmade och limmade trädymlingar2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 180 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Wood is a renewable material, unlike many other building materials. The amount of wood used in the construction industry can be increased by using wooden dowels as a substitute for screws and nails. Screws and nails are made of metals, which are non-renewable materials. The manufacturing process of metal-based materials is more energy consuming than it is for wooden materials and therefore it has a greater impact on our global environment.The purpose of this study was to investigate the adhesion capacity of wooden dowel-joints, non-glued and glued made out of beech and pine. The attachment of the non-glued wooden dowels was achieved by swelling of the wood. Swelling was achieved by first drying the wooden dowels in an oven and then letting them acclimatize with the surrounding materials and the relative air humidity. The adhesion capacity of the wooden dowels should be able to compete with the withdrawal strength of nails to be practically useful.Tensile strength tests have been carried out in the laboratory in house 45 at the University of Gavle to determine the adhesion capacity of wooden dowel-joints. The tensile strength tests were performed with a Shimadzu AG-X machine. The results of the tests have been compared with the theoretical withdrawal strength for nails. Characteristic strength values have also been calculated from the tensile strength test results for the wooden dowels.The results of the study shows that only the glued wooden dowels can compete with the withdrawal strength of nails. Glued wooden dowels can therefore be a substitute for screws and nails. The calculated characteristic values for glued beech-dowels and glued pine-dowels are 5,2 kN respectively 4,3 kN.

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    Insvällning av olimmade och limmade trädymlinga r
  • 13.
    Andersson Skått, Kristian
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Bergkvist, Kristoffer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Småhusfastigheters värdeförändring vid större infrastrukturprojekt: En studie av ombyggnationen E4 Sundsvall2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Infrastructure investments is a large part of the regional development in Sweden, researchers in the subject agrees that investment in infrastructure generate increased economic development, one thing they still share a disagreement in which calculating methods are suitable. Are there any winners or losers in infrastructure projects, for example, smaller cities in the countryside where highways have previously passed, have they benefited from a quicker and easier commuting to the city, or have they been adversely affected when the highway has been given a new stretch?

    This research report focuses in one of the largest infrastructure investments in northern Sweden, European road 4 (E4) through Sundsvall. The research, combined with location-based sales comparison method and local analyzes, will show what effect market values will have on the houses real estate’s and what influence the road construction might have regarding to the values of the properties.

    The results of these studies are shown trough the average changes in property prices in the areas of Njurundabommen, Nedre Haga/Skönsberg, Nolby/Kvissleby and Västbo. However, the result was shown to have too few transactions, which is common in local level sales analyzes. This generates uncertainty in the result, meaning that the values can be large in relation to the actual sales development. The uncertainty was minimized in the results by merging two similar areas, which finally gave a result that indicates that the areas in the study had a more negative development towards Sundsvall and Sweden, since the area received a new infrastructure in the form of the E4 Sundsvall.

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  • 14.
    Andrée, Martin
    et al.
    Lantmäteriet.
    Larsson, Karolina
    KLM; Stockholms stad.
    Nordqvist Darell, Fanny
    Stockholms stad.
    Malm, Linus
    Tyréns.
    Tullberg, Odd
    WSP.
    Wallberg, Ann
    JM.
    Norsell, Johan
    NAI Svefa.
    Paasch, Jesper M.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Seipel, Stefan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Computer science.
    Paulsson, Jenny
    Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Stockholm.
    Slutrapport för projektet Smart planering för byggande: Delprojekt 3 - BIM som informationsstöd för 3D fastighetsbildning2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Samhällsbyggnadsprocessen behöver utvecklas och bli smartare, öppnare och mer effektiv för ett ökat bostadsbyggande. En digitalisering av samhällsbyggnadsprocessen kan ge ett effektivare samarbete mellan kommun, fastighetsägare, byggherrar, medborgare, näringsliv och myndigheter.Vid bildande av tredimensionellt avgränsade fastigheter eller fastighetsutrymmen (3D-fastigheter) behöver gränsernas läge redovisas både verbalt och i kartor och ritningar, detsamma gäller berörda rättigheter. Det är idag ofta svårt att korrekt redovisa en 3D-volym med enbart dagens pappersritningar och även svårt att läsa en registerkarta i 2D med fastigheter och rättigheter beslutade i 3D. Beslutsunderlagen i fastighetsbildnings-processen behöver bli mer enhetliga och entydiga samt fastighetsinformationen behöver bli återanvändningsbar i hela samhällsbyggnadsprocessen.I detta projekt har vi studerat informationsbehovet i de olika tidpunkterna under fastighetsbildningsprocessen för 3D-fastigheter med fokus på vem som är ansvarig för att tillhandahålla informationsunderlag för att identifiera krav på utformning av 3D-modeller (t.ex BIM) och 3D-stöd för fastighetsbildning.Internationellt finns det ett stort intresse och många frågeställningar gällande samspelet mellan BIM och Fastighetsinformation; det är däremot ganska få fall som har identifierats där man har arbetat praktiskt med BIM i relation till redovisning av 3D-fastigheter.Projektethar även tittat på behov av visualisering och tillhandahållande av fastighetsinformation i 3D, hur informationen bör utformas för att kunna tolkas korrekt samt nyttjas vidare av andra aktörer i samhällsbyggnadsprocessen.Slutsatsen i projektetär att en framtida arbetsmodell där man i samband med myndighetsutövningen för fastighetsbildning samverkar med stöd av BIM och geografisk information i ärendehandläggningen kan ge stora effekter på både myndighetens effektivitet och i ärendeutövningen och för förståelsen av fastighetbildningsbeslutet hos samtliga intressenter i processen. För att det arbete som genomförts i denna utredning skall få genomslag i den dagliga verksamheten rekommenderar vibland annatatt de statliga och kommunala lantmäterimyndigheterna arbetar vidare med att utveckla arbetsprocessen och rekommendationerna för 3D-fastighetsbildning baserat på resultatet från detta projekt och redan i dagens modell efterfrågar att man i handläggningsprocessen kan arbeta BIM-baserat även om kommande beslutshandlingar under en övergångsperiod fortfarande kommer att vara baserade på ritningsbilagor i 2D.

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  • 15.
    Andrée, Martin
    et al.
    Sandviken kommun.
    Larsson, Karolina
    Stockholms stad.
    Paasch, Jesper M.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Paulsson, Jenny
    Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH).
    Seipel, Stefan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Smarta plan-, bygg- och förvaltningsprocesser över hela livscykeln: AP3 Visualisering av 3D-fastigheter2020Report (Other academic)
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  • 16.
    Ansin, Frida
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Rödin, Matilda
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Exploateringsavtal: Samverkan mellan kommun, lantmäterimyndighet och exploatör2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    On January 1st 2015 an amendment passed in the Planning and Building Act in order to simplify and rationalize the detailed development plan process. The amendment includes a new part for cadastral authority in the plan process and new rules for development agreement. The municipalities should adopt guidelines for these agreements. The aim of this study was to describe how the collaboration between municipality, cadastral authority and developer works when it comes to development agreement and how the amendment in the Planning and Building Act concerning the development agreement has affected these participants.

    To answer the thesis a web survey was sent to all municipalities in Sweden to get an overview of how the amendment has influenced the country. Semi-structured telephone interviews were also performed in five municipalities that have adopted guidelines for the development agreements. The interviews were performed with land development engineers, cadastral supervisors and developers to receive their perspective of the collaboration and how the amendment has affected them.

    The results of the study have shown that negotiations have started earlier between municipalities and developers after the amendment in the Planning and Building Act passed. The municipalities also need to pay compensation when they take land for public places after the amendment. The cadastral authority’s more active part has contributed to assure that ambiguities and shortcomings might be solved in the development agreement. However, it is still too early to tell what the cadastral authorities part has contributed in the development agreements. The developer has got a major opportunity to influence the development agreements. The collaboration between municipalities, cadastral authorities and developers has become clearer and improved but overall it is unchanged. There are opportunities for improvement in the long term.

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  • 17.
    Antman, Robert
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Eriksson-Asp, Ivan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Anläggningsförrättningar av kommunalt förvaltade enskilda vägar: Väghållningens påverkan vid övergång från kommunal till enskild förvaltning2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study is a bachelor thesis at the Study Programme in Land Management with financial/legal orientation at the University of Gävle. 

    Municipalities in Sweden are voluntarily responsible for road maintenance and financing of private roads, even though the actual responsibility is imposed on the property owners. One of the reasons behind these occurrences is the mergers of the municipalities that took place in the sixties and seventies, which made the remaining municipalities take over the management of the private roads. Over the decades, municipalities may decide to return these voluntarily managed private roads to the property owners. The returning of these private roads to the property owners is done through facility procedures to secure a long-lasting road maintenance. 

    The aim of this study is to investigate these types of facility procedures that have occurred in reference to transitions from municipal to private management of private roads. The objective is to create a base of knowledge that the Swedish municipalities and cadastral authorities can use when working with these kinds of phenomenon. To reach the aim and objective, interviews have been done with five experts in the field and with five joint property management associations. These interviews provide valuable information from both experts and property owners. Five cadastral dossiers have been analysed to give a deeper understanding of the cadastral process and to supplement the interviews. 

    The study shows that the road maintenance, in the analysed and the interviewed cases, often gets better when a private road’s management transfers from municipal to private. The property owners sometimes remain frustrated after the ending of the cadastral process, but this frustration has not been shown to affect the road maintenance in a negative way. In order to achieve a smooth cadastral process that leads to an appropriate management, the municipalities should assist the property owners with the application. As a starting point, the State cadastral authority should handle these types of cases to achieve better objectivity and neutrality, even though there is a municipal cadastral authority available. It is at last important that the cadastral process include communication, dialogue and clarity, and by doing so making the property owners aware of the situation.

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  • 18.
    Arvids, Mattias
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Samfälligheter: Föreningsförvaltning och Samfällighetsföreningsregistrets aktualitetsgrad2013Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Samfälligheter har en mycket viktig roll i Sverige för samverkan mellanfastigheter i förvaltningen av gemensamma resurser. Dessa kan förvaltas på två vis; genom föreningsförvaltning och delägarförvaltning. Föreningsförvaltninglämpar sig bäst för större samfälligheter som kräver många förvaltningsåtgärder och har många medlemmar. En sådan förening sköts genom en styrelse som är vald av medlemmarna. Styrelsens uppdrag går ut på att enligt lagstiftningen följa föreningens stadgar och stämmobeslut samt att se till att befintliga anläggningar förvaltas enligt anläggningsbeslutet och att nya anläggningar blir utförda. Detta uppdrag innebär dock vissa svårigheter; engagemanget sker på ideell grund och lagen innehåller inga närmare krav på styrelsens kompetens, vilket öppnar upp för olika former av problematik. Uppgifter om samfällighetsföreningarna står att finna i Samfällighetsföreningsregistret och Fastighetsregistret. Det förstnämnda har en bristande kvalité på sina uppgifter vilket utgör ett problem för såväl föreningarna som för utomstående.

    Med dessa förhållanden som bakgrund görs en studie på rådande lag och regelverk i området kombinerat med kvalitativa intervjuer av ordföranden vid samfällighetsföreningar. Syftet är att undersöka hur styrelsens uppdrag ser ut vid föreningsförvaltning, hur denna förvaltning fungerar i praktiken och vilka eventuella problem som står i vägen för optimalt fungerande samfällighetsföreningar, samt vilka åtgärder som kan tänkas ge Samfällighetsföreningsregistreten förbättrad registerkvalité.

    Resultatet av studien visar att det största problem området utgörs av medlemmarnas i många fall bristande engagemang samt styrelsernas avsaknad på specialkompetens. Det framkommer att de bäst lämpade åtgärderna för att avhjälpa bristen på kompetens utgörs av att upprätta dokument med lättöverskådlig information till styrelserna, men även till medlemmarna som på så vis skulle kunna ställa högre krav på styrelsens arbete och själva upptäcka fel och brister i förvaltningen. Även en del förtydligande av bestämmelserna i lagen anses vara lämpligt. För att öka medlemmarnas engagemang uppkommer inga konkreta förslag från det resonemanget som förs.

    Genom att erbjuda samfällighetsföreningarna möjligheten att registrera ändrade uppgifter på Internet samt ge dem en belöning för detta i slag av en medlemsförteckning bör styrelserna bli mer noggranna i detta avseende, vilket framkommer i studien. Den främsta orsaken till att samfällighetsföreningarna inte anmäler ändringar i tillfredsställande grad beror på bristande kunskap, vilket bör kunna avhjälpas genom att någon form av broschyr ges ut till styrelsemedlemmarna innehållande relevant information.

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  • 19.
    Arvidsson, Magnus
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Loveere Pettersson, Tobias
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Utvärdering av mätosäkerhet i höjd för UAS med LiDAR2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Digital terrain models (DTMs) are a commonly used tool in planning various development projects within the state, municipalities, and the private sector. In planning for road and rail construction, the Swedish technical specification SIS-TS21144:2016 is often used as a document for controlling the production process of DTMs. Given that new technology opens the possibilities for faster, more efficient, and climate-smart data collection, this study aims to evaluate Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) with Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) from YellowScan and to evaluate the measurement uncertainty in height. In this study, the results of the study are compared with class 2 SIS-TS 21144:2016 for the flight heights 50 m and 80 m and the scanning angles 0 (in nadir), 10, 20 and 40 degrees. The site of the study is located just southwest of Gävle in a closed gravel pit with both hard packed and slightly looser substrates. The size of the study area was limited to 200 x 300 m, equivalent to 6 hectares. With Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) equipment, two control points were measured with Network-RTK (Real Time Kinematic). Subsequently, a control network of eight points was created. A total of 26 control grids were measured for comparisons of collected LiDAR data. The data collection was carried out with the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) GeoDrone X4L equipped with LiDAR Scanner YellowScan Surveyor with an integrated Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) from Applanix. Together, these units formed an UAS that could be remotely controlled and communicate its position. All processing was performed in software from Terrasolid, based on data from the flight route that was first processed in YellowScan CloudStation. The points were classified to distinguish ground points used in the generation of the DTM. An adjustment of the point cloud was made with the intention of raising ground level points to reduce the noise present in the data. The control grids could then be compared to the DTM and analysed. The results of the study show that YellowScan Surveyor achieves a Root Mean Square (RMS) in height of 0,024 m at 50 meters flight altitude, which equals 0,047m expanded measurement uncertainty (2 sigma level, 95 %). Even at 80 meters, relatively low uncertainty is achieved with an RMS of 0,040 m. The results of the study indicate that the influence of measurements at a wider scanning angle is not the only factor that deteriorates the results.   

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  • 20.
    Assefha, Sabina
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Sandell, Matilda
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Evaluation of digital terrain models created in post processing software for UAS-data: Focused on point clouds created through block adjustment and dense image matching2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Lately Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are used more frequently in surveying. With broader use comes higher demands on the uncertainty in such measurements. The post processing software is an important factor that affects the uncertainty in the finished product. Therefore it is vital to evaluate how results differentiate in different software and how parameters contribute. In UAS-photogrammetry images are acquired with an overlap which makes it possible to generate point clouds in photogrammetric software. These point clouds are often used to create Digital Terrain Models (DTM). 

    The purpose of this study is to evaluate how the level of uncertainty differentiates when processing the same UAS-data through block adjustment and dense image matching in two different photogrammetric post processing software. The software used are UAS Master and Pix4D. The objective is also to investigate how the level of extraction in UAS Master and the setting for image scale in Pix4D affects the results when generating point clouds. Three terrain models were created in both software using the same set of data, changing only extraction level and image scale in UAS Master and Pix4D respectively. 

    26 control profiles were measured with network-RTK in the area of interest to calculate the root mean square (RMS) and mean deviation in order to verify and compare the uncertainty of the terrain models. The study shows that results vary when processing the same UAS-data in different software. 

    The study also shows that the extraction level in UAS Master and the image scale in Pix4D impacts the results differently. In UAS Master the uncertainty decreases with higher extraction level when generating terrain models. A clear pattern regarding the image scale setting in Pix4D cannot be determined. Both software were able to produce elevation models with a RMS-value of around 0,03 m. The mean deviation in all models created in this study were below 0,02 m, which is the requirement for class 1 in the technical specification SIS-TS 21144:2016. However the mean deviation for the ground type gravel in the terrain model created in UAS Master at a low extraction level exceeds the demands for class 1. This indicates all but one of the created models fulfil the requirements for class 1, which is the class containing the highest requirements.

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  • 21.
    Astner, Frida
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Ohlsson, Mathilda
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Kajplats för permanentboende på vatten: Vilken lagstiftning tillämpas vid upplåtelsen för boendeformen?2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    To live on a house boat is a housing form that still is establishing on the housing market, but the regulations about this are almost non-existent. You cannot find any legislation regarding living on the water today and there are doubts about what applies for grants of house boats at a berth. The rules about establishment of house boats falls between the “plan- och bygglagen” and the rules of the harbor, which makes it difficult to say which one of the grant agreement that is the most applicable for the property owner and the person who wants to live on the water. To get answers the questions in this thesis interviews were performed with different parties and different cadastral procedures were analyzed regarding water properties. The interviews were completed by phone interviews with a semi structured method and with a few respondents the questions were put through email. In this thesis a few different respondents were asked to answer the questions, this to see different perspectives of the grant of berth. The different respondents that answered the questions were a few contract managers, usufructuary, a real estate agent, a lawyer, a company which produce house boats and a cadastral surveyor. The analysis of the cadastral procedures gave a deeper understanding how property formation on water can be done. The respondents in this thesis perceived the Swedish law as incomplete as the authors of this thesis regarding living on the water. The results show that the law can be applied in different ways depending on which type of housing form it is. The study shows that the best solutions for floating houses should be property formation, that will make the house real property and will make financing of the house possible. When house boats, which are formed like ships, the study shows that the best solutions for this housing form is to apply ground lease in general with the longest grant as possible, which is 25 years. To have ground lease in general as a solution makes it hard for the house boat owners to get a loan.

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  • 22.
    Back, Matilda
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Karlsson, David
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Skyfallskartering – En jämförelse mellan nationella höjdmodellen och flyginsamlad laserdata: Tillämpning över område i Fagersta kommun2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Hydrological analyses are becoming a more common tool for being able to prepare for eventual floods. As natural disasters such as these will increase in the future as higher temperatures and increased precipitation Fagersta municipality has begun producing cloudburst maps. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects that resolution has on hydrological modelling and cloudburst mapping. Another goal of the study is to examine if the Swedish national height model (NH) is suitable for use in forthcoming cloudburst analyses.The study area is located in the city center of Fagersta and is divided into two areas, one northwest of the hospital named Bergslagssjukhuset and the other over the district Västanfors. Fagersta municipality has carried out a laserscanning which is used to create the different data sets in the analyses. The measured points have been preworked in Cyclone 3DR and calculated in FME Workbench as a TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network). Digital elevation models (DEM) were later on created with the following resolutions;0,5 m, 1 m, 2 m, 5 m, 10 m, 25 m and 50 m. The recently produced NH was also used as a data set. It consists of a DEM with a resolution of 1 m. The cloudburst mapping was implemented in ArcMap 10.8 with the method to locate blue spots that run the risk of being flooded. Hydrological modelling was applied with the aim of producing stream networks which presents where water will flow in case of a flood. The results were compared by using feature agreement statistics which showed how comparable the data sets were to the reference resolution of 0,5 m. Additional validations were made by using Fagersta municipality's own cloudburst map which was carried out in 2017 by SMHI on behalf of Länsstyrelsen. The datawas compared to 0,5 m, 1 m and NH 1 m.Results from the cloudburst mapping showed that NH compares well with Fagerstas data set. It also showed that the spread of blue spots generally increases and the fill-up valuedecreases at a lower resolution. Cross sections from the blue spots showed that this also generalizes depth. The hydrological modellings strengthens that lower resolutions generalizes areas. A conclusion can be drawn that the resolutions of 10 m and up should not be used in a precise analysis. They can however be used for easy-reference mapping. Another conclusion was drawn that NH is suitable for use as a data set in cloudburst mapping for most purposes. A data set with a better point density should however be used in analyses which require a more detailed result.

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  • 23.
    Bagherbandi, Mohammad
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Importance of precise geoid model in direct georeferencing and aerial photogrammetry: A case study in Sweden2022Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Airborne mobile mapping is one of the most important data acquisitionmethods for producing topographical maps and extracting terrain featuresfrom aerial images. The interest in 3D geospatial data is expanding, andtechnology is growing at an unprecedented speed with new digitalcamera mapping systems. Different sensors are used for data acquisitionin modern airborne photogrammetry. GNSS/INS (Inertial NavigationSystems) applications are developing, especially for direct georeferencingin airborne photogrammetry. Achieving accurately georeferencedproducts from the integration of GNSS and INS requires removingexisting systematic errors/bias, due to different reference systems, in themobile mapping systems. The collected data should refer to the samereference system; otherwise, it can impose a systematic shift in theresults. In this presentation, we assess the impact of the deflection ofverticals (i.e. the angle between the plumb line and normal to thereference ellipsoid) on the obtained horizontal and vertical coordinates.

  • 24.
    Bagherbandi, Mohammad
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences. KTH.
    Shirazian, Masoud
    Assistant Professor, Dept. of Geomatics Engineering, Civil Engineering Faculty, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training Univ., Tehran 1678815811, Iran. ORCID: ..
    Ågren, Jonas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences. Dept. of Geodetic Infrastructure, Geodata Division, Lantmäteriet, Gävle, SE 80182, Sweden..
    Horemuz, Milan
    Associate Professor, Division of Geodesy and Satellite Positioning, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, SE 10044, Sweden..
    Physical and Geometric Effects on the Classical Geodetic Observations in Small-Scale Control Networks2023In: Journal of Surveying Engineering, ISSN 0733-9453, E-ISSN 1943-5428, Vol. 149, no 1, article id 04022014Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In classical two-dimensional (2D) geodetic networks, reducing slope distances to horizontal ones is an important task for engineers. These horizontal distances along with horizontal directions are used in 2D geodetic adjustment. The common practice for this reduction is the use of vertical angles to reduce distances using trigonometric rules. However, one faces systematic effects when using vertical angles. These effects are mainly due to refraction, deflection of the vertical (DOV), and the geometric effect of the reference surface (sphere or ellipsoid). To mitigate refraction and DOV effects, one can choose to observe the vertical angles reciprocally if the baseline points’ elevation difference is small. This paper quantifies these effects and proposes a proper solution to eliminate the effects in small-scale geodetic networks (where the longest distances are less than 5 km). The goal is to calculate slope distances into horizontal ones appropriately. For this purpose, we used the SWEN17_RH2000 quasigeoid model (in Sweden) to study the impact of the DOV applying different baseline lengths, azimuths, and vertical angles. Finally, we propose an approach to study the impact of the geometric effect on vertical angles. We illustrate that the DOV and the geometric effects on vertical angles measured reciprocally are significant if the height difference of the start point and endpoint in the baseline is large. Geometric correction should be considered for the measured vertical angles to calculate horizontal distances correctly if the network points are not on the same elevation, even if the vertical angles are measured reciprocally. 

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  • 25.
    Bagherbandi, Mohammad
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Shirazian, Masoud
    Ågren, Jonas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Horemuz, Milan
    Karimi, Hamed
    A new approach for reducing physical and geometric effects in small-scale geodetic control networks2022Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 26.
    Bagherbandi, Mohammad
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Shirazian, Masoud
    Ågren, Jonas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Horemuz, Milan
    Karimi, Hamed
    A new approach for reducing physical and geometric effects in small-scale geodetic control networks: Challenges and Solutions2022Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 27.
    Barrefjord, Madelene
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Delin, Hanne-Marie
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Förrättningslantmätarens hantering av stiftelser utifrån Kammarkollegiets och tillsynsmyndigheternas prövningar2013Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Huvudsyftet med studien var att utreda och klargöra hur förrättningslantmätaren bör handla när en stiftelse blir sakägare i en lantmäteriförrättning och hur stiftelsen ska behandlas utifrån förrättningslantmätarens undersökningsplikt. Studien hade även två delsyften där det första skulle beskriva och analysera hur stiftelsers föreskrifter kan ändras, medan de andra skulle utreda hur tillsynsmyndigheternas registrering av stiftelser genomförs. Förrättningslantmätare är en yrkesroll inom lantmäterimyndigheten och har till uppgift att handlägga samt besluta i fastighetsbildnings-ärenden. Lantmäterimyndigheten är den myndighet som har till uppgift att ansvara för att en effektiv och rättssäker fastighetsindelning genomförs. En stiftelse är en typ av juridisk person som bildas av en eller flera personer för att verka för ett bestämt ändamål. Stiftelsen ska förvalta en ekonomisk förmögenhet som har avsatts för ett bestämt ändamål, där förvaltningen ska ske över en längre tid. Förmögenheten kan bestå av fast egendom i form av fastigheter.

    Metoder som använts för att besvara studiens syften och forskningsfrågor var en litteraturstudie, en intervjustudie och en fallstudie. Litteraturstudien granskade tidigare forskning inom ämnes-området, lagstiftningen och facklitteratur för att ge en vetenskaplig grund. Intervjustudien genom-fördes för att få en grundlig förståelse för hur tillsynsmyndigheternas och Kammarkollegiets prövningar går till vid ändring av stiftelsers föreskrifter. Fallstudien granskade och jämförde tillsynsmyndigheternas och Kammarkollegiets prövningar vid ändring av stiftelsers föreskrifter, men fallstudien jämförde även vilka dokument tillsynsmyndigheterna kräver in av en stiftelse när den ska registreras. Intervjuer gjordes i fallstudien med samtliga tillsynsmyndigheter för att samla information om hur deras prövningar går till när stiftelser ska registreras i stiftelseregistren.

    Resultatet av litteraturstudien bestod av beskrivningar av förrättningslantmätarens yrkesroll, fastighets-, ägande- och stiftelsebegreppet. Resultatet av intervjustudien visade att de intervjuade tillsynsmyndigheterna och Kammarkollegiet har olika grundliga prövningar vid ändring av stiftelsers föreskrifter. Detta visade även fallstudien samt att tillsynsmyndigheternas prövningar skiljer sig åt vid registrering av en stiftelse. Slutsatsen beskriver hur förrättningslantmätaren ska handla när en stiftelse blir sakägare i en lantmäteriförrättning och hur stiftelsen ska behandlas utifrån förrättningslantmätarens undersökningsplikt. Två mallar finns i slutsatsen som innehåller riktlinjer för hur en kontroll av stiftelsens föreskrifter kan göras för att vara säker på att fastighets-bildningen inte strider mot stiftelsens föreskrifter.

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    Förrättningslantmätarens hantering av stiftelser utifrån Kammarkollegiets och tillsynsmyndigheternas prövningar
  • 28. Barthel, Stephan
    et al.
    Berghauser Pont, M.
    Colding, Johan
    Gren, Å.
    Legeby, A.
    Marcus, L.
    DN Debatt: ”Nytt miljonprogram – unik chans att lösa flera frågor”2016In: Dagens nyheterArticle in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 29.
    Berg, Marianne
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Berglund, Helene
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Utvärdering av möjligheten att använda UAS vid gränsmätning i skogsmiljö2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Real properties in Dalarna often consist of small lots of forest or agriculture. These lots are often elongated and consequently impractical, therefore the Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority performs comprising land consolidations. These are to swap land between the owners of the properties, in order to form appropriate lots, for purpose of, inter alia, promoting investment and development opportunities in the region. In order to establish a map, a decision basis, for the valuation of the lot, the claimed proprietary right has to be surveyed. The work is performed with NRTK (network-RTK) or total station, and the maximum allowed planar deviation is 0.50 m (base level requirement). The purpose of this study was to examine whether there is a possibility of using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) when claimed property boundaries are going to be surveyed. UAS is a system consisting of an unmanned aerial vehicle, a digital camera, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, an Inertial Navigation System (INS) and a control station.

    In a delimitated area of about 24 ha in Norra Åbyggeby, north of Gävle, black and white and white markers, with the size of 0.40x0.40 m, were positioned in the terrain and then surveyed as ground control points or boundary points with network RTK. Mean planimetric coordinates have been calculated for the control points, which have been used as reference coordinates. These have been compared with the coordinates measured in an orthophotomosaic produced from flights with UAS at an altitude of 100 and 180 m. To get a further comparison, the coordinates were determined by a block adjustment in the software PhotoScan from Agisoft. The object identification of the markers, placed in different environments, and from different altitudes has been studied.

    The digitalization in the orthophotomosaic resulted in a Root Mean Square error (RMS-value) of 0.083 m at an altitude of 100 m and a value of 0.049 m at an altitude of 180 m. Corresponding RMS values were 0.071 m at an altitude of 100 m and 0.077 m at an altitude of 180 m when computed in PhotoScan. F-test has been calculated using the four RMS values, the result of the F-test showed that coordinates obtained in an orthophotomosaic, in ArcMap, are equivalent to coordinates obtained by block adjustment, in PhotoScan. The F-test also showed that the coordinates are equivalent from altitudes 100 and 180 m by block adjustment, but they are not equivalent when they are obtained in an orthophotomosaic from altitudes 100 and 180 m. If we disregard the systematic error at three of the points (orthophotomosaic 100 m) the F-test did not show any statistically significant difference between the two altitudes.

    All deviations were below the base level requirement. The largest planar deviation was 0.181 m at an altitude of 100 m and 0.083 m at an altitude of 180 m. Corresponding values for PhotoScan were 0.155 m and 0.148 m. How dense the forest was where the marker was placed and the impact of the sun, in terms of shadows and brightness, have affected the composition of the mosaic, and consequently the deviations. UAS can be used for surveying of claimed property boundaries, but there is no guarantee that all signalized boundary points can be surveyed directly in the orthophotomosaic. One recommendation is to use a less accurate method for the measurement of the ground control points (needed for the georeferencing of the point cloud/orthophotomosaic) than the method used in this thesis. The higher altitude is preferable because the time requirement of the flight will be shorter, and a smaller number of aerial photos need to be processed. Choose the method that the user is used to, manual digitizing in an orthophotomosaic or automatic calculation in a block adjustment.

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  • 30.
    Berggren, David
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Förnyelselagen, möjlighet eller hot?: Förnyelse av äldre inskrivna avtalsrättigheter, Gävle kommuns hantering av förnyelsekravet2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    According to the so-called ”förnyelselagen”, the Renewal Act, all title registration of contractual rights registered before 1 July 1968 will be de-registered from the Real Property Register, unless renewal is applied for the right no later than 31 December 2018. The aim of the degree project is to pay attention to the renewal requirement. The objective is partly to investigate how the municipality of Gävle will handle the renewal requirement, and partly to facilitate the municipality to determine for which registered rights renewal needs to be sought.

    Unnecessary registered rights cause additional work and costs at cadastral procedures and the Renewal Act is considered to be an effective tool to de-register unnecessary registered rights. At the same time, concerns have been expressed that right holders will apply for renewal for all registered rights that are affected, without investigate which of them are unnecessary. In addition, there is also a concern that the renewal requirement may be overlooked by right holders for rights that are still relevant, which can lead to legal loss.

    Three methods were used in the study. Juridical method was used to investigate the legal situation regarding what happens with registered rights that are de-registered from the Real Property Register. To study how a major right holder acts, an investigation of registered rights was made in the Real Property Register regarding the municipality of Gävle. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with representatives of the municipality concerning the work with the renewal requirement.

    A result of the juridical method is that there are four different situations when an unregistered right may end. The result of the inventory in the Real Property Register, shows that there are about 1 400 registered rights that affect the properties of the municipality. The interviews resulted in that the municipality is informed about the renewal requirement and the municipality in most cases will investigate which registered rights should be renewed.

    The first conclusion is that unregistered contractual rights currently remain valid in the same manner as registered rights, but they may end in four situations if they are not monitored by the right holder. Such protection of unregistered rights is found to be practically impossible in most cases regarding the municipality of Gävle. The other conclusion is that the municipality will investigate which registered rights that need to be renewed, therefore the risk of legal loss can be assessed as low. Finally, it can be concluded that the Renewal Act is an opportunity rather than a threat for the municipality of Gävle.

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  • 31.
    Berglund, Andreas
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Breisch, Alexander
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Utvärdering av BeiDou vid statisk deformationsövervakning: En fallstudie på Gävle flygplats2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is nowadays a well-established and popular choice for various survey missions. Earlier studies indicate that BeiDou in combination with Global Positioning System (GPS), Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) and Galileo contributes to a lower uncertainty in 3D. Earlier studies indicates that GNSS achieves good enough quality and is reliable for deformation monitoring.

    The purpose of the study is to examine the potential of BeiDou using static deformation monitoring in 3D at the millimeter level, both individually and in combination with other satellite systems. The study detects deviations in a local network and by connecting to an external reference station using single- and double frequency as well as broadcast- and precise ephemeris.

    Data were collected using static measurements for three sessions within 2 days. The observation time for session 1 was 9 h and for sessions 2 and 3 was 4 h, respectively. The measurements were carried out using 3 points with the average baseline length of 791 m. A simulated deformation was applied at 2 occasions were each displacement was 5 mm in plane and 4,8 mm in height. Data was processed in Leica Infinity. The measured deformation was compared with the true displacement and with the rest of the satellite constellations.

    The result of the study shows that BeiDou in combination with GPS/GLONASS/Galileo in a local network achieves deviations between 0,2–1,0 mm in plane and 0,1–1,2 mm in height for every setting. Regarding processing with only BeiDou in a local network with broadcast ephemeris and the B1 frequency, the result indicates deviations between 0,2–1,9 mm in plane and 0,4–1,0 mm in height. Further processing with precise ephemeris the deviations was calculated between 0,2–1,8 mm in plane and 0,9–4,6 mm in height. Larger deviations were obtained using the external reference station MAR6.

    The outcomes of this study indicate that there is a possibility to use BeiDou individually for deformation monitoring if broadcast- and precise ephemeris with frequency B1 are used. BeiDou in combination with GPS/GLONASS/Galileo indicates deviations at millimeter level (<1,2 mm) in 3D. BeiDou as a complement achieves equivalent deviations in comparison to GPS/GLONASS/Galileo. The conclusion indicates that BeiDou as a complement is useful for static deformation monitoring. Further conclusions indicate that an external reference station should not be used for deformation monitoring. BeiDou can, when using B1 frequency and precise ephemeris, detect millimeter displacements for shorter sessions.

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  • 32.
    Berglund, Martin
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Karlsson, Sofie
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Den juridiska odlingsgränsen och dess inverkan på förvärv av statlig mark: En studie av markförvärv i samband med samhällsomvandlingen i Kiruna2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Two urban transformations are in progress in northern Sweden today, in Kiruna and in Malmberget, due to expanding mining operations. The relocation of the two cities requires land acquisition. In Kiruna there are specific conditions due to certain protection provided by the so called cultivation border. The purpose of the study is to give a wide perspective on this unique cultivation border and indicate its association with land acquisition. In order to achieve the purpose of the study the history of the cultivation border, the urban transformations and national interests were investigated, as well as the process of land acquisition and how it can be improved. A literature study, qualitative interviews and visits at Kiruna and Malmberget was used to gain knowledge within the topic.As early as in the 1500s, the Swedish government started to take control of the northern parts of the country and encouraged its colonization. The cultivation border was created in the late 1800s to protect the Sami people and their industry from the settlers. The urban transformations are very extensive and have major impacts on the environment. Involved participants want to construct new areas before deconstructing the old ones. There are several different national interests in Kiruna and in Malmberget areas that have to be taken into account in the planning process. Two of those interests are the reindeer and mining industries. The mining industry takes precedence due to its economic benefits to the whole country. The State owns lots of land in Kiruna and in order to acquire it, the government has to give its approval. An application for such an acquirement must be adjudicated by the Swedish Board of Agriculture, the County Administrative Board, affected Sami villages and the National Property Board of Sweden. The high amount of authorities involved makes the process of aquisition long and an improvement to shorten it is to increase the competence of the involved parties and their intercommunication. The purpose of the cultivation border is still considered to be valid, although today for example the tourism is more important than the agriculturing to protect the Sami people.

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  • 33.
    Bergström, Eric
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Användning av LiDAR och ArcGIS inom skogsbruk i Sverige2012Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) has in the past decade developed a lot and is used as a data collection method for inventory of forest. The Swedish National Land Survey is between 2009 and 2015 carrying out a nationwide airborne laser scanning throughout Sweden, and this laser scanning process will lead to a new national elevation model called NNH. Data generated from this height model can be used by the forest industry to make forest inventories. The software developer ESRI Inc. has developed a support for handling LiDAR data in their new version of ArcGIS, ArcGIS 10.1. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the forest industry in Sweden are using LiDAR data, identifying gaps and needs, how ArcGIS is used and how ArcGIS can be developed to match the forest industry. This study was founded by comparing the new version of ArcGIS with the previous version and by interviewing six relevant people who are active in the industry. People from several stakeholders were interviewed: foresters, researchers and technical consultants.The results of the comparison between ArcGIS 10.0 and ArcGIS 10.1 show the potential of LiDAR data and how easy it is to deal with LiDAR data in the new version of ArcGIS. The results of the interviews show that the data available from the NNH are fully sufficient for forest inventory at stand level. It is however not sufficient for analysis of individual trees. Some of those interviewed experienced ArcGIS as an advanced and time-consuming program to learn while others emphasize that it will be interesting with support for managing LiDAR data. The interviewed consultants mostly use software that they have developed by themselves for managing LiDAR data, while other interviewees use ArcGIS as the main program. ESRI Sweden was not sure of the quality of the NNH and how much the forest industry uses NNH, before this study. But it turned out that the NNH data are widely used already, and that quality is adequate. ArcGIS is sometimes perceived as an advanced program and it has often to do with time constraints. If time is available the problem often can be fixed. LiDAR, and NNH is good and useful now, but the question is what will happen when it's time for the forest companies to make their next inventory?

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  • 34.
    Bergström, Louise
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Hjälsten, Lisa
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Förutsättningar för avgränsning av bilfri zon: Exemplifierat i Gävle stad2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Car-free zones are a planning strategy that strives for a sustainable urban environment, focusing on reducing car use in people's everyday lives. The purpose of this study has been to investigate what preconditions that have been taken into account when defining car-free zones, to find out how car-free zones are to be delimited in Swedish cities. The aim of the study was to identify which preconditions that are important when designing a car-free zone. Then the preconditions were applied in Gävle to exemplify where a car-free zone is possible and optimal for the municipality of Gävle.

    The study was carried out with two methods to determine the conditions for the delimitations of car-free zones. First, a qualitative content analysis of four existing and planned car-free zones was carried out through an inductive approach to planning documents, reports, scientific articles, books and organizations' websites. The existing and planned car-free zones were the pedestrian street Ströget, Helsinki, Oslo and the district Vauban. Thereafter four semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviewees were traffic planners from Gävle Municipality, Sundsvall Municipality, Umeå Municipality and Eskilstuna Municipality. Preconditions emerging from the content analysis and interviews were shown in themed tables to compare the preconditions emerged from the two methods. A comparison between the content analysis and the interviews identified nine preconditions. These nine preconditions are density, trade, public buildings, green spaces, meeting places, cycle paths, public transport, walk paths and multistory car parks. The preconditions were applied to an orthophoto of Gävle in ArcMap 10.6 to illustrate where a car-free zone is possible and most optimal to implement in Gävle city. The application of the preconditions resulted in an area that centered in central Gävle

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  • 35.
    Bergvall, Therese
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Upphävande av onyttiga officialservitut vid bildande av gemensamhetsanläggningar2013Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Officialservitut är en rättighet där en fastighet får nyttja annans fastighet för ett speciellt behov. Sådana servitut bildas genom beslut av lantmäterimyndigheten eller domstolen. När ett servitut inte längre behövs eller används för en fastighet förfaller det inte automatiskt. Om servitutet inte upphävs blir det onyttigt. Idag finns det många onyttiga servitut som belastar fastighetsregistret och på så sätt även förrättningsverksamheten.

    Syftet med det här arbetet är att öka kunskapen om onyttiga officialservitut samt att bidra till att på sikt minska förekomsten av belastande officialservitut. Eftersom det bildas relativt många gemensamhetsanläggningar idag kan många servitut komma att bli onyttiga när en anläggning bildas och servitut inte upphävs. Därför är det intressant att analysera varför servitut inte alltid upphävs i en sådan situation samt om någon förändring skulle kunna göras för att minska antalet onyttiga servitut. Genom en minskning av dessa skulle förrättningar bli effektivare och kostnaderna mindre.

    De metoder som har använts i arbetet är: (1) en litteraturstudie där tidigare forskning, svensk lagstiftning och propositioner studerats; (2) en granskning av förrättningsakter för att analysera hur förrättningslantmätare har hanterat vägservitut som blivit onyttiga vid bildandet av gemensamhetsanläggningar; (3) en intervjustudie för att analysera hur lantmätare idag behandlar onyttiga servitut när de påträffas vid bildandet av gemensamhetsanläggningar.

    Resultatet visar bland annat att förrättningslantmätare inte kan ta officialinitiativ för att upphäva onyttiga servitut vid en anläggningsförrättning. För ett upphävande krävs en ansökan, överenskommelse eller ett yrkande. Det har också framkommit att fokus kanske inte ligger på att upphäva onyttiga servitut när en gemensamhetsanläggning bildas. Slutsatsen av vad som har störst påverkan på att onyttiga servitut inte alltid upphävs är enligt studien, tid och kostnad. För att på sikt minska förekomsten av onyttiga officialservitut skulle en ”pott” av anslagspengar kunna skapas som lantmätare kan nyttja för att upphäva sådana servitut. Ytterligare ett förslag kan vara att införa en ny paragraf som ger lantmätare rätt att ta eget initiativ till att upphäva servitut som blir uppenbart onödiga vid bildandet av gemensamhetsanläggningar. De berörda fastighetsägarna borde inte bli missnöjda eftersom anläggningen ska tillgodose samma rätt som servitutet gjorde.

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  • 36.
    Björinder, Elin
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Ekegårdh, Adeline
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Förebyggande åtgärder för att försäkra en god luftkvalitet i samband med exploatering2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Luftföroreningar är ett växande problem i urbana miljöer på grund av förändrad markanvändning och förtätning av städer. Den huvudsakliga utsläppskällan till luftföroreningar i stadsmiljö är biltrafiken, som bland annat bidrar till höjda halter av luftburna partiklar och kvävedioxid (NO2) i luften. Dessa två luftföroreningar har stor påverkan på människors hälsa. För att reducera överskridande miljökvalitetsnormer, kan kommuner tvingas ta fram åtgärdsprogram. Syftet med denna studie var att påvisa effektiviteten av att införa så kallade förebyggande åtgärder i samband med exploateringsprojekt, oavsett om ett område riskerar att överskrida miljökvalitetsnormerna eller inte, för att på så sätt skapa en bättre luftkvalitet. För att visa på hur förebyggande åtgärder kan se ut i en tätort har exempelområdet Bomhus i Gävle använts där Gävle kommun har för avsikt att utveckla ett område med bostäder och vägar (se figur 1 för det avgränsade området).

    Metoden för denna studie har varit en litteraturstudie och två framtida scenarioanalyser, vilka inkluderar gestaltningsförslag. Litteraturstudien grundar sig i vetenskapliga artiklar, åtgärdsprogram, examensarbeten och myndighetsrapporter, där åtgärder för att reducera halter av partiklar och kvävedioxid undersöktes. Vi har sedan baserat antaganden av framtida scenarioanalyser på litteraturstudien. Åtgärderna har analyserats och kvantifierats för att sedan redovisa konkreta, realistiska och kostnadseffektiva förebyggande åtgärder i exempelområdet Bomhus. Framtagandet av kvantifieringar på luftkvalitetsvärden och åtgärder har legat till grund för att beräkna de samhällsekonomiska kostnaderna i samband med exploatering. För att visualisera förslag på förebyggande åtgärder skapades ett gestaltningsförslag.

    Resultatet visade på att införande av förebyggande åtgärder i exempelområdet Bomhus i Gävle kan bidra till en förbättrad luftkvalitet. Alla åtgärder kunde inte kvantifieras, men litteraturstudiens resultat visade på att tidigare framtagna åtgärder har gett en minskning av luftföroreningar, vilket antas göra detsamma även i Bomhus. Utifrån resultatet anser vi att analysen av införandet av förebyggande åtgärder utgör stor vikt i planeringsprocessen och bör tas fram av kommuner och byggherrar i ett tidigt skede i stadsplaneringen, eftersom att kostnader kan bli stora om luftföroreningarna ökar, oavsett halt. Kommuner ska med hjälp av kostnadsanalyser kunna bedöma om förebyggande åtgärder är samhällsekonomiskt effektiva att tillämpa i en tätort.

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  • 37.
    Björklund, Denice
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Wollerstam, Emilia
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Legitimitet i översiktlig planprocess: Utifrån ett dialogperspektiv i ett tidigt skede2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of the study is to investigate how the dialogue process is designed in Swedish municipalities comprehensive planning process based on several dimensions of participation and influence. Citizen dialogues can be used to strengthen the democratic process and increase efficiency through legitimacy in the municipal planning process. Representative democracy will only be strengthened if citizen participation increases in all social groups, which distributes power and influence equally. Flaws regarding participation can be difficult to make visible and even solve, which complicates the participation process. The overview planning process includes municipal comprehensive plans that are important in sustainability work from environmental, social and economic aspects. A sample selection for comprehensive plans that gained legal force in 2021 resulted in 14 municipalities. The selection also consisted of the Sveriges kommuner och regioner (SKR), which supports Swedish municipalities in the dialogue work. From the sample, five municipalities and SKR participated in the study. The study is based on a theoretical framework consisting of three models of analytical tools, which are demokratikuben, delaktighetstegenand delaktighetstrappan, all of which make the dialogue process visible based on participation and influence in the comprehensive planning process. The criterions for meeting the different parts of the models were compiled in analysis templates and examined with a document study and interviews. How the dialogue processes were implemented in the different municipalities was analyzed based on the criterions in the analysis templates. The results show that the municipalities dialogue process differed in terms of participation, recruitment, communication, and degree of influence. The study also shows that views and evaluation processes can influence the design of dialogue processes. Demokratikuben contributed to making visible several dimensions that affect participation and influence than just the degree of influence that the participation ladder and participation ladder make visible, which are forms of communication and recruitment forms. Using different analysis tools was useful in the study because several dimensions of the dialogue process could be made visible, analyzed and compared. The study also shows that children and young people have had no direct impact on the planning process even though they participated on the same terms as adults. According to the study, the development work of dialogue processes can be improved in terms of the structure of evaluations for citizens' dialogues to be considered legitimate. This is to affect participation and citizens' trust in the dialogue process linked to the overall planning process.

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  • 38.
    Björklund, Emil
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Uppdatering av den svenska nationella höjdmodellen: Förutsättningar för att använda mobil laserskanning2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In this study the prerequisites for using data collected using mobile laser scanning are investigated for updating the Swedish national elevation model. In 2016, the Swedish Transport Administration started a project where information from the road network is collected with mobile laser scanning. The National Land Survey of Sweden has gained access to data from this project and wants to investigate the possibilities of using data from mobile laser scanning to update the national elevation model.

    The prerequisites for using data from mobile laser scanning to update the national elevation model is investigated by examining the deviation against measured control points, comparing height deviation between data from the national elevation model and mobile scanned laser data, as well as studying the distribution and completeness of data from the mobile laser scan is compared to the changed areas it is supposed to replace.

    The result shows a low deviation in height to the control points of 1.2 centimeter in mean deviation. The grid comparison also shows a low deviation in height, mean deviation -2.4 cm. The classification of the point cloud from mobile laser scanning shows problems in dense vegetation where there are no returns from the ground, which, along with restrictions on the spread of mobile laser scanning, impose restrictions on areas that can be updated. It is primarily the lack of ground points in the point cloud and that the point cloud does not fully cover the changed areas that limit the ability to use data from mobile laser scanning to update the National Elevation Model.

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  • 39.
    Björling, Mikael
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Science, Chemistry.
    Hou, Jing
    Tianjin University of Technology and Education: Tianjin, CN.
    Sun, Yuexia
    Tianjin University of Technology and Education: Tianjin, CN.
    Air change rates measured by two different tracer gases of residential building in China and its association with asthma and allergy of children2023Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 40.
    Björling, Mikael
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental engineering.
    Kumlin, Anders
    Anders Kumlin AB.
    Carlsson, Peter
    Bengt Dahlgren AB.
    Local Determination of the Building Envelope Air Leakage2018In: Indoor Air 2018 / [ed] Michael Waring and Brent Stephens, 2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A method to determine the rate of local transport into the indoor air of a substance originating from the construction frame of a building has been devised and tested. In particular we demonstrate that a tracer located outside the air and vapour barrier in the construction frame of an office building can be detected in varying concentrations in the office indoor air. The tracer may either diffuse directly or follow with outside air leaking through the barrier. Cor-recting for the local air change rate yields an apparent emission rate as an estimate of the rate of local transport from the construction frame to the indoor air. Our interpretation is that high-er apparent emission rates predominantly reflect higher local air leakage rates through the air and vapor barrier. This information could be useful for interpreting office worker complaints and for decisions on renovation options. The tracer techniques used in the study are also more generally applicable to convert measured concentrations of indoor substances into apparent emission rates. Emission rates are more indicative of the location of pollution sources and may therefore be useful in other investigations of polluted buildings.

  • 41.
    Björling, Mikael
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental engineering.
    Mattsson, Magnus
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Akander, Jan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Infiltration of Air into two World Heritage Farmhouses in Sweden during Winter Conditions2018In: Roomvent & Ventilation 2018: Excellent Indoor Climate and High Performing Ventilation / [ed] Risto Kosonen, Mervi Ahola, Jarkko Narvanne, Helsinki, Finland, 2018, p. 1079-1084Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As a part of an ongoing study, we report measurements of air infiltration during winter conditions into two Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. In winter these two-storied farmhouses are rarely heated, except for special occasions. In this measurement one farmhouse  was  unheated,  whereas  one  room  was  heated  for  a  brief  period  in  the  other  one.  The observed local mean ages of air measured with tracer gas techniques generally increase with height, both  locally  within  each  room  and  between  floors.  The  average  temperature  and  humidity  also increases from the first to the second floor. The indoor temperature follows the outdoor temperature with a time lag. The differences in water content between inside and outside air correlate with changes of the indoor relative humidity. The correlation is stronger for humidity increase than for humidity decrease, possibly due to moisture absorption by interior text.

  • 42.
    Björn, Cornelia
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Sjöström, Elina
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Fastighetsvärdering i Sverige och i Spanien: En jämförande studie om fastighetsvärdering2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Property valuation is executed by real estate brokers or property valuaters before selling, mortgage, inheritance, divorce, etc. Different methods can be used when determing a market value depending on what kind of object it is. When valuating houses, the most common method in Sweden is called “ortsprismetoden”, which compares similar objects to the object that’s being valuated. The most important valuation factor is the location, and has to be considered when deciding the properties value. Other important factors are the properties condition, standard, orientation and if it’s close to water. These factors that enhance the value, the metods that conclude the value and the laws attached to properties could be different in Sweden and in Spain.

    This study manage how the valuation process is executed in Sweden and in Spain. The countries were chosen based on that it historically have been very popular for Swedes to invest in properties, mainly vacation homes, in Spain. The knowledge about how a market value developes, how the selling/buying process works in Spain is rather limited, therefore this study is important for people who wants to invest in a Spanish property. Without the understandig of the property market, the dream of a perfect vacation home could result in a bad purchase. This study could contribute to a successful purchase by contributing knowledge about the property valuating process, how a market value is determend and what factors increse the value.

    nterviews were executed with real estate brokers and property valuaters in both Sweden and Spain to provide valuable answers to the questions asked in this study. This resulted in both expected and unexpected answers. In some aspects the valuation process were very similar between the countries, but in other aspects there were some major differences that could be discussed. The biggest difference were if the real estate brokers needed a licens to value property or not. In Sweden the broker needs education to get a licens, while in Spain the licens could be bought. Other differences were the selling/buying aspects and what the most important valuation factors were.

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  • 43.
    Blomberg, Andreas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Utvärdering av mätosäkerheten vid georeferering med UAS och Post Processed Kinematic-GNSS2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    UAS has been become a very popular tool in surveying and evaluation of the systems measurement uncertainties are necessary. The most common method for georeferencing UAS data is to use ground control points (GCP) in order to use them in block adjustment. In recent years’ new techniques for direct georeferencing with UAS have been presented, which in theory means that the position of the UAS can be determined accurately enough and therefore GCP’s can be excluded. This study evaluates  uncertainties of the UAS Freya from SmartPlanes that don’t need GCP’s for georeferencing. The technique applied in the evaluation is based on Post Processed Kinematic (PPK) for coordinate determination of the UAS, which means that the collected GNSS data can be post processed using a reference station.   The test area was a 280 x 320 m block in the north end of Gävle airport, Sweden. Each flight is conducted in two orthogonal blocks and evaluated in three different ways against the 16 GCP. The altitude was about 90 m for all flights. The uncertainty of the PPK-technique is tested and evaluated with three different methods to ensure both accuracy and potential use. In total five flights were assessed and evaluated with Agisoft PhotoScan against 16 GCP spread over the area. The position of each GCP’s was determined with four independent network RTK measurements.  The results show that the georeferencing with the PPK-technique and block adjustment has potential to meet the uncertainties in level with indirect georeferencing using GCP. The results show very similar planimetric uncertainties, around 0,020 m in RMS, for all evaluations with the PPK-technique. The results of the uncertainty in height is more scattered where the two lowest results in a RMS under 0,015 m and the highest over 0,100 m for the difference against the 16 GCP.  It is possible to achieve low uncertainties with the method without the use of GCP. For areas where establishment of GCP is not possible, using UAS equipped with PPKtechnology provides a very suitable alternative to use. The results show relatively large differences between the evaluations and in order to determine the exact cause of them, further studies are required.

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  • 44.
    Blomdahl, Kajsa
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Nyman, Johanna
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Gatukostnadsersättning som värdeåterförande medel: Kommuners tillämpning och tillkommande effekter2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Real property values rises when increased building rights and subdivision is enabled through land development. New infrastructure enables greater accessibility which also leads to increased real property values. Development of the land implies that the municipality has a duty to build public places. The municipality has the possibility of compensation for the expenses if the developer or real property owner is deemed to have benefits of the construction. Street expenses can be used to capture the increased land value when land is developed. The aim of this study was to describe how municipalities employed the street expenses as a value capturing instrument and the effects that arose. As a method semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with experts in land development from seven municipalities in the region of Stockholm. The results showed that municipalities employed streets expenses through development agreement or land use agreements to a greater extent than street expense investigations. Agreements were easier to use than street expense investigations. Street expenses were used to capture an increased value. The compensation must be related to the use of the street. Charges for street expenses were relatively similar for all instruments. Arising effects was that the process was long and costly and there was a financial risk for the municipality. Street expenses led to a good economy for the municipalities and satisfied inhabitants.

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  • 45.
    Bolin, Frida
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Hellström, Kristin
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Nedlagda järnvägar: Intresse och avveckling för annan markanvändning2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Railways are of major importance in today´s society and it also affects land usebecause land needs to be claimed to form property for railways. In Swedenthere is currently several disused railways that no one manages. This since thebusiness that once was active is no longer existing. The Swedish Transportadministration has the opinion that railways that not are in use today are achallenge to society because maintenance and care is overlooked. The purposeof the study is to investigate whether there is an interest in using the landwhere disused railways are located for other purpose. The study will alsoshow how land use can be changed in the most efficient way. The aim of thestudy is that it will result in new knowledge in the subject and thus contributeto sustainable social development.A literature study has been made to see what was previously written about thesubject. Some of the scientific papers studied indicate that these disusedrailways are not just a challenge in Sweden, there are also a challenge inseveral other countries in the world. As previous literature on the subject islimited, this study is important for contributing new knowledge on thesubject.To find out if there is an interest in using the land and how to change land useeffectively, a research method has been carefully chosen. Qualitativeinterviews have been conducted with experts in the subject, municipalities, anon-profit organization as well as landowners that are affected or have beenaffected by disused railways.The result of the study shows that there is an interest in using disusedrailways, both from a general and an individual point of view. The result hasalso shown that land use change among other things, most effective throughpurchase, property regulation or the formation of a community facilitydepending on land use. The laws applicable are, Land code, Real property lawand construction law.

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    Nedlagda järnvägar - Intresse och avveckling för annan markanvändning
  • 46.
    Bomark, Mikael
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Berg, David
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    En marknadsjämförelse mellan logistik och andra industrifastigheter2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this dissertation is to do a market comparison between logistic and other industrial property from the perspective of investment risk, mortgage rate, yield, leases and the importance of location. Interviews were carried out with representatives from six segments which are logistic property owning logistic companies/investors, companies owning property of industrial- warehouse or production, assessment institutes/banks, property brokers, logistic companies and logistic development organization/property developers. The interviews were conducted between the 17 of April and the 8 of May 2015. Logistic property is in general seen as a better and safer investment than other industrial property in the banks point of view. Other industrial property can be many other kinds of property such as tire storage, sawmill, industrial production which can be high risk investment and have worse alternative usage than logistic property, although logistic property and industrial warehouses does not differ very much compared to industrial production property. The mortgage rate is lower for industrial property than it is for logistic property and the yield is higher which suggests that the general risk is higher for industrial property compared to logistic property. The general opinion of companies who own property for industrial warehouses and production and property brokers is that the banks have high requirements on equity. The banks do not want to mortgage more than 60 % of the property value and often not more than 50 %. The banks do not mortgage to same mortgage rate that they used to do for 7-8 years ago. The market for logistic property is otherwise hot and there are many players who want to enter the market and get logistic property in good locations. Logistic property are now being built on speculation, which combined with low interest rates making it advantageous to invest in property that may lead to increased competition. Due to logistic property is being built on speculation there is a risk of too high rate of establishment in some places in Sweden. The most value-influencing factors of logistics property is location, the lease, and cash flow.

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  • 47.
    Borén, Cecilia
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Lämplighetsbedömning vid 3D-fastighetsbildning: Hur bedömningen av lämpliga förvaltningsobjekt görs med hänsyn till storlek och andra påverkande faktorer2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Nowadays it can be seen that smaller and smaller 3D-property units are formed. To form 3D-property units the property formation procedure must have undergone an assessment of suitability where the general suitability conditions in the third chapter of the Property Formation Act should be taken into account. The legislative history and the commentary of the Property Formation Act speak of that the 3D-property units formed should be suitable management objects and be of palpable size. The size perspective on the 3D-property units has, in some cases, been proven challenging to assess for the cadastral authority.

    This study examines how the assessment of suitable management objects is performed and how the assessment can be affected by other factors. To achieve this, a survey, interviews and a study of property information procedure dossiers have been done. The study of dossiers shows that it is difficult to see reasons to why the 3D-property unit has been considered suitable. The survey and interviews show that the assessment is done with the 3D-property unit’s purpose and independence in mind. The independence is dependent on that the 3D-property unit can operate without too many rights, be economically stable and function alone from a management perspective. The size is only of small significance when it comes to the assessment.

    Conclusion is that the suitability for each management object, the 3D-property units, is done according to the general suitability conditions of the third chapter of the Property Formation Act, where the size doesn’t have an impending significance. However, other factors can affect the assessment; factors that are taken into account individually in each 3D-case.

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  • 48.
    Bostrand, Cecilia
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Larsson, Roger
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Inskrivningsprocessen vid lagfart / tinglysing: En jämförelse mellan Sverige och Norge2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The registration process of lagfart/tinglysing is part of what the registration authorities working with in Sweden and Norway. Lagfart/tinglysing is available to show who/which is the legal owner of a property. Which is very important to keep track of who is responsible for the property. Having an enrollment process that is secure, efficient and has a low cost is important for having a functioning system for both buyers, sellers, companies and authorities.

    The purpose of the study is to investigate the difference between Sweden's and Norway's enrollment process in lagfart/tinglysings. But also, to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the process. The requirements required to grant lagfart/tinglysing have also been examined for it to be legally secure or if there is a need to change these. The study also examines whether it is possible to streamline the enrollment process and how it would affect legal certainty.

    A qualitative method has been used to answer the questions. The method consists of a survey, interviews and a comparison. In the comparison, information from the literature has been obtained, while interviews and questionnaires have been conducted with experts in each country.

    The results of the study show that more digitization of the registration process would mean a safer and more efficient registration process of legal deeds / registrations for properties. The study also shows that changes in the law are what need to be changed to enable more digitization. Legislation in both countries is based on outdated laws when there were no electronic alternatives.

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  • 49.
    Brandt, S. Anders
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Modeling and visualizing uncertainties of flood boundary delineation: algorithm for slope and DEM resolution dependencies of 1D hydraulic models2016In: Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment (Print), ISSN 1436-3240, E-ISSN 1436-3259, Vol. 30, no 6, p. 1677-1690Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As flood inundation risk maps have become a central piece of information for both urban and risk management planning, also a need to assess the accuracies and uncertainties of these maps has emerged. Most maps show the inundation boundaries as crisp lines on visually appealing maps, whereby many planners and decision makers, among others, automatically believe the boundaries are both accurate and reliable. However, as this study shows, probably all such maps, even those that are based on high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs), have immanent uncertainties which can be directly related to both DEM resolution and the steepness of terrain slopes perpendicular to the river flow direction. Based on a number of degenerated DEMs, covering areas along the Eskilstuna River, Sweden, these uncertainties have been quantified into an empirically-derived disparity distance equation, yielding values of distance between true and modeled inundation boundary location. Using the inundation polygon, the DEM, a value representing the DEM resolution, and the desired level of confidence as inputs in a new-developed algorithm that utilizes the disparity distance equation, the slope and DEM dependent uncertainties can be directly visualized on a map. The implications of this strategy should benefit planning and help reduce high costs of floods where infrastructure, etc., have been placed in flood-prone areas without enough consideration of map uncertainties.

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    Brandt_in press_Modeling and visualizing uncertainties of flood boundary delineation
  • 50.
    Brandt, S. Anders
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Urban and regional planning/GIS-institute.
    Lim, Nancy Joy
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Urban and regional planning/GIS-institute.
    Importance of river bank and floodplain slopes on the accuracy of flood inundation mapping2012In: River Flow 2012: Volume 2 / [ed] Rafael Murillo Muñoz, Leiden, The Netherlands: CRC Press / Balkema (Taylor & Francis) , 2012, p. 1015-1020Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Effective flood assessment and management depend on accurate models of flood events, which in turn are strongly affected by the quality of digital elevation models (DEMs). In this study, HEC-RAS was used to route one specificwater discharge through the main channel of the Eskilstuna River, Sweden. DEMs with various resolutions and accuracies were used to model the inundation. The results showed a strong positive relationship between the quality of theDEMand the extent of the inundation. However, evenDEMswith the highest resolution produced inaccuracies. In another case study, the Testebo River, the model settings could be calibrated, thanks to a surveyed old inundation event. However, even with the calibration efforts, the resulting inundation extents showed varying degrees of deviation from the surveyed flood boundaries. Therefore, it becomes clear that not only does the resolution of the DEM impact the quality of the results; also, the floodplain slope perpendicular to the river flow will impact the modelling accuracy. Flatter areas exhibited the greatest predictive uncertainties regardless of the DEM’s resolution. For perfectly flat areas, uncertainty becomes infinite.

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    Brandt_and_Lim_2012
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