Syftet med studien var att få en djupare förståelse om på vilket sätt läshunden kan bidra till att förbättra barns läsförmåga. Studien använder sig av en metainspirerad innehållsanalys. Metaanalys användes för att samla in information till studien samt att kunna dra slutsatser om tidigare forskning. Innehållsanalys användes för att skapa teman och kodning, med hjälp av innehållsanalys kan man skapa en djupare mening med textens innehåll. Artiklarna från resultatdelen samlades in från vetenskapliga databaser där alla artiklar är peer-reviewe.

Studien undersöker på vilket sätt kan en läshund bidra till att positivt påverka barns läsförmåga? Är det hunden i sig som påverkar barnets läsförmåga eller är det miljön? Resultat visar på att läshunden påverkar barn positivt både psykiskt, fysiskt och socialt. Resultatet visar även på att det är läshunden som påverkar barnen positivt och inte miljön de vistas i under lästiden. Slutsatsen man kan dra av denna studie är att läshunden visar på en positiv påverkan på barn och har givit oss förståelse om på vilket sätt läshunden påverkar barnen.

Syftet med studien var att ta reda på vad patrullerande poliser upplever som stressande och hur de hanterar stress i sitt arbete. För att kunna besvara syftet användes en metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer där fem aktivt patrullerande poliser deltog. Analysen av de insamlade intervjuerna genomfördes en kvalitativ innehållsanalys där det insamlade materialet kategoriserades och olika teman identifierades, de viktigaste meningarna valdes sedan ut som var direkt kopplade till syftet med studien. Resultatet visade att de främsta stressfaktorerna som de patrullerande poliserna upplevde var: Tidspress och personalbrist, vapenhantering samt hemarbete. Vidare var de viktigaste copingstrategierna för att hantera dessa: Socialt stöd från familj och kollegor, vägledning från chefer samt andningsövningar från yogaträning. Cheferna skulle kunna försöka vara mer närvarande i de patrullerande polisernas ärenden för att lättare ge dem det stöd de behöver. Slutsatsen var att det finns olika sätt att hantera stress och det är viktigt att ta lärdom av kollegor, hur de på bästa sätt hanterar stressiga situationer. Det är också viktigt att fortsätta vidare med forskningen, för att ta reda på vilka copingstrategier som är effektivast för att hjälpa patrullerande poliser med att hantera sin stress. 

Examensarbetet fokuserar på fysisk aktivitet och hälsa inom årskurs 1–3. Syftet är att belysa på vilka sätt pedagoger arbetar för att öka elevers förståelse kring fysisk aktivitets betydelse för hälsan och vilken påverkan detta har på eleverna. Urvalsgruppen är verksamma pedagoger. Undersökningen är en kvalitativ forskningsansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer som har kompletterats med ”critical incidents” observationer. Resultatet visar att pedagogerna ofta upprepar fysisk aktivitets betydelse för hälsan för att öka elevernas förståelse kring detta, genom samtal och fysiska aktivitets upplevelser. Kunskap om människokroppen anses även behövas. Slutsatser är att kroppsuppfattning - kunskap om människokroppen, förmåga att använda sin kropp och fysiska aktiviteter - är viktigt för barns förståelse om dess betydelse för hälsan. Studiens resultat ger idéer till pedagoger inom skolan om olika arbetssätt kring fysisk aktivitet för att skapa förståelse, främja hälsosamma vanor och bättre förutsättningar för lärande. Resultatet antyder att elevers totala skolprestationer förbättras av fysisk aktivitet.

Background: Participation in physical activity among adolescents with autism is often conditional. However, there is a lack of methods for identifying these specific conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop and investigate the feasibility of a Q-sort tool to map individual-specific conditions for participation in physical activity among adolescents with autism and to identify different viewpoints regarding conditions for such participation. Method: An exploratory mixed-methods design was employed to investigate the feasibility of using Q methodology and the Q-sort procedure to identify what individual-specific conditions are important for participation in physical activity for adolescents with autism. Results: The adolescents ranked the statements with varying levels of ease. Two viewpoints were identified: Autonomous participation without surprises and Enjoyment of activity in a safe social context. Conclusion: Q-sort is a feasible method for mapping conditions for participation, which can guide the development of tailored physical activity interventions.

Aim: The purpose of this qualitative study is to describe shift workers' different experiences of good sleeping habits.

Method: Qualitative interview study with a semi-structured interview guide. Collected data were analyzed by phenomenographic analysis method.

Results: One main theme, four categories and ten subcategories were identified. The main theme of the phenomenographic analysis is that good sleep is a process with different possibilities. The categories, with associated subcategories, extend over four different parts of the day. The results show what shift workers experience as good sleep and what contributes to good sleep.

Conclusion: The results of this study show that good sleep is a process with different possibilities that extends throughout the day. The results highlight the opportunities for good sleeping habits among shift workers and highlight the participants' own experiences. The results contribute to the health-promoting perspective by raising awareness of the factors that promote good sleep. This makes it possible to create supportive environments and provide knowledge to make healthy choices regarding sleep. 

Behovet av personal inom vård- och omsorg beräknas öka. Personal som arbetar i denna sektor står bakom de flesta av anmälningarna av arbetsskada. Det är betydelsefullt att arbeta förebyggande med arbetsmiljö både för att främja anställdas hälsa och utveckla verksamheter. Personal inom äldreomsorg utför ett viktigt arbete för de äldre som är i behov av vård. Syftet i denna uppsats är att genom kvalitativa intervjuer beskriva vårdpersonalens upplevelse av arbetsklimatet och ha Aaron Antonovskys teori om känsla av sammanhang - KASAM som teoretisk modell för att se vad som kan göras för att verka för ett gott arbetsklimat.

Resultatet visar att den uppskattning personalen får av de boende gör att arbetet upplevs som meningsfullt. Det finns resursbrist i form av personalbrist men även ekonomiska enligt personalens utsagor vilket påverkar hanterbarheten. Personalen upplever att det finns få möjligheter att få utbildning i arbetet och att vidareutbildning i yrket inte lönar sig.

In a cross-over design, 82 women and men recorded their food intake by a precoded 7-day record book (PR) including both standard portions in household measures and photographs, and a weighed 7-day record (WR), respectively. Single 24-h urine samples, for determination of nitrogen excretion, were collected for 39 subjects during the WR period. Comparing the PR to the WR method, the mean intake of some foods, as cheese, was higher, and bread and vegetables lower. For energy and nutrients, the fat energy percent (E%) was higher, and protein E%, dietary fibre, iron, thiamin, folate, carotene and α-tocopherol were all lower. Protein intake registered by the PR method was 20% lower compared to 24-h urine samples, and 11% lower for the WR method. The results indicate that some of the standard portion sizes, used by the PR method, contributed to the observed differences in food and nutrient intakes. The subjects found it easier and less time-consuming to record their food intake with the PR than with the WR method. The time spent on processing data was reduced by 50% when using the PR method. The results of the study will be used for improvements in the design of the PR for use in large-scale dietary surveys for monitoring dietary habits.

Aim: Based on the concept of health promotion leadership, the purpose is to examine how the first-line managers perceive their own leadership in comparison to employees' perceptions of the leadership, and whether this relates to employee well-being at work.

Methods: This study is a recess of the project GodA and it’s based on a cross-sectional design with both quantitative and qualitative methods. To make a comparison between managers and employees perception of leadership, a selection of survey questions from GodA was used. The manager’s valuation of the health promotive leadership aspects were examined through semi-structured interviews.

Main results: The results shows that there was a wide perception of health promotive leadership among managers. Although it can be interpreted that the managers work from the health promoting leadership aspects, there was a gap between the manager and employee perception of leadership. In half of the groups there was a significant difference. There was also a positive significant correlation between gap and employee well-being, then a larger gap resulted in a lower estimated well-being.

Summary: Previous research shows that managers often overrate their leadership and a gap can affect employee well-being. It is therefore important to further investigate what the differences between the manager and the employees can depend on and how the gap can be reduced. It is also important to create a clear definition of a health promotive leadership in order to develop health promotion strategies at work.

The purpose of the present study was to describe young Finnish unemployed men's experiences of having participated in a specific active labor market program, intended to fight unemployment and offered at a resource center. Fifteen young unemployed Finnish men in the age range 18 to 27 years were interviewed face-to-face. Purposive sampling was used to increase the variation among informants. The interview texts were analyzed using both manifest and latent qualitative content analysis. The present results reported that the young men felt that they, thanks to the program at the resource center, had acquired daily routines and could ultimately believe in the future. The young men described how they now had a structure, economic support, and that they could return to their daily life. The informants also described how they could see new possibilities and believe in oneself. There is a lack of empirical studies assessing the possible impact of active labor market programs on the unemployed based on participants' own experiences. Further research is needed to describe and elucidate in more detail the effects of targeted support measures and the needs of unemployed men of different ages and living in different contexts.

The overall aim of this thesis is to explore how the labour market situation appears to persons with different types of disabilities in Sweden. Study I (n=4 359) examined the importance of the person’s type of disability for the possibility of having a job. Study II (n=3 396) examined whether there were differences in occupational attainment between persons with different types of disabilities and between persons with and without a disability (n=19 004). Study III (n=4 359) examined perceived discrimination in the workplace among persons with different types of disabilities. Study IV (n=2 268) examined whatsupport and adaptation persons with different types of disabilities need in their actual workplace or to enter the labour market. In studies I–III the respondents were divided into six disability types, and in study IV the respondents were divided into four disability types.

Overall, it can be concluded that a person’s type of disability is of importance for the situation in the labour market, where persons with psychological disabilities encounter barriers to a greater extent than other groups, both difficulties at the present workplace and difficulties entering the labour market. Further, they were subjected to discrimination and they expressed a great need for adaptations to acquire employment and at their actual workplace. It can also be concluded that there are discriminatory mechanisms against women, who have more difficulties than men in acquiring employment, and that men, despite lower education, can more easily progress in the labour market. It is suggested that, in order to achieve inclusion and recognition, factors in the environment, such as existing support systems, need to be changed and developed, and social prejudices vis-à-vis people with disabilities must also be addressed.

This study aimed to examine support and adaptation needed by persons with four different types of disabilities, either at their workplace or in order to enter the labour market. A secondary analysis was conducted, based on the regular labour market survey (AKU), and an additional survey which included questions specifically posed to persons with disabilities. All participants had either partly or very reduced work ability. There was more need for adaptation than for support, independently of work ability and current employment status. Around 60% of respondents with a psychological disability reported a need for adapted work pace and working time, both at their workplace and in order to enter the labour market. Adapted work tasks were an important factor, especially for persons who were not currently working; around half of the non-employed participants said this adaptation could make it possible for them to work, regardless of type of disability.

Flexible work is perceived as a family-friendly approach that can facilitate parents' daily life. However, the relationship between flexible work and the balance between work and private life is ambiguous. Flexible working enables us to integrate work and family life, particularly through the possibility of working while caring for sick children (vobb), there is currently a lack of research on the phenomenon. Vobb is most common among women and could be a means of managing life, but it could also contribute to feelings of inadequacy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate how women with flexible jobs experience vobb.

Five women participated in this study, for which a qualitative method was used. The data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews and the material was analyzed according to qualitative content analysis. 

This study shows that vobb is experienced as an opportunity in work, to be able to handle demands and to remain competitive. However, the study indicates that vobb can have negative health consequences in the form of stress and have a negative impact on children. This suggests a dialogue between employers and employees regarding expectations, conditions and boundaries before vobb can be utilized in work. 

I dagens samhälle är hälften av alla män överviktiga, drygt en tredjedel av alla kvinnor och vart femte barn är överviktiga eller feta (Svenska livsmedelsverket, 2010). Med detta i åtanke väcktes tanken angående hur överviktiga individer motiveras i en process av viktnedgång. Syftet med studien var att undersöka uppfattningar av motivation hos överviktiga individer som genomgår en viktminskningsprocess. Vidare var även syftet att undersöka hur dessa individer påverkas av att genomgå en viktminskningsprocess i grupp. Detta är en fenomenografisk studie där intervjuer har genomförts med tre individer som är i en pågående viktminskningsprocess hos ett viktminskningsföretag. Efter en bearbetning av det empiriska materialet kunde tre beskrivningskategorier utläsas, att komma igång, att nå framsteg samt att blicka framåt. Resultatet visade på många skillnader, men också likheter i individernas uppfattningar av motivation. Slutsatsen blev att respondenterna fann motivation i form av ett stort stöd hos gruppen på viktminskningsföretag, vilket var viktigt för dem i deras viktminskningsprocess, samt att en snabb start i början av processen ökar motivationen för den resterande resan

In order to reduce risk for burnout, discussions about reducing working hours (RWH) have taken place, as well a need for it has been acknowledged. This study focuses on the phenomena of RWH within emergency clinics. Consequently 12 nurses' own experiences of RWH reforms at two emergency clinics have been investigated. The collected data was later analyzed with content analysis. The result drawn from this study is that nurses have positive experiences of RWH on their overall health as it reduces stress, work overload and increases the time for recovery. RWS is also perceived to have positive effects on private, social and working life. However, RWH was found to be challenging for organizing the day shifts due to reduced overlapping time. Nurses expressed a need to be able to manage administrative tasks and carry out responsibilities without it happening at the expanse of RWH. This emphasized the need for better planning within RWH. Improved overall health and better life quality in turn enabled nurses to feel more energetic and perceive themselves being more empathetic during patient care which also improves patient safety. Better understanding of the phenomena and its effects can hopefully contribute to resolve shortcomings in working environments, which in turn may increase the opportunities for a more prosperous organization and long-term financial sustainability.

The aim of this study was to examine how social workers experience and describe the social relations with work colleagues and how relationships with coworkers affects selfperceived health. The methodology used was qualitative interviews with five social workers. The result shows that the sense of vulnerability is reduced when there is a supporting workgroup. Working relationships with colleagues are perceived to contribute to a feeling that one is not alone with all the difficult decisions, all heavy meetings, the high workload, and so on. Reduced sense of disclosure affects well being by leading to more energy, less stress and anxiety,  job satisfaction increases, and so on. Conclusions drawn from the study is that the good social relationships with colleagues are essential in the work of social workers to health and to be able to do a good job. This study, together with previous research shows that it is important to work on relationships with colleagues in the workplace and develop the quality of social support.

Introduction: Temporary working agencies (TWAs) within the healthcare industry has exploded within the last 10 years. The temporary agency workers (TAWs) have a unique triangular employment agreement, resulting in leadership and employesship complexities. Leadership and employeeship has been linked to many aspects within an organization such as employee’s health and well-being, productivity, effectiveness, and satisfaction.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the perceptions of desirable leadership, and employeeship in a client organization for temporary agency nurses.

Method: The study is qualitative and uses the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) method and follows the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR).

Results: The TAW nurses desire a manager that is sincere and involved, and a manager as a guide when it comes to leadership and a desire to work independently, collaborate and respect each other and for there to be humor when it comes to employeeship in client organizations.

Conclusion: Desirable leadership and employeeship that the TAW nurses desire is foremost linked to relations-oriented leadership behavior according to the Task, Change and Relations (TRC) model for leadership. The TAWs have a unique triangular employment, that result in complexities.

Bakgrund: Mycket av den tidigare arbetsmiljöforskningen har fokuserat på faktorer som bidrar till ohälsa inom förskolan och mindre ansträngningar har inriktas på att försöka erhålla kunskaper om vad som bidrar till hälsa. Den här studien kommer därför att fokusera på den salutogena arbetsmiljön inom förskolan.  Syfte: Var att undersöka förskolepersonals uppfattningar om och erfarenheter av begreppet god arbetsmiljö i förskolan. Metod: Fyra förskolelärare och fem barnskötare från en fristående förskola och två kommunala förskolor i Stockholms län deltog. Semistrukturerande intervjuer användes som datainsamlingsmetod. Intervjuerna analyserades med hjälp av fenomenografisk metod och fem beskrivningskategorier samt fjorton underteman skapades. Etiska överväganden beaktades under hela studien.  Resultat: Studiens fem beskrivningskategorier var ett bra ledarskap, god ergonomi, goda miljöer på förskolan, positivt arbetsklimat och hinna vara en bra pedagog. Slutsats: Förskolan har en möjlighet att skapa god arbetsmiljö gällande faktorer som förskolepersonalen själva kan påverka personligen eller inom arbetslaget som till exempel delaktighet och trivsel inom arbetslaget. Det som hindrade förskolan till att skapa god arbetsmiljö var faktorer där enbart chefer, ledningen och politiker kan påverka som icke närvarande chefer och tidsbrist.

Purpose: To explore, understand and explain how an organization with hybrid working methods can create conditions for sustainable and health-promoting office work. Methods: Constructivist Grounded Theory was used for sampling and analysis of data from organizational documents and semi-structured interviews, conducted with eight employees, two managers and one HR-partner. Main results: A new theoretical model showing that organizations with hybrid working methods can create conditions for sustainable and health-promoting office work through individually designed working methods in constant change. Conditions are created through organizational clarity and a health-promoting hybrid culture, ensuring practical and social conditions, hybrid-adapted leadership, promotion of employee autonomy, flexibility and self-leadership. Conclusions: The needs and conditions of organizations and employees are constantly changing. To cope with these changes, the hybrid work needs to be individually adapted and the employees' autonomy and self-leadership strengthened. Organizations with hybrid working methods need to contribute with conditions which are presented in a new theoretical model and associated checklist. The checklist makes the results implementable in organizations, and thus contributes to the practical work environment management in organizations with hybrid working methods.

The study examines management's and employees' perception of the development of a new HRM function at a Swedish medium-sized company, with the following question: How do management and employees perceive the development of the HRM function in relation to their needs and expectations? In order to answer the study's purpose and question, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with management and employees to explore the implementation of work environment work with the HRM function within the medium-sized company. A qualitative content analysis was applied to analyze the interview data and identify patterns around the HRM function's impact on the work environment. The study concluded that the HRM function has played an important role in the structuring and improvement of the work environment with a higher participation of employees and social sustainability. This has created increased safety and candidness in the workplace. Despite positive changes, the HRM function faced initial challenges with communication gaps, underscoring the need for a clear and early dialogue to maximize its positive effects and minimize barriers.

Following the outbreak of the Corona pandemic in the spring of 2020, the Public Health Agency of Sweden issued a recommendation that everyone who had the opportunity should work from home. It is the employer´s responsibility to create conditions for good occupational health in conjunction with remote work. A tool in the work of creating conditions for good occupational health is a policy document. In the light of the study's theoretical starting point, the demand, control and support model, a policy document should contain aspects of demands, control and support in order to contribute to creating conditions for good occupational health.   The aim of this study is to analyze how aspects related to demands, control and support are expressed in policies for remote work at Swedish universities with the intention of preventing risk factors for work-related ill health. The study is based on policy documents from 29 of 30 Swedish universities. A content analysis based on the demand, control and support model was conducted. The results showed that there were aspects of demand, control and support in the policy documents. However, an imbalance emerged between the aspects. This is mainly because it seemed easier for the universities to describe physical aspects, such as lending of office furniture, than to capture and express more abstract aspects such as a sense of control. Balance and volatile aspects can be subjective and difficult to assess due to the social context that surround workers which may have led to an imbalance between the aspects of demand, control and support in the policy documents.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur olika trädgårdsrelaterade program inom kriminalvård kan vara utformade och hur dessa program påverkar de intagna. Studien är designad som en litteraturstudie kompletterad med intervjuer och erfarenhetsberättelser från intagna och personal på fängelser. I resultatet framkom att trädgårdsterapi och trädgårdsrelaterade aktiviteter inom kriminalvård kan vara utformade i rehabiliterande syfte, som yrkes- eller utbildningsinriktade program, arbete eller som alternativ till annan sysselsättning. Erfarenheter från personal och intagna samt forskning visar i denna studie att trädgårdsterapi och trädgårdsrelaterade aktiviteter inom kriminalvård kan gynna de intagna. Hälsoeffekter som framkom var bland annat bättre samarbetsförmåga, ökad socialisering och minskad stress. Forskningen inom detta område är dock ännu i sin linda och kompletterande studier behövs för att kunna fastställa evidens inom området.

Light at night (LAN) enables humans to extend their lifestyle and exploration, cultivates economic growth, and increases the perception of safety. On the other hand, LAN has been connected to adverse health outcomes, such as circadian disruption, mood effects, and increased breast cancer incidence risk in humans. Studies investigating health outcomes of LAN utilize a variety of methods sometimes resulting in conflicting outcomes. We conducted a systematic review focusing on the experimental methods and health outcomes of LAN studies. While most studies found a negative impact of LAN on human health, lighting conditions were not adequately reported or controlled in many cases. Recommendations are provided for future research studies investigating LAN effects on human health outcomes.

The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a Swedish questionnaire assessing conditions of actual work flexibility and its determinants. Data was collected by qualitative Think aloud- interviews with three persons, and through discussions with a reference group. The results from the interviews and discussions showed that corrections were needed for some of the concepts, questions, design and number of items. Next, a cross-sectional study was performed by sending the adjusted questionnaire to three companies in Sweden (N = 266), which was answered by 92 employees. The results supported the adjustments and the questionnaires’ content validity and face validity (> 95 % of the employees agreed). Three Principal component analyses showed comprehensible factors for the three main areas of questions: determinants of actual flexibility, technology use, and work-non-work balance, indicating structural validity of the questionnaire. Furthermore, hypothesis testing showed as expected that the most index variables of actual work flexibility could significantly separate the groups with varying extents of regulated work, indicating construct validity. To conclude, this Master thesis has revealed several question domains valid for inclusion in future surveys regarding actual work flexibility and associations with health and wellbeing at work.

2440 cases of sexual child abuse was reported in 2015 in Sweden that is about one out of five children. Research shows that prevention strategies that focus on strengthening children’s integrity have proven effective for helping children recognize abusive behaviors as well as gain confidence to disclose.

   The aim of this study is to investigate and describe the preschools role in strengthening children’s integrity to prevent child abuse, and describe how the work is done. The study has a qualitative approach with mix of semi-structured and unstructured interviews, called a qualitative interview form. This study used a purposive selection, four informants with management position within preschool were interviewed. The interviews were recorded and then transcribed, which will serve as a database for analysis.  For this study a content analysis was chosen.

   The results showed that the preschool work aims to strengthen children’s integrity, but that the pre-schools do not use any specific strategies to strengthen children’s integrity with the aim of preventing child abuse.

The conclusion showed that the preschool does not work consciously to prevent sexual child abuse, instead they are focusing in strengthening children’s integrity and values.

The aim of the study was to examine the dietary intake of female amateur football players in the division 2, 3 and 5 in the middle part of Sweden. The study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. Data collection consisted of 24 hour recall interviews and a questionnaire with background information about the participant. The participants consisted of 40 female football players from divisions 2, 3 and 5. The participants' average calorie intake was estimated using the program Dietist Net Pro 1979 kilocalories (kcal)/day, compared with the average recommended daily allowance (RDA), which was estimated at 2137 kcal. The low energy consumption contributed to the participants' inability to meet the RDA for iron, folate, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium and carbohydrates. There were 19 participants who ate more than the average amount of energy and 21 participants who ate below the average amount of calories. No statistically significant differences in energy or nutrient intake could be established between the participants in different divisions or age groups. Female football players in this study were found to eat too little energy (food) on the basis of their energy needs, which may potentially contribute to nutritional deficiencies, specifically in iron, folate, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium and carbohydrates. Deficiencies in these nutrients may lead to impaired performance in training and matches, impaired general health and recovery, and to a break-down of body tissues for energy.

Bakgrund: Studier visade att en webbaserad utbildning kan vara att föredra för organisationer med många medarbetare och om de är geografiskt utspridda. Dock visade forskningen även på vikten av olika faktorer som spelade roll vid implementeringen av utbildningen som exempelvis stöd från organisationen och attityder hos chefer och medarbetare och vikten av att vara medveten om dessa faktorer. Syfte: Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka chefers upplevelser kring implementeringen av den webbaserade utbildningen i hållbarhet och om de upplevde någon ökad kunskap kring begreppet hållbarhet på arbetsplatsen och hos medarbetarna. Metod: Undersökningen använde en kvalitativ metod och samlade in data genom fyra stycken intervjuer. Datamaterialet från intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades genom konventionell innehållsanalys. Resultat: Upplevelserna kring implementeringen var positiva, dock ansågs det svårt att se effekter till följd av utbildningen. Hållbarhetsarbetet ansåg viktigt och respondenterna upplevde att de redan arbetade aktivt med dessa frågor, men ansåg att det var positivt att kommunen försökte skapa en medvetenhet kring att alla enheter jobbade mot samma mål. Slutsats: Inför nästa webbaserade utbildning bör kommunen ha en tydlig strategi för implementering och utvärdering redan innan utbildningen. Även faktorer som bland annat tidsbrist, brist på utrustning bör tänkas på. Att vara tydlig med vilken målgrupp utbildningen riktar sig till kan bidra positivt till chefernas attityder kring dessa faktorer.

In the current study, we investigated the occurrence of posttraumatic growth (PTG) among parents whose children had had stem cell transplantation (SCT) and survived. Although SCT is well established, it remains stressful and dangerous, and SCT is only performed if there is no other choice of treatment to be considered. A questionnaire batteries including the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Check List-Civilian version and the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory were sent out to a cross-sectional national sample of parents of children who had had SCT six months or more before the study. The response rate was 66% (n = 281). The data were analyzed in relation to parents' appraisal of the event, gender, and perceived social support. The results confirm that SCT in childhood is an event of extreme adversity for the parents. Indications of PTSD were found among an important minority of the parents. Nevertheless, a large proportion of the parents had experienced growth as a consequence of the child's illness. Appreciation of life and personal strength were the domains with the highest scores. Moreover, a higher level of PTG was correlated with a higher level of posttraumatic stress and with an experience of the trauma as more severe. In summary, the study indicates that PTG is a relevant concept for this group of parents.

Abstract Fredriksson Malin (2019). Managers requirements for stress prevention - a qualitative study in municipal context. Project work in Health at work 15 credits, University of Gävle.  Stress is an increasing problem in Sweden and municipal organizations are workplaces where it´s common. The first line manager has an important role in stress prevention, but factors in the organizations might affect their possibility to focus on this problem.  The purpose of this study was to examine municipal first line managers experience of organizational requirements of stress prevention in the workplace and how to improve these requirements. Qualitative interviews were made with first line managers in a Swedish municipal organization and analyzed with Qualitative content analysis. The result revealed that the managers experiences was that the organization offered resources like education, social and organizational support from HR and occupational health service, policies and good structure in the occupational health work. Economic pressure, constant changes and structures in the organization that the manager cannot have an impact on, and the managers own workload were demands that made the work with stress prevention harder. Unclear structures in the information flow and lack of communication about stress is also factors that might affect stress prevention in the organization

Introduction: Sleep habits change during adolescence both for biological and psychological/social reasons. Longitudinal studies on suchhabits are, however, scarce. The aim of the present study was toinvestigate the longitudinal changes of subjective sleep habits in Swedish adolescents.

Method: The present study was part of a larger investigation mainlyon food habits that originally included all (about 2500) 14 year oldfrom three representative middle-sized Swedish towns. The adolescents filled in questionnaires at 14, 15 and 18 years of age. The 638 adolescents that answered all the questions on their sleephabits at each of the three occasions were included in the present study.

Results and discussion: The adolescents developed later weekday bed- and rise times with increasing age (bedtimes from 22:35 h to23:20 h; risetimes from 06:50 h to 07:05 h). Consequently, time inbed on weekday nights decreased (from 8:15 h to 7:45 h). On weekends the adolescents went to bed later (around 2 h) and stayed in bed longer (around 1:20 h) than during the weekdays. Weekend time in bed decreased with increasing age. Differences between genders indicated that the changes observed were more obvious among boys. A dropout analysis implied that those adolescents that only participated at one occasion (at the age of 14) or at two occasions (at 14 and 15 years of age), respectively, went to bed later, woke up later and had shorter sleep compared to those who participated at all three occasions. Hence, the results might not be completely representative.

Conclusions: A delay of bedtimes and of shortening of sleep duration as a function of age was observed. Weekend changes showed a delay of bedtimes and a (presumably) compensatory increase in sleep duration. Boys seemed 'worse off'.

Objective: To investigate the distribution across the different stages of change for each of the 15 participating European countries, and the effect of socio-demographic variables such as sex and education on this distribution. Also to assess the relationships between stages of change and influences of food choice, and other variables. Design: A cross-sectional study in which quota-controlled, nationally-representative samples of approximately 1000 adults from each country completed a face-to-face interview-assisted questionnaire. Setting: The survey was conducted between October 1995 and February 1996 in the 15 member states of the European Union. Subjects: 14,331 subjects (aged 15 y upwards) completed the questionnaire. Data were weighted by population size for each country and by sex, age and regional distribution within each member state. Subjects were divided into five different categories according to their attitudes towards 'changing their eating habits in order to eat healthier': (1) Precontemplation; do not consider any changes, (2) Contemplation; consider changes, (3) Decision; make plans to change, (4) Action; carry out the changes, and (5) Maintenance; maintained changes for more than six months. Results: 52% of the subjects were in the precontemplation stage, whereas 31% of the subjects were in the maintenance stage. Two, one, and seven percent of subjects were in the contemplation, decision and action stage, respectively. In the Mediterranean countries, and in Germany, there were more people (55-64%) in the precontemplation stage, whereas in the Scandinavian countries there were less people in precontemplation stage (20-38%). The opposite was true for the maintenance stage, whereas women and people with a higher education level tended to be more in the maintenance stage. With respect to influences on food choice, subjects in precontemplation stage found that taste was more important, whereas people in maintenance stage found that health was more important. Conclusions: The stages of change model makes a useful distinction between people with different attitudes towards nutrition and health. Nutrition education can benefit from this distinction.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the individual impact of military exercises and gender differences in cortisol secretion among military personnel, before, immediately after, and three times during recovery, to understand the physiological and psychological character of stress and the recovery from field exercise.Methods: Cortisol levels in saliva samples were collected from military conscripts(n=22) at five different time points associated with a field exercise: before the exercise, immediately after, and at three intervals during the recovery period. These measurements were chosen to capture both immediate and long-term changes in cortisol levels. Data were analyzed using Mixed ANOVA to compare cortisol levels over time within individuals and between biological genders. The analysis allows for a detailed examination of how cortisol levels change over time and how these changes may differ between males and females, providing a comprehensive view of stress response and recovery. Results: The within-subjects factor showed a significant interaction between time and cortisol secretion, with an F-value of 7.340 showing distinct physiological mechanisms for stress recovery (P < 0.001). Eta Squared (η²), revealed 20.9% of the variance in cortisol secretion levels can be attributed to the factor of time. No statistically significant gender differences in cortisol secretion were found at the measured time points (P = 0.511), suggesting a similar physiological response to stress induced by military field exercises across genders. Conclusion: This study contributes to an understanding of recovery from extreme stress, highlighting the complexity of stress and recovery processes between genders during field exercises. The findings suggest that both male and female military personnel experience similar responses to the stress induced by military field exercises, as indicated by cortisol secretion patterns. Keywords: Cortisol, Recovery, Stress, Gender

Syfte: Denna studies syfte är att undersöka till vilken grad flexibelt arbete kan associeras med arbetsrelaterad KASAM.Metod: Detta är en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie riktad till industriarbetare i centrala Sverige, som kan arbeta flexibelt åtminstone deltid. Inledningsvis gjordes en litteraturgranskning för att undersöka hur flexibelt arbete påverkar hälsa och välbefinnande. Efter en kvalitetsgranskning av åtta artiklar användes sju av dem för att skapa en bakgrund för denna studie. En tvådelad webbundersökning som innehåller flexibelt arbete och arbetsrelaterad känsla av sammanhang användes. Den administrerades genom arbetsplatschefer som kontaktades via post eller telefon. Sju arbetsplatser deltog och av dem svarade totalt 52 respondenter på undersökningen. Resultaten analyserades genom multipel regression. Först utfördes en analys av sambandet mellan den beroende variabeln arbetsrelaterad känsla av sammanhang och den oberoende variabeln flexibelt arbete i en icke justerad modell. Därefter utfördes en andra analys med kovariaterna ålder och kön som ytterligare oberoende variabler i en justerad modell. Resultat: Det finns ett signifikant samband mellan grad av flexibelt arbete och utfallet gällande arbetsrelaterad känsla av sammanhang. Variabeln flexibelt arbetet förklarar 17% av utfallet avseende arbetsrelaterad känsla av sammanhang i den icke justerade mode. När den signifikanta kovariaten åldern tillkom förklarar modellen 24% av utfallsvariationen avseende arbetsrelaterad känsla av sammanhang. Slutsats: Resultaten tillhandahåller data på associationen mellan variabler hittills ej utforskade, flexibelt arbete och arbetsrelaterad KASAM. För att stärka validiteten och trovärdigheten behövs dock fler studier i större skala.

Health-related diseases and medical costs in society are growing. Much of this could be prevented with healthier lifestyles. At the same time, it appears that children in schools have less motivation for physical activity than before. This study wants to examine whether the internal, external and autonomous motivation factors with some adults to make lifestyle changes are the same that motivated them to be physically active as young. The aim is also to study what motivates these adults continue to be physically active. Three semi-structured qualitative studies were carried out on a training and exercise facilities in central Sweden. The target group was three middle-aged women who were physical active as young but have had a break and then gone through a lifestyle change and start getting physical active again. The results of the study shows that all participants were motivated by positive internal and external motivation that young and that autonomous motivation like joy is the most important part for both when they were younger, and as an adult. Positive motivation and an open-minded environment prompted them to continue training after the lifestyle change.

A complex adaptive system such as the operating room (OR), consists of different safety cultures, sub-cultures and ways of working. When measuring, a strong safety climate has been associated with lower rates of surgical complications. Teamwork is an important factor of safety climate. Discrepancies among professionals’ perceptions of teamwork climate exists. Hence it seems crucial to explore if diversity exists in the perception of factors related to safety climate and between managers and front-line staff in the OR. Complex work processes including multitasking and interruptions are other challenges with potential effect on patient safety. However, multitasking and interruptions may have positive impact on patient safety, but are not well understood in clinical work. Despite challenges a lot of things go well in the OR. Thus, the overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate an instrument for assessing safety climate, to describe and compare perceptions of safety climate, and to explore the complexity of work processes in the OR.

To evaluate the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire-operating room (SAQ-OR) version and elicit estimations of the surgical team a cross-sectional study design was used. How work was done was studied by observations using the Work Observation Method by Activity Timing and by group interviews with OR professionals.

The results show that the SAQ-OR is a relatively acceptable instrument to assess perceptions of safety climate within Swedish ORs. OR professionals´ perceptions of safety climate showed variations and some weak areas which cohered fairly well with managers' estimations. Work in the OR was found to be complex and consisting of multiple tasks where communication was most frequent. Multitasking and interruptions, mostly followed by communication, were common. This reflects interactions and adaptations common for a complex adaptive system. Managing complexity and creating safe care in the OR was described as a process of planning and preparing for the expected and preparedness to be able to adapt to the unexpected.

Bakgrund Stor del av människors hälsa och flertalet sjukdomar beror på människors ohälsosamma levnadsvanor. Metoden hälsoprofilbedömning (HPB) har visat ge stora positiva hälsoeffekter. Med mätningar, konditionstest på cykel och motiverande samtal läggs fokus på nuläge och förändring för att motivera deltagare till livsstilsförändring.

Syfte Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad personer som gjort en HPB upplever som motiverande till förändring av livsstil.

Metod Kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Fyra kvinnor som hade genomfört HPB högst en månad innan intervjuerna genomfördes. Intervjuerna analyserades med innehållsanalys.

Resultat Det visade sig att både inre och yttre faktorer påverkade motivation till förändring hos informanterna. Efter att ha gjort HPB kunde informanterna se möjligheterna till förändring utifrån sina egna förutsättningar, att det krävs mindre ansträngning än de trott för att få positiva effekter på hälsan, samt att de nu kunde se hur livsstilen påverkar hälsan.

Slutsats Mätningarna och konditionstestet är en motiverande faktor där informanterna får bekräftat vad resultatet är, medan MI är en viktig del för att deltagarna ska veta hur de själva ska gå tillväga för att genomföra en förändring utifrån sina egna förutsättningar. HPB som helhet är en bra metod för livsstilsförändring.

Bakgrund: Ohälsa kopplat till den organisatoriska och sociala arbetsmiljön är en av arbetsmarknadens största utmaningar. Inom arbetsmiljöområdet är den organisatoriska och sociala arbetsmiljön det område chefer tycker är svårast att arbeta med och tidigare forskning har visat ett behov av att kartlägga vilket stöd chefer behöver i frågan. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva vad chefer med personalansvar och fördelade arbetsmiljöuppgifter upplever för olika behov av stöd i arbetet med den organisatoriska och sociala arbetsmiljön. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ tolkande studiedesign. Totalt 10 chefer från olika medelstora/stora företag i Jönköping län (åtta män och två kvinnor) med minst ett års chefserfarenhet deltog. Datainsamlingen skedde genom semistrukturerade intervjuer under jan/feb 2020 och en fenomenografisk analys användes som metod för resultatframställning. Resultat: Chefer är i behov av relationellt stöd, professionellt stöd, formellt stöd, stödjande kultur och kontextuellt anpassat stöd i arbetet med organisatorisk och social arbetsmiljö. Behovet av relationellt stöd var något mer framträdande, men alla typer av stöd var viktiga och behöver ses i relation till varandra. Slutsats: Studien bidrar med ny kunskap i frågan om vilka olika typer av stöd chefer behöver i organisatoriskt och socialt arbetsmiljöarbete och ger en diskussion om hur behovet kan förstås. Studiens resultat föreslås användas som ett hjälpmedel vid lägesanalys av den egna organisationen och därigenom vara behjälplig vid utformandet av meningsfullt och adekvat chefsstöd i syfte att förbättra organisationens arbetsmiljö i frågan.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how older people perceive how salutogenically focused work acts on their retirement homes and how their behavior is affected by it. Method: An inductive approach with semi-structured interviews. The choice of respondents was a meaningful selection with four respondents who lived in a retirement home at the time of the interview. A manifest content analysis was used to work out categories in the result. Results: The result of the study showed that salutogenic work gave good living and increased abilities in every day living. It also showed that salutogenic work had shortcomings in chape of the residents experienced that the staff had to little time for them and also that there was not enough individualizad activities.  Conclusion: Salutogenic approach in health and care provided the elderly with a good spirit of content-rich days with self-determination. There was still a lot left to work with to achieve an optimal salutogenic care for the elderly.  

The aim of this study was to assess postures andmovements of the trunk and upper arm during paper mill work, and to determinethe extent to which they differ depending on method of assessment. For each oftwenty-eight paper mill workers, postures and movements were assessed duringthree full shifts using inclinometer registration and observation from video. Summary metrics for each shift, e.g.,10^th, 50^th, and 90^th posture percentile, were averagedacross shifts and across workers. In addition, the standard deviation between workers,and the standard deviation between shifts within worker were computed. The resultsshowed that trunk and arm postures during paper mill work were similar to otheroccupations involving manual materials handling, but the velocity of armmovements were lower. While postures determined by inclinometry and observationwere similar on a group level, substantial differences were found betweenresults obtained by the two methods for individual workers, particularly for extremepostures. Thus, measurements by either method on individuals or small groupsshould be interpreted with caution.

The purpose of this study was to examine leadership in the public sector based on leadership models, organizational factors, conditions and health of employees. The study was divided into sub-study one and two. In sub-study one the design was an observational study using cross sectional design in which 67 first line managers in the public sector answered a survey about conditions and leadership models. Sub-study two was an observational study using case-control design focusing on a health promoting leadership intervention in the municipal sector. Two semi-structured interviews and 41 surveys were collected. The first-line managers in each group were interviewed and their employees had to answer a questionnaire.  The results showed that there is a difference between first line managers’ conditions in the public sector. Further, the result showed that there is a significant difference in how intervention group and control group estimate demand, control and structure-oriented leadership. But it is difficult to say if the differences only depend on the intervention or other factors. 

Lately, alarming reports have appeared regarding the work environment and work situation of social workers. Research focusing on the promotion of health and well-being in the workplace among other professionals show that factors such as social relationships, ability to influence their work situation and leadership are important. A quantitative study was conducted focusing on the work climate for social workers employed by some of the district administrations in the City of Malmö. A questionnaire with questions and statements on various factors in the work environment was sent to 34 social workers. They were asked how important these factors were for their well-being, as well as to what extent they felt that these factors were present at work. A total of 17 social workers filled out the questionnaire. The study results showed that communication and leadership were the two themes that had the greatest impact on the well-being at work for the social workers. The results also showed a discrepancy regarding the relationship between how the importance of the statements in the questionnaire was considered, and the degree to which they were present at work. However, the results could not demonstrate any difference between how younger and older social workers assessed the importance of the work environment factors' importance for their well-being at work. Further studies with different approaches of how communication and leadership affects social workers well-being at work could help identifying appropriate actions for improved working conditions for social workers.

Introduction: Men's violence against women is a societal problem worldwide, many of these women seek care for their physical injuries caused by the violence. The problem is that women themselves often do not come forward and talk about their situation voluntarily during care visits. The effects of violence cause physical and mental ailments such as post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD. The majority of women do not dare to tell about the violence because they are afraid of being treated with prejudice and disbelief, it instead results in lies to the cause behind the injuries they are looking for.

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the health care professionals' experiences of dealing with women who are exposed to violence in close relationships and what strategies are applied at the meeting.

Method: A review study with a descriptive design. The aim of the study was presented in the results based on 11 scientific articles with a qualitative and quantitative approach.

Main results: The result is based on two main themes with each sub-theme. The results showed that there were shortcomings in the handling of abused women in health care, mainly due to a lack of knowledge in the area and an insecurity among the staff.

Conclusion: There is no doubt that there is a great lack of knowledge in general in workplaces in health care regarding how the handling of abused women should be carried out. It is highly relevant that several workplaces review their training plans and train staff to give them a secure foundation, and good strategies to apply when meeting women who are exposed to violence in close relationships.