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  • 1.
    Abrahamsson, Viktoria
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    Carlstedt, Belinda
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    Våld och personer med funktionsnedsättning: En studie om våldets innebörder beroende på inblandade aktörer, inom grupp- och serviceboenden2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Through semi-structured interviews with three women working as care personnel in group or service homes for persons with disabilities, perceptions regarding violence as linked to persons with disabilities is studied from a social-constructionist point of view. The study explores how the roles of actors involved can be associated with notions and interpretations expressed, and with what the interviewees regard as “appropriate” action to handle the situation. The role of the aggressor proved crucial. Gender of the actors was not expressed as important but indications existed pointing to perceived differences. When discussing appropriate action, the interviewees related to both a sense of “duty” and the “right” thing to do from a utilitarian perspective. When involving a colleague, loyalty became relevant. Throughout the study the dimension of power and the complexity of violence is considered and its different understandings depending on context, actors and perspective.

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  • 2.
    Alvesköld, Jakob
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Expropriativ lagstiftning för solcellsanläggningar: Ett sätt att bidra till ökad energiproduktion2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this paper is to examine the pros and cons of compulsory acquisition of rooftop space for mass upscaling of solar panels. It attempts to find what uses a legal tool for compulsory acquisition could bring to society, as well as what the cost of such a tool would mean for each landowner. By looking at existing law it is also the hope of the writer to establish whether there is already a functioning way to accomplish this kind of mass development of rooftop-mounted solar panels. While it is not included in the paper to describe what a potential new piece of law would look like, it concludes that if Sweden was to implement a way to accomplish a mass development of this kind, it should be done by creating a separate act to limit how and by whom the compulsory acquisition can be performed. 

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  • 3.
    Andersas, Lisa
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    Engholm, Malin
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    Hedersbrottslighetens ideala offer: En kvantitativ genomgång av polisens utredningar av brott med hederskaraktär2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    "The ideal victims of honour-related crime"

    The purpose of this study is to examine if characteristics of victim and perpetrator and circumstances involving the crime, which are described in the theory of "the ideal victim", have an influence on the outcome of police employee’s independent assessment on crimes of honour character. In order to examine this a quantitative method has been applied and a logistic regression has been made of data based on identified crimes whit honour as a motive. The results of the study have shown that eleven variables which has a connection to characteristics and circumstances involving the crime and the investigation, as gender, age and circumstances surrounding reporting the crime, have a significant influence on the outcome. The study’s main conclusion is that no clear connection can be drawn between the outcome of assessments on crimes with an honour motive and the perception of the ideal victim.

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  • 4.
    Andersson, Daniel
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Troeng, Axel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Laddinfrastruktur inom gemensamhetsanläggningar: Beslut i strid mot anläggningens ändamål2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The electrification of the transport sector is dependent on the establishment of new charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. In order to achieve Sweden’s environmental goals, the government has commissioned Lantmäteriet to chart the obstacles of establishing charging infrastructure within joint facilities. During the charting, Lantmäteriet has observed the fact that joint property associations that manage joint facilities for garage and parking purposes receive government grants for charging infrastructure, even though the joint facility does not include charging infrastructure. This paper aims to investigate how joint property associations manage permit issues and agreements regarding charging infrastructure, when charging infrastructure is not included in the joint facility. This paper also examines if these issues are taken into account in the grant processing by Naturvårdsverket. The aim of this paper is to generate new knowledge that can be used in Lantmäteriet’s work. The study has been carried out through interviews with joint property associations and through communication with representatives from Naturvårdsverket. The results show that it is common for joint property associations to set up charging infrastructure contrary to the purpose of the facility. Furthermore, it is stated that ignorance and the fact that the associations consciously make decisions against the purpose of the facility due to time and cost causes, are the main reasons for the establishment. The authors also state that Naturvårdsverket and Lantmäteriet have different views on when and how charging infrastructure can be considered a part of a joint property. Furthermore, it is concluded that inconsistent legislation makes it difficult for ordinary people who administer joint property associations to comply with current laws and regulations.

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  • 5.
    Andrejev, Christian
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Ask, Jesper
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Utbyggnad av väg och järnväg: Principer för hantering av markåtkomst och ersättning2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Fungerande infrastruktur är viktigt för att samhället ska fungera. Det är därför också viktigt att Trafikverket och kommuner får tillgång till mark för utbyggnad av bland annat vägar och järnvägar. Samtidigt görs ett intrångi någons enskilda äganderätt. Markåtkomst för dessa ändamål kan ske med en frivillig överenskommelse mellan parterna men i vissa fall tvingas Trafikverket och kommuner att tvångsvis förvärva marken.

    Syftet med arbetet är att ta reda på om Trafikverket och kommuner har några särskilda principer för markåtkomst gällande utbyggnad av vägar och järnvägar, samt försöka ta reda på hur fastighetsägare behandlas i en sådan process. Målet är att kunna bidra med ett bättre underlag för både Trafikverket och kommuner vad gäller deras riktlinjer för markåtkomst. För att besvara frågeställningarna i studien har intervjuer med ett antal kommuner samt sakkunniga inom Trafikverket genomförts.

    Resultatet visade att det finns riktlinjer för hur själva markåtkomsten ska hanteras men ingen respondent ansåg att de hade några riktlinjer för hur en fastighetsägare ska behandlas i processen. Den största skillnaden mellan Trafikverket och kommunerna var att kommunerna nästan aldrig använder tillfälliga nyttjanderätter i detaljplanplanen utan förlitar sig på frivilliga överenskommelser ifall de behöver tillgång till mark, medan Trafikverket använder sig utav tillfälliga nyttjanderätter i väg- och järnvägsplan i större utsträckning. I slutsatsen framgår det att den främsta faktorn för att nå en överenskommelse är tidig kontakt med fastighetsägare där det är viktigt att visa förståelse för dennes situation. Många respondenter var också enade om att det är viktigt att hela tiden hålla fastighetsägare informerade om vad som ska ske och hur deras fastighet kommer att påverkas. Trots att det inte finns fastställda riktlinjer för hur en fastighetsägare ska behandlas verkar de flesta ändå utgå från liknande ”principer”. 

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  • 6.
    Andrén, Daniela
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet.
    Kristoffersson, Eleonor
    Örebro universitet.
    Kellgren, Jan
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete.
    Designing and Negotiating Agreements in a Digitalized Era – a qualitative analysis2020Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Digitalization is a reality that governs more and more both the society and the economy, facilitating new and more efficient ways of setting up business and business collaborations. Rational agreement routines and well thought through contracts help organizations to avoid legal disputes and thus maintain long-term relations with customers and suppliers. Therefore, a digitalized platform where non-lawyers (purchasers, sellers) in a user-friendly interface can draft individual contracts without lawyers is expected to both increase the companies’ labor productivity and to facilitate the evaluation of risks and opportunities over time. To our knowledge, there is very little known about the agreement routines and the firms’ interest of making them more efficient using digital solutions. Based on semi-structured interviews that we carried out in Sweden during the autumn 2019, we found that companies and authorities are not fully in control of their agreements, when it comes to for example the origin of the agreements, the agreement routines, the storage of agreement and authorized signatures and do not fully use the potential of digital tools for managing and negotiating contracts. Unexpectedly, organizations seem to be of the opinion that the current, a little bit unmodern, system actually works for them. Therefore, new digital tools and/or digital platforms must really meet the needs of the organizations to correspond to the investment for it. Our interviews suggest that new simple digital solutions might be appreciated and used.

  • 7.
    Antonsen, Camilla
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    Lind, Johanna
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    "Vad tänker du när du hör ordet terrorism?": En intervjustudie om individers uppfattningar om terrorism2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study has exanimated different individuals’ conceptions and perceptions of terrorism. To examine this issue we have done semi-structured interviews with six different individuals. The first main result of the study and the most important conclusion was that different individuals had different perceptions about what terrorism is and how it should be defined. Most of the interviewees counted both physically and psychologically harmed people as victims of terrorism. The main result when it comes to conceptions about terrorists looks was that terrorists have “big beard” and were “Muslims”. When it comes to medias representation of terrorism most of the interviewees believed that media angle and leave out information, and that this had some influence on their perception of terrorism. The interviewees also mentioned an increased fear and concern about terrorism, something that did not affect their daily routines and activities.

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  • 8.
    Arfwidsson, Linnéa
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Warg, Alicia
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Traditionella och nya upplåtelseformer av bostadslägenheter2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This essays main focus is to further develop the understanding and describe six different types of tenure. The essay investigate similarities and differences between the types of tenure on the Stockholm housing market. The most common types of leaseholds, ownership apartments, and rental apartments will be described but and also new types of leases will be described. Such as cooperative rental apartments, condominiums, low purchase price apartments and rental purchases. The latter two are new forms of types of ownership and have emerged as an attempt by developers to bring young adults and low-wage earners into the housing market.

    Firstly, The qQuestion formulations in this essay are constructed to investigate similarities and differences which exist between the different forms of submission. Secondly, the questions target what kind of current costs for housing and the non-recurrent costs for purchasing. Finally, the purposes for the introduction of the new forms of leasing.

    The study has been conducted through literature studies and also interviews with market developers. Therefore, based on the study questions, respondents have answered the basis for our presentation and discussion of a descriptive analysis of the various forms of submission.

    Based on the results of the study, it can be clarified that the rental apartments can be the most advantageous in terms of the cost. But then it is taken into account that the queue is about 10 years for getting an apartment. Further, the results indicate that individuals that has a capital and the opportunity to purchase a ownership apart, the queue isn’t a matter and the individual has an opportunity to make a profit or loss on a later sale of the residence. Taking account to amortization of loans, an ownership apartment can be most advantageous from an economic perspective. Condominiums has been found to have a relatively low fee but the monthly cost become relatively high depending on the high purchase price.

    The results of this study shows that co-operative rental apartments have been found to have a low monthly cost. But the problem is that they are bothered by a long queue and also that the individual is dependent of a input gains. The two new types of low purchase price apartments and rental purchases on the market are so newly established which makes it difficult to make an accurately interpret of their impact on the housing market today.

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    Traditionella och nya upplåtelseformer av bostadslägenheter
  • 9.
    Axelsson, Ivar
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Law.
    Jonsson, Oscar
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Law.
    Rapporteringspliktiga inhemska arrangemang: - En analys utifrån proportionalitets och legalitetsprincipen2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 14 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: The purpose of the work is to analyze the outcome of the investigation, SOU 2018: 91 (Rapporteringspliktiga arrangemang – ett nytt regelverk på skatteområdet) regarding domestic arrangements. Based on the domestic arrangements, the concepts of advisers, reportable arrangements and the reporting charge presented in the investigation will be described and analyzed based on the principles of proportionality and legality. The work is based on views from the following consultation bodies, the Association of Authorized Public Accountants, the Business Tax Delegation, the Swedish Tax Agency, the SRF consultants, the Swedish Bar Association. The issue of domestic arrangements has not yet led to any legislation.

    Method: The work is based on a legal dogmatic- and a legal analytical method.

    Conclusion: Our conclusion is that the reportable arrangements, the concepts of advisers and reporting charge, are contrary to the principles of proportionality and legality.

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  • 10.
    Barreiro-Gen, Maria
    et al.
    Economic Development and Social Sustainability Research Unit, Department of Economic Analysis and Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of A Coruna, Elviña, A Coruña, Spain.
    Novo-Corti, Isabel
    Economic Development and Social Sustainability Research Unit, Department of Economic Analysis and Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of A Coruna, Elviña, A Coruña, Spain.
    Collaborative learning in environments with restricted access to the internet: Policies to bridge the digital divide and exclusion in prisons through the development of the skills of inmates2015In: Computers in human behavior, ISSN 0747-5632, E-ISSN 1873-7692, Vol. 51, no B, p. 1172-1176Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The deprivation of freedom for the prisoners, involves not only physical isolation, but also digital, which implies a strong isolation particularly painful in an “information society”. Spanish prison population is deprived of access Internet and all ICT that could contact inmates with outdoor life, this is mainly due to security issues. Not having enough ICT skills is a new cause of social exclusion. The objective of this research was to identify the key issues which should be focused by policy makers to avoid digital divide among prison population. A survey among inmate population in all the five penitentiary centers in Galicia, in the northwest of Spain, was undertaken to obtain a sample of 380 inmates. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) was carried out to explain prisoners’ ICT Skills, in bias to inmate’s social skills, general skills and attitude towards collaborative learning. For inmates, who are characterized by their low education level, results shown the relevance of having general and social skills to be able to have more ICT skills. Then, collaborative learning in prison it is shown as a way to bridge both walls: the physical (better reinsertion and no recidivism) and the digital one.

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  • 11.
    Benselfelt, Milena
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Brändström, Sophia
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Elledningars rättighetstyper; ledningsrätt, servitut och nyttjanderätt: Elbolagens och lantmäterimyndigheternas åsikter2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Sweden is constantly developing and it means more lines in the ground, which leads to more questions about their legal rights. The electricity grid is divided into three different sizes; the core network, the regional network and the local network. The electricity grid is an important part of the infrastructure, and it should be legally protected through for example, utility easement or agreement easement.. Issues may arise about the legal rights of power lines such as when a transfer occurs, etc. Thus it is important to examine how the power lines should be legally protected.

    The purpose of the study is to examine how the electricity companies legally protect their power lines, as well as the pros and cons of the legal rights, based on the aspects of electricity companies and cadastral authorities. The purpose is also to highlight the most common issue regarding the legal rights on power lines.

    The questions that were formulated according to the purpose were:

    1. How do electricity companies legally protect their power lines?

    2. What are the pros and cons of the legal rights based on the views of electricity companies and surveyors?

    3. What is the most common problem that electric companies have about legal rights of power lines?

    By using a qualitative method in form of an interview study, the data for the study has been obtained. The interview study consisted of 16 interviews with experts from electricity companies and cadastral authorities. As the study should cover all of Sweden, electricity companies and land surveyors were selected with a geographical spread.

    The study shows that electricity companies legally protect their power lines depending on their size. The study also shows the differences between the electricity companies and the cadastral authorities ́ views on the pros and cons of the legal rights. Issues may occur depending on who owns the land where the lines are to be constructed. 

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  • 12.
    Berg, Erika
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Berglund, Terés
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Renskötselrätt vid lantmäteriförrättning: Hur beaktas rättigheten?2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Renskötselrätt innebär enligt rennäringslagen en rätt för samer att använda mark inom ett renskötselområde till underhåll för sig och sina renar. Renskötselrätten grundas på urminnes hävd och tillkommer den som är same och medlem i en sameby. Renskötselrätt innebär en särskild rätt till fast egendom vilken existerar parallellt med äganderätten och omfattas av egendomsskyddet i 2 kap. 15 § regeringsformen.

    Enskilda individer kan tvingas till rådighetsinskränkningar eller till att avstå mark till förmån för allmänna intressen som infrastruktur och bebyggelse. Detta ska ske enligt reglerna för markåtkomst som återfinns i ett tjugotal lagar. Enligt Europakonventionen och regeringsformen ska den som tvingas avstå mark eller rättigheter ersättas.

    En fastighetsbildningsförrättning handläggs av lantmäterimyndigheten enligt reglerna i fastighetsbildningslagen. Ett återkommande problem är att värdera vilken skada en sameby lider när ersättning enligt lag måste prövas i samband med ett intrång.

    Syftet med detta arbete är dels att bidra med ökad kunskap om renskötselrättens juridiska innebörd, och dels att synliggöra hur renskötselrätten i nutid beaktas vid markåtkomst inom en lantmäteriförrättning. Detta för att bidra till att skapa en samsyn och en enhetlig handläggning av åtgärder som påverkar renskötselrätten. För att svara på denna studies frågeställningar har studier av förrättningsakter och intervjuer med förrättningslantmätare och en representant från Länsstyrelsen genomförts.

    Resultatet av studien visar att det i dagsläget är oklart hur renskötselrätten ska beaktas inom en lantmäteriförrättning och att det saknas arbetsstöd för hur renskötselrätten ska värderas vid ett intrång. I slutsatserna i detta arbete framgår det att detta beror på att det finns luckor i rennäringslagen vilket gör att den inte integrerar väl med annan lag och att det många gånger är oklart vilken myndighet som äger vilken fråga rörande renskötselrätten. För en enhetlig handläggning av ärenden som berör renskötselrätten krävs utbildning, klarläggande av vissa begrepp och bättre samverkan mellan myndigheter. Men framförallt krävs en revidering av rennäringslagen och relationen mellan den och annan lag.

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  • 13.
    Berggren, David
    et al.
    Lantmäteriet.
    Paasch, Jesper M.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Förnyelselagen - möjlighet eller hot?2018In: Samhällsbyggaren, ISSN 2000-2408, Vol. 27 maj, no 2, p. 38-39Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Riksdagen har beslutat att avtalsrättigheter som skrivits in i det statliga Lantmäteriets fastighetsregister före den 1 juli 1968 kommer att tas bort ur registret om inte rättighetshavaren senast den 31 december 2018 anmäler till Lantmäteriet att den ska finnas kvar. Hur arbetar rättighetshavare med förnyelsekravet och vad kan förnyelsekravet väntas få för konsekvenser?

  • 14.
    Björklund, Sara
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Conzen, Agnes
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Redovisning av dispositionsrätter i fastighetsregistret avseende allmänt vattenområde2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Today, information concerning disposition rights in public water areas is not reported in any official register. The reason for this is that the general water area is not included in the property division. Public water area is not owned by anyone and the Legal, Financial and Administrative Services Agency(Kammarkollegiet) has become its representative.The purpose of the master thesis is to investigate and report how disposition rights in public water areas are to be reported in a property register and toexamine Finland’s system för reporting disposition rights in public water areas. The study method takes place with discussions in focus groups and qualitative interviews with experts. The focus groups and interviews were held with officials from the National Land survey of Sweden (Lantmäteriet), National Land Survey of Finland (Lantmäteriverket) and the Swedish Maritime Administration (Sjöfartsverket. Furthermore, the project presents a literature study and illustrates certain problems the entail that disposition rights in public water are not registered. The master thesis examines a brief comparison with the conditions in Finland, where public water is state-owned. The comparison is based on information obtained from interviews with representatives of the Finnish authorities and the results are used to find out if it is appropriate to apply the Finnish system in Sweden. The conclusion of the thesis is that legislation on public water areas is unclear. There is also uncertainty about the ownership of public water areas. The study concludes that it is not possible to define disposition righets in public water areas in legislation because public water is not owned by anyone and does not constitute a property. More research is needed in the subject to get at better system for reporting disposition rights regarding public water areas. The comparison with Finland concluded that Sweden and Finland have similar legislation regarding the property register. The biggest difference between the countries is that in Finland water is generally owned by the state.

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  • 15.
    Blomberg, Camilla
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    Rullstol - en symbol för svaghet?: En översiktsstudie om vuxna individer med funktionsvariation och deras utsatthet för sexualbrott2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The aim was to present a general view of what is found in earlier research on adults with disabilities and their vulnerability to sexual crimes. The study covers two issues: (1) How do the disability affect vulnerability to sexual crimes according to the articles? (2) How do the articles construct sexual crimes? To answer the aim a scoping review with a total of nine quantitative and qualitative scientific articles were used and a thematic analysis was conducted. The results were analyzed from a social constructionist perspective. The results showed that an individual with a visible disability was described as a symbol of weakness. The results also showed that the articles chose to construct sexual crimes as an individualistic problem. Moreover the results showed that an individual with a disability "consents" to sexual intercourse because of low self-esteem. The conclusion is that more research is needed in order to develop measures to prevent sexual crimes against individuals with disabilities to improve their feeling of security in society. 

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    Rullstol - en symbol för svaghet?
  • 16.
    Blomkvist, Alva
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Criminology.
    Jönsson, Moa
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Criminology.
    ”You sure she's 13? Because she seems old enough to ride this ride” - En kritisk diskursanalys om minderåriga flickors utsatthet för digitalt våld på plattformen TikTok2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The development of the Internet has created new arenas for utilizing violence. The purpose of this study is to investigate how digital violence against underage girls can manifest itself on TikTok. The data consists of comment sections belonging to underage girls. The study uses a radical feminist perspective which has the initial belief that the widespread sexual violence against women is a consequence of patriarchy and men's power over women's sexuality; thus, the study has also adopted a power-control perspective. The method for the study is Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, which has been applied to analyze how the discourse manifests in the comment sections. The results show that the digital violence expresses itself by sexualizing and in other ways violating and offending the girls, where the main distinguishing pattern of the discourse is the objectification of the girls as well as a social discourse being identified which maintains and reproduces patriarchal structures and gender power relations. There are tendencies towards a subculture that contributes to a cohesion between people who utilize digital violence against the girls; where the same expressions and words are used by different people.

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  • 17.
    Boklund, Magnus
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    Bäck, Emma
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    En skildring av fem kvinnors erfarenheter av våld i nära relation utifrån ett nätverksperspektiv2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study was to examine if and how victims of domestic violence disclose their experiences to their social network, how the social network responds to the violence and the significance of the network responses relative to the evolvement of the violence. The study is based on five semi-structured interviews with women who have been exposed to different forms of domestic violence. The results, which were analysed using a narrative analysis and interpreted by symbolic interactionism and the theory of the leaving process, shows that women disclose their experiences about domestic violence to both informal and formal contacts. Disclosure often happened in the aftermath of a serious violent incident. In the majority of cases, women experienced supportive reactions that also contributed to the final break up from their relationships. Some of the women, however, experience negative attitudes and rejection, in these situations an absolute break-up was not completed. 

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  • 18.
    Bosell, Josefine
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Lindblad, Martin
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Fastighetstaxering av lokalhyreshus: Utrymmen under mark2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    At a property tax assesment of a non-residential rental housing unit the valuation model of land does not take in to consideration the space beneath it that generate revenue from rent. This means that the tax assessment value of the land does not necessarily reflect the market value.   The purpose of this paper is to make a survey, of two Swedish cities, that can provide the National Land Survey with information that can help them improve the quality of the tax assessment value. The aim is to identify possible connections between the market value in comparison to the tax assessment value of properties with and without space beneath ground.  The methods used are a qualitative analysis of the purchase price in relation to tax assessment values and qualitative interviews. The analysis of the purchase price was done to answer if space beneath ground affects the market value compared to the tax assessment value. The interviews aim to create a deeper knowledge of the value of space beneath ground.  The results from the analysis of the purchase price showed that the market value was not affected by space beneath ground. However, it emerged in the interviews that the land value for space beneath ground should be handled differently during assassment, because it has a noteworthy value. The conclusion was that space beneath ground that generates revenue, should be included in the property tax assessment under special conditions.  

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  • 19.
    Brandt, Emma
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    Rekrytering till islamiska staten: En kvalitativ intervjustudie om IS-rekryteringen i Sverige2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to examine the recruitment to the Islamic state as well as viewing possible reasons and motives for joining the Islamic state. Furthermore I also intended to examine the impact of the new amendment of the law concerning terrorist crimes. The study is based on seven semi-structured interviews with persons who work with this kind of questions. Social media is an important part of the radicalization and recruitment to the Islamic state. General motives for joining the Islamic state are for example alienation, social injustice or a search for identity. Nevertheless the process of radicalization and recruitment are individual and vary between different persons.

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  • 20.
    Bronegård, Martina
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.
    Policy för markåtkomst: Granskning av Svensk Energis ”Policy - Markåtkomst”2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The management of land access for construction and maintenance of electric grids are handled differently by the electrical grid companies in Sweden. The branch organization Svensk Energi has created a policy for land access in order to create a unitary and equitable management that they recommend their members to use. The purpose of this study was to examine how the policy is used, to identify the areas of development and compile suggestions for improvement.

    Data for the study were collected through semi-structured interviews with experts in nine of the electrical grid companies that are members of Svensk Energi. The result shows that the application of the policy varies between the companies. According to the study the policy's positive features outnumbers its negative characteristics. The companies consider that the policy can be improved by more distinct guidelines in certain areas and more flexibility in other areas. The study presents and states the grounds for improvement proposals that Svensk Energi is recommended to implement to improve the policy.

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  • 21.
    Brunzell, Therese
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    "Vi uppfinner hjulet vid varje enskilt tillfälle": En intervjustudie av Kriminalvårdens möte med intagna transpersoner2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Through qualitative interviews with five employees in the Swedish correctional system and one trans-identified inmate, I sought to get an understanding of transgender inmates are dealt with in the Swedish correctional system. The aim of this study was to examine norms, values and practices expressed by the interview participants regarding transgender inmates. The interview participants expressed an awareness of the group’s vulnerable position in the prison environment, but also the lack of guidelines as well as structured methods to handle the group. Responses focused on the deviant and direct rather than the normative and preventive. The transgendered inmates themselves were responsible to explain their identity to others. At the same time there were no efforts to make the staff members aware of questions concerning gender identities and/or expressions. The Swedish correctional system can be said to maintain normative conceptions of two binary sexes by failing to provide action plans or natural options for persons with gender identities that extend beyond woman or man, or fluctuate between the two categories. To refuse to take a stand is to exercise power, make transgender inmates invisible, and perhaps even be seen as a violation in itself.

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  • 22.
    Bäckman-Mårdh, Sara
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Criminology, Criminology.
    Belestam, Annika
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Criminology, Criminology.
    En hovrätts bedömning av trovärdighet och tillförlitlighet i våldtäktsdomar år 2017 & 2021: En innehållsanalytisk studie med utgångspunkt i det ideala offret2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of the study was to investigate how a plaintiff's story is valued in rape convictions and to see what could affect the credibility and reliability of the plaintiff and defendant. The study used 40 rape convictions from Svea Hovrätt distributed between 2017 and 2021, which were read through several times based on content analysis. The results were analyzed on the basis of theories such as the ideal victim, critical victimology and with a social constructionist perspective. Previous research in the same field was also used. The results of the study showed that there were no major differences between the years, but a small difference could be sensed where the bearing in the plaintiff's story weighed heavier in 2021 than 2017. What affected the reliability and credibility depended on whether it was the defendant or plaintiff. An indication of negative discrimination could also be noted concerning racialized persons, which mostly turned out to be due to language difficulties.

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  • 23.
    Çağdaş, Volkan
    et al.
    Yıldız Technical University, Turkey.
    Stubkjær, Erik
    Aalborg University, Denmark.
    de Vries, Walter Timo
    Technical University of Munich, Germany.
    van der Merwe, Cornelius
    University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
    Paasch, Jesper M.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Paulsson, Jenny
    Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan.
    Schwery, Nadja
    University of Freiburg, Switzerland.
    Ploeger, Hendrik
    VUUniversity Amsterdam / Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.
    Işıkdağ, Ümit
    Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Turkey.
    Kara, Abdullah
    Yıldız Technical University, Turkey.
    Co-ownership shares in condominiums – A comparison across jurisdictions and standards: Long version2018In: 6th International FIG 3D Cadastre Workshop, Copenhagen: International Federation of Surveyors, FIG , 2018Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Condominium is one of the prevalent forms of three-dimensional (3D) property rights (Paulsson, 2007, p. 32). The condominium concept common to a number of jurisdictions consists of three elements: (a) individual ownership of an apartment, (b) co-ownership (joint ownership) of the land and the common parts of the building, and (c) membership of an incorporated or unincorporated owners' association (van der Merwe, 2015, p. 5). The ownership shares of condominium unit owners in the common property are here referred to as co-ownership shares; yet, alternative terms include ownership fraction, condominium share, participation quota, share value, and unit entitlement. The co-ownership share determines the proportional contribution to the common expenses and the share of common profits, as well as the voting power of each condominium unit owner in the administration of the condominium. The most common approaches to the determination of the co-ownership shares are based on equality, relative size or relative value of each condominium unit, or a combination of such (van der Merwe, 1994, p. 57-58). The literature presents detailed descriptions and comparative analysis related to condominium systems in different jurisdictions (e.g. van der Merwe, 2016; 2015; Paulsson, 2007; EUI, 2005; UNECE, 2005); however, the technical and procedural aspects related to the allotment of co-ownership shares still need to be further investigated. This paper aims to compare methods and procedures applied for the allotment of co-ownership shares of condominium systems in the following seven jurisdictions; Denmark, Germany, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Turkey. Also, international geographic information standards (i.e. ISO LADM, OGC LandInfra/InfraGML) are analyzed to assess the extent to which they facilitate allocation of co-ownership shares. The main purpose is to clarify the legal provisions and methodologies related to the determination of co-ownership shares in national condominium systems and bring new insights to countries, which are trying to revise their national provisions for fairer implementations.

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  • 24.
    Çağdaş, Volkan
    et al.
    Yıldız Technical University, Turkey.
    Stubkjær, Erik
    Aalborg University, Denmark.
    de Vries, Walter
    Technical University of Munich, Germany.
    van der Merwe, Cornelius
    University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
    Paasch, Jesper M.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Paulsson, Jenny
    Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan.
    Schwery, Nadja
    University of Freiburg, Switzerland.
    Ploeger, Hendrik
    VU University Amsterdam/Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.
    Işıkdağ, Ümit
    Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Turkey.
    Kara, Abdullah
    Yıldız Technical University, Turkey.
    Co-ownership shares in condominiums – A comparison across jurisdictions and standards: Short version2018In: 6th International FIG 3D Cadastre Workshop / [ed] Peter van Oosterom, Copenhagen: International Federation of Surveyors, FIG , 2018, p. 217-242Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Condominium is one of the prevalent forms of three- dimensional (3D) property rights (Paulsson, 2007, p. 32). The condominium concept common to a number of jurisdictions consists of three elements: (a) individual ownership of an apartment, (b) co-ownership (joint ownership) of the land and the common parts of the building, and (c) membership of an incorporated or unincorporated owners' association (van der Merwe, 2015, p. 5). The ownership shares of condominium unit owners in the common property are here referred to as co-ownership shares; yet, alternative terms include ownership fraction, condominium share, participation quota, share value, and unit entitlement. The co-ownership share determines the proportional contribution to the common expenses and the share of common profits, as well as the voting power of each condominium unit owner in the administration of the condominium. The most common approaches to the determination of the co-ownership shares are based on equality, relative size or relative value of each condominium unit, or a combination of such (van der Merwe, 1994, p. 57-58). The literature presents detailed descriptions and comparative analysis related to condominium systems in different jurisdictions (e.g. van der Merwe, 2016; 2015; Paulsson, 2007; EUI, 2005; UNECE, 2005); however, the technical and procedural aspects related to the allotment of co-ownership shares still need to be further investigated. This paper aims to compare methods and procedures applied for the allotment of co-ownership shares of condominium systems in the following seven jurisdictions; Denmark, Germany, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Turkey. Also, international geographic information standards are analyzed to assess the extent to which they facilitate allocation of co-ownership shares. The main purpose is to clarify the legal provisions and methodologies related to the determination of co-ownership shares in national condominium systems and bring new insights to countries, which are trying to revise their national provisions for fairer implementations.

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  • 25.
    Carpenter, Angela
    et al.
    School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; Centre for Marine and Coastal Policy Research, Plymouth University, United Kingdom.
    Shellock, Rebecca
    Plymouth Marine Laboratory, United Kingdom; European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Truro, United Kingdom.
    von Haartman, Robin
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Industrial economics. University of Gävle, Center for Logistics and Innovative Production.
    Stephen, Fletcher
    UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, United Kingdom.
    Glegg, Gillian
    Centre for Marine and Coastal Policy Research, Plymouth University, United Kingdom.
    Public perceptions of management priorities for the English Channel region2018In: Marine Policy, ISSN 0308-597X, E-ISSN 1872-9460, Vol. 97, p. 294-304Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The English Channel region is an area of high conservational importance, as well being a contributor to economic prosperity, social well-being and quality of life of the people living around it. There is a need to incorporate societal elements into marine and coastal governance, to improve management of the Channel ecosystem. Public Perception Research (PPR) is a relatively unexplored dimension of marine science, with limited research at the scale of the Channel region. Using an online survey, this study examined the public's use of, and funding priorities for, the Channel's marine and coastal environment. It revealed that there are variations in how the English and French coastlines are used. Environmental issues were generally viewed as being more important than economic ones. Country-level differences were observed for public uses of, and priorities for the Channel region. Cleaner water and beaches, and improved coastal flood defences, were more highly prioritised by English respondents, while offshore renewable energy and sustainability of businesses were more highly prioritised by French respondents. The paper contributes to the debate on the value of PPR by addressing evidence gaps in the English Channel region, and to PPR literature more broadly. It provides baseline data to inform future engagement strategies for the marine and coastal governance of the Channel region specifically. It also identifies how this type of research has implications for the wider marine and coastal environment, including contributing to Sustainable Development Goal 14 on conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources.

  • 26.
    Colakovic, Isak
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Kan allemansrättens omfattning tydliggöras genom domsluten i tidigare rättsfall?2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The Right of Public Access is today a part of the Swedish constitutional law and is also mentioned in the Environmental Code without being defined. The law does not give any clear explanation as to what the Right of Public Access really means and what it encompasses apart from the general obligation to show consideration and caution. The law can only provide some form of demarcation if other laws are interpreted to the contrary, but that this should be done is in any case an assumption. It would also be strange if a Constitutional law is always relative to all other laws that are supposed to be subordinate to it. 

    Conflicts regarding the Right of Public Access are unusual, probably because it is based on custom and consensus, but with an increased commercial use of nature in the form of for example berry picking and the arranging of tourist activities on other peoples land as well as a change in general attitudes, it is not far-fetched to imagine that these conflict can become increasingly common in the future. It is important to know what rights and obligations the Right of Public Access actually provides, in addition to vague guidelines that people are assumed to follow.

    Since it is not possible to find this in the law, this thesis turns to the next step in the legal system; the courts, which would usually proceed from the law to resolve legal conflicts. Seven legal cases have been analysed with the aim of finding out the reasoning used by the courts and how they assess the extent of the Right of Public Access in each case. The purpose is to be able to compare the outcomes of the conflicts to see if the courts´ handling of previous cases can clarify anything regarding the extent and limitations of the Right of Public Access.

    The results show that there are large differences between how different courts assess the matter, both within the same legal case but also between them. There are sheer contradictions and it cannot be said that the courts are consistent in their application of the Right of Public Access. Some principles appear in several of the verdicts, such as an unspecified tolerance limit for damage and inconvenience, that a commercial use of the Right of Public Access is permitted and that there is an oppurtunity for property owners to partially prevent the public from areas that are technically accessible by the Right of Public Access given certain conditions. However, it is doubtful how much these rules, applied by several courts, are worth as there is no obligation for a future legal interpreter to take them into account. The courts generally have a too far-reaching interpretation regarding what rights the public has, which results in the landowner having to make major concessions. The work finds that it is necessary that the demarcations of the Right of Public Access be legislated after a careful investigation that takes the changing conditions of the future into account. 

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  • 27.
    Da Luz Reis, Isaura
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    Kindström, Linnéa
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    "Om man ser ut som du så får man skylla sig själv": En intervjustudie om transidentifierades utsatthet för brott och annan utsatthet, samt rättsväsendets bemötande2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In using semi-structured interviews with four people of trans experience, the study investigated such peoples’ (transvestites, transgender, inter-gender and other with transexperience) exposure to crime and other vulnerabilities. It explored whether they had contacted the justice system concerning their vulnerabilities and if so, the quality of the response they received, in the case of there being any at all. The exposure to crime (and other) varies greatly as it is dependent upon different grounds of discrimination. It is also said to be multifaceted and made up of both illegal actions and others that are not necessarily lawfully deemed a crime. The exposure of such discrimination is to a degree of frequency, the interviewees normalise it and struggle to distinguish it. There are multiple reasons as to why the interviewees do or do not choose to contact the justice system, possibly the fear of secondary victimization or their own earlier experience of poor treatment. This potentially could also be put to the fact the justice system’s response has, when it existed, varied significantly. How well binary transpeople pass affect the exposure to crime (and other) to a great extent, since the ignorance of transpersons is large and often result in discrimination.

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  • 28.
    Dimopooulou, Efi
    et al.
    National Technical University of Athens, Greece.
    Karki, Sudarshan
    Queensland Government, Australia.
    Miodrag, Roić
    University of Zagreb, Croatia.
    de Almeida, José-Paulo Duarte
    University of Coimbra Apartado, Portugal.
    Griffith-Charles, Charisse
    The University of the West Indies St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
    Thompson, Rod
    Delft University of Technology.
    Ying, Shen
    Wuhan University, China.
    Paasch, Jesper M.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    van Oosterom, Peter
    Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.
    3D Cadastres Best Practices, Chapter 2: Initial Registration of 3D Parcels2018In: FIG Congress 2018: Proceedings, Copenhagen: International Federation of Surveyors, FIG , 2018Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Registering the rights of a 3D parcel should provide certainty of ownership, protection of rights and unambiguous spatial location. While not all cadastral jurisdictions in the world maintain a digital cadastral database, the concepts of such registration hold true regardless of whether it is a paper-based cadastre or a digital one. Similarly, the motivations and purpose for the creation of a 2D cadastre for individual jurisdictions applies to3D cadastre as well. It provides security of ownership for3D parcels, protects the rights of the owners, and provides valuable financial instruments such as mortgage, collateral, valuation and taxation. The current life cycle of the development of a land parcel includes processes startfrom outside the cadastral registration sphere, such as zoning plans and permits, but has a direct impact on how a certain development application is processed. Thus, in considering the changes required to allow a jurisdiction to register 3D, it is important to note the sphere of influence that could have an impact on 3D registration. These include planners, notaries, surveyors, data managers and registrars; however for the purpose of this paper, the research is focused on the core 3D aspects that are institutional, legal and technical. This paper explores approaches and solutions towards the implementation of initial 3D cadastral registration, as derivedby current procedures of registration of 3D parcels in various countries worldwide. To this end, the paper analyses the categorisations and approaches of3D spatial units and examines the validation requirements (constraints) on a cadastral database, at various levels of maturity. In this view, 3D data storage and visualization issues are examined in relation to the level of complexity of various jurisdictions, as provided by the results of the country inventory combined with a worldwide survey in 2010 and updated in 2014 (Van Oosterom, et al., 2014). It appearsthat significant progress has been achieved in providing legal provisions for the registration of 3D cadastres in many countries and several have started to show 3D information on cadastral plans such as isometric views, vertical profiles or text environment to facilitate such data capture and registration. Moreover, as jurisdictions progress towards an implementation of 3D cadastre, much 3D data collected in other areas (BIM, IFC CityGML files, IndoorGML, InfraGML and LandXML) open up the possibility of creating 3D cadastral database and combining with the existing datasets.The usability, compatibility and portability of these datasets is a low cost solution to one of the costliest phases of the implementation of 3D cadastres, which is the initial 3D data capture.

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  • 29.
    Dimopooulou, Efi
    et al.
    School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
    Karki, Sudarshan
    Queensland Government, Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Brisbane, Australia.
    Roić, Miodrag
    Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagred, Zagreb, Croatia.
    Duarte de Almeida, José-Paulo
    Geomatic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
    Griffith-Charles, Charisse
    epartment of Geomatics Engineering and Land Management, Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
    Thompson, Rod
    Department OTB, Section GIS - technology, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
    Ying, Shen
    School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
    Paasch, Jesper M.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Oosterom, Peter van
    Department OTB, GIS Technology Section, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands .
    Chapter 2. Initial Registration of 3D Parcels2018In: Best Practices 3D Cadastres - Extended version / [ed] Peter van Oosterom, Copenhagen, Denmark: International Federation of Surveyors , 2018, p. 67-94Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Registering the rights of a 3D parcel should provide certainty of ownership, protection of rights and unambiguous spatial location. While not all cadastral jurisdictions in the world maintain a digital cadastral database, the concepts of such registration hold true regardless of whether it is a paper-based cadastre or a digital one. Similarly, the motivations and purpose for the creation of a 2D cadastre for individual jurisdictions applies to3D cadastre as well. It provides security of ownership for3D parcels, protects the rights of the owners, and provides valuable financial instruments such as mortgage, collateral, valuation and taxation. The current life cycle of the development of a land parcel includes processes startfrom outside the cadastral registration sphere, such as zoning plans and permits, but has a direct impact on how a certain development application is processed. Thus, in considering the changes required to allow a jurisdiction to register 3D, it is important to note the sphere of influence that could have an impact on 3D registration. These include planners, notaries, surveyors, data managers and registrars; however for the purpose of this paper, the research is focused on the core 3D aspects that are institutional, legal and technical. This paper explores approaches and solutions towards the implementation of initial 3D cadastral registration, as derivedby current procedures of registration of 3D parcels in various countries worldwide. To this end, the paper analyses the categorisations and approaches of3D spatial units and examines the validation requirements (constraints) on a cadastral database, at various levels of maturity. In this view, 3D data storage and visualization issues are examined in relation to the level of complexity of various jurisdictions, as provided by the results of the country inventory combined with a worldwide survey in 2010 and updated in 2014 (Van Oosterom, et al., 2014). It appearsthat significant progress has been achieved in providing legal provisions for the registration of 3D cadastres in many countries and several have started to show 3D information on cadastral plans such as isometric views, vertical profiles or text environment to facilitate such data capture and registration. Moreover, as jurisdictions progress towards an implementation of 3D cadastre, much 3D data collected in other areas (BIM, IFC CityGML files, IndoorGML, InfraGML and LandXML) open up the possibility of creating 3D cadastral database and combining with the existing datasets.The usability, compatibility and portability of these datasets is a low cost solution to one of the costliest phases of the implementation of 3D cadastres, which is the initial 3D data capture.

  • 30.
    Dimopooulou, Efi
    et al.
    School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
    Karki, Sudarshan
    Queensland Government, Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Brisbane, Australia.
    Roić, Miodrag
    Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagred, Zagreb, Croatia.
    Duarte de Almeida, José-Paulo
    Geomatic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
    Griffith-Charles, Charisse
    Department of Geomatics Engineering and Land Management, Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
    Thompson, Rod
    Department OTB, Section GIS - technology, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
    Ying, Shen
    School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
    Paasch, Jesper M.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Oosterom, Peter van
    Department OTB, GIS Technology Section, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands .
    Chapter 2. Initial Registration of 3D Parcels2018In: Best Practices 3D Cadastres - Printed version / [ed] Peter van Oosterom, Copenhagen, Denmark: International Federation of Surveyors , 2018, p. 19-27Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    3D geoinformation is becoming increasingly important towards decision-making, land management and land development. Research has demonstrated the actual added value of 3D information over 2D in the cases of an overall more efficient integration of urban vs. regional planning and management, especially when dealing with 3D under- ground/aboveground infrastructures. Despite the fact that there has been consistent research within geoinformation science (GISc) on the concept of 3D for more than a decade now, several potentially involved parties are still reluctant to invest in 3D data, 3D techniques and applications. As a consequence, large administration processes re- lating to urban/ rural planning often run up financial losses simply because generic geoinformation is not part of the process (Stoter, 2011; Stoter et al, 2012).

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  • 31.
    Donoyan, Alexis
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Wahlberg, Emil
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Jämförelse mellan 2D- och 3D-fastigheter för station och spårsträcka i upphöjt läge2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This document is a degree project written at the University of Gavle.

    By station and track section in elevated position is meant that they lie on a plane above the ground surface. Previously, ground planes in the air with the help of 3D properties have never been implemented in Sweden.

    Today, relatively few 3D properties are formed in Sweden in comparison to how many properties there are in total. This study aims to investigate which property formation is most appropriate and what advantages there are with using 3D or traditional 2D properties for a station and track section in elevated position.

    In order to get answers to the questions, the thesis work was initiated with a literature review and then interviews and the collection of legal acts were applied. These collections were later compiled in a result of what advantages are available with 2D and 3D-properties, respectively, and what is most appropriate for a station and track section in elevated position.

    The authors examined a planned railway station and track section in elevated position in Norrkoping municipality in connection with the implementation of Ostlanken. Ostlanken is a railway project for double-track high-speed rail between Stockholm and Linkoping. The purpose of Ostlanken is to increase the capacity for rail traffic for both passenger and freight traffic and to expand a new strain path. It is an investment in environmentally friendly communications and faster trains that contribute to sustainable travel and transport. The property for the future railway station in Norrkoping has not yet been formed and this study will be the basis for decisions. The study was designed to apply generally to railway tracks in elevated position and can be applied to similar cases like that in Norrkoping municipality.

    The authors compared which property formation is most appropriate for a station and track section in elevated position. The conclusion is that 3D properties have more advantages and benefits compared to a traditional 2D property and associated easements, which means that 3D properties should be used for such an infrastructure project as a railway station in elevated position.

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  • 32.
    Eliasson, Ida
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Tongring, Frida
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Lagstiftning och tillstånd vid ändrat användningsområde av komplementbyggnader: En fråga om avstyckning, bygglov och strandskyddsdispens2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    I Sverige finns inget krav på bygglov vid uppförande av en komplementbyggnad på fastighet med en- och tvåfamiljshus. Det förekommer många lagar och lagrum där komplementbyggnader omskrivs, men att tillämpa dessa i verkligheten anses till viss del vara svårare. När avstyckning av komplementbyggnad sker inom strandskyddat område ska förrättningslantmätaren avgöra hur stor påverkan förrättningen har på strandskyddslagstiftningen. Lagstiftningen anses svårtolkad när det gäller avstyckad komplementbyggnad både inom och utanför strandskyddat område. Detta kan leda till oklarheter kring vilka tillstånd som egentligen krävs samt att lantmäterimyndigheten, länsstyrelsen och byggnadsnämnden inte alltid är överens om vad som faktiskt är möjligt att genomföra. Därför ska frågan “Hur ser lagstiftningen ut och vilka tillstånd krävs när komplementbyggnad avstyckas inom och utom strandskyddat område?” utredas i detta examensarbete.

    Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur denna problematik kan förenklas för att bespara både lantmäterimyndigheten samt sakägare tid och ibland även kostnader. Dessutom önskas det klargöras vilka regler och principer som gäller då en komplementbyggnad avstyckas som ligger inom strandskyddat område då detta idag anses tvetydigt enligt lagstiftningen. Målet med detta arbete är att bidra till ytterligare kunskap kring ämnet och genom det besvara frågor som idag förekommer gällande komplementbyggnader samt försöka finna ett enklare förhållningssätt kring information huruvida dessa problem ska lösas.

    I studien har både kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder använts. Nio intervjuer med verksamma inom området har genomförts där majoriteten bekräftade att det förekommer dilemman i dessa frågor. Vidare har fem förrättningsakter och åtta domar studerats, sammanfattats och sedan analyserats.

    I slutsatsen fastställs att problematiken kring lagstiftningen har funnits länge och fortfarande finns. Det förekommer efterfrågan kring tydligare lagstiftning med önskan om att det ska underlätta för både verksamma och fastighetsägare. Lagstiftning och olika intressen mellan myndigheter samt bristfälligt samarbete försvårar i vissa fall processen ytterligare.

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  • 33. El-Mekawy, Mohamed
    et al.
    Paasch, Jesper M.
    Lantmäteriet.
    Paulsson, Jenny
    KTH, Fastighetsvetenskap.
    Integration of 3D Cadastre, 3D Property Formation and BIM in Sweden2014In: Proceedings of the 4th International FIG 3D Cadastre Workshop, 9-11 November 2014, Dubai, UAE, 2014, p. 17-34Conference paper (Other academic)
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  • 34.
    El-Mekawy, Mohamed Sobaih Aly
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Paasch, Jesper M.
    Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority, Gävle, Sweden.
    Paulsson, Jenny
    Real Estate Planning and Land Law, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Integration of Legal Aspects in 3D Cadastral Systems2015In: International Journal of E-Planning Research, ISSN 2160-9918, Vol. 4, no 3, p. 47-71Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article continues a research on the feasibility of BIM for 3D cadastre in unified building models, presented in . It describes problems and solutions concerning interaction between BIM and the registration and visualisation of legal 3D property information. BIM and legal 3D property are two seemingly different domains, and there is a lack of BIM-3D property research in relation to technical and registration issues. The article therefore focuses on possibilities and difficulties of addressing legal interests (i.e. rights, restrictions and responsibilities) in land. A Swedish case study is used to describe the use of 3D property formation and registration in Sweden, and how it might be possible to achieve a more integrated, standard based registration of legal boundaries and physical buildings. The results emphasize how BIM and 3D property domains can interact to serve the needs for effective information handling by e.g. importing 3D cadastral boundaries into BIM as basis for decision-making or to use BIM as input in the 3D cadastral formation process.

  • 35.
    Estrada, Felipe
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Kriminologiska institutionen.
    Nilsson, Anders
    Stockholms universitet, Kriminologiska institutionen.
    Jerre, Kristina
    Stockholms universitet, Kriminologiska institutionen.
    Wikman, Sofia
    Stockholms universitet, Kriminologiska institutionen; Institutet för framtidsstudier.
    Violence at Work: The Emergence of a Social Problem2010In: Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, ISSN 1404-3858, E-ISSN 1651-2340, Vol. 11, no 1, p. 46-65Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article analyses trends in violence at work on the basis of victim surveys, work-environment surveys, and press material. It proceeds from the two most common explanations of why violence at work appears to have increased over recent decades. These emphasize shifts in working conditions that have increased employees' victimization risk, and a broadened view of what is regarded as work-related violence. The empirical analyses provide support for both these explanations, and the various dimensions examined—increased reporting propensities, expanded definitions, a reduced tolerance of violence, and altered working conditions—are linked to one another.

  • 36.
    Estrada, Felipe
    et al.
    Institutet för framtidsstudier, Stockholm.
    Nilsson, Anders
    Institutet för framtidsstudier, Stockholm.
    Wikman, Sofia
    Stockholms universitet, Kriminologiska institutionen.
    Det ökade våldet i arbetslivet: En analys utifrån de svenska offerundersökningarna2007In: Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab, ISSN 0029-1528, Vol. 94, no 1, p. 56-73Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Victim surveys from both Sweden and her Nordic neighbours show that the proportion reporting exposure to violence at work has increased during the 1990s. This article examines the question of how this trend should be understood. Does the increase reflect a rise in the number of people exposed to such violence, or is it rather due to an increase in the focus on violence and a broadening of the way violence is defined? On the basis of Swedish victim surveys covering the period 1984 - 2001, the article examines whether the character of this problem has changed as regards the seriousness of the violence, the occupational groups exposed to such violence, and the extent to which victims have contacted the police. The study shows that there has been an increase in exposure to threats and violence at work. This increase is found primarily in relation to violence and not to threats, among women, and in particular those working with some form of care provision. One surprising finding is that the propensity to report work-related violence has diminished somewhat, something that is not true for other types of violence. We thus find a high propensity to report when levels of exposure are low, and a lower reporting propensity once exposure to violence has increased. This trend is conceptualized against the background of a shift in and broadening of the type of incidents reported in the context of victim surveys. Acts of violence against persons employed in the health sector, schools and in care provision are less likely to be reported to the police than violence perpetrated against members of other occupational groups. Thus as care workers come to account for an increasing proportion of both violent incidents and the victims of violence, the aggregate propensity to report such incidents decreases. When the focus is limited to those individuals working in the care sector who have themselves been exposed to violence, there are no signs of a reduction in their reporting propensity.

  • 37.
    Faulkner, Lina
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    Rosenius, Cecilia
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    Brott, kön och socioekonomi i Uppsala: en analys av statistik om ungdomar misstänkta för brott i Uppsala kommun2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this thesis was to analyze delinquency in Uppsala regarding types of crime, neighborhoods and gender, as well as to study whether there was any correlation between delinquency and socioeconomics. By using data on suspected youths in the age of 13-20 in Uppsala, we did a univariate and bivariate statistical analysis. To study the relationship between the neighborhood structure and frequency of suspected youths we first used a correlation matrix and then proceeded with a multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicated that there are similarities and differences regarding delinquency of boys and girls. The most distinct difference was the frequency of suspected youths. Regarding the regression analysis, the socioeconomics explains a relatively large part of the variance of frequencies of suspected youths.

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  • 38.
    Forsberg, Sandra
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    Wattberg, Maja
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    "Det är aldrig för sent": Fyra berättelser om vägen ut ur kriminalitet.2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    ”It´s never too late.” - Four stories about the path out of crime.

    The purpose of this paper was to study the subjective experiences of factors that have contributed to desistance from criminal behavior, and the factors which, according to the interviewees own experiences lead to the maintenance of a more conventional lifestyle. The study was performed using qualitative semi-structured interviews with four ex-offenders. The results have shown that factors, such as love relationships and parenting, as well as desistance from alcohol and drug abuse and changing their environment are factors that in interaction with each other have affected the interviewed individuals desistance from criminal behavior. Routines, new social network and support are factors which, according to the interviewees made it possible to maintain a more conventional lifestyle. The study's main conclusion is that the interaction between external and internal factors so called ”turning points”, is crucial to a desistance process to be successful.

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  • 39.
    Frid, Camilla
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Criminology, Criminology.
    Kvinnlig brottslighet och viktimisering utifrån ett självbiografiskt perspektiv: En tematisk narrativ analys2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study was to investigate female crime and victimization based on how this is presented in autobiographies of female criminals with a focus on gender structures and the role men play in women’s crime and victimization. The study was based on autobiographies of three Swedish female criminals on which themes corresponding to the purpose of the study were identified. The results were analyzed on the basis of theories of hegemonic masculinity, gender systems and socialist feminism and compared with previous research. The study showed that gender structures clearly appear in the autobiographies. Men’s power and dominance over women was made visible, not least through prostitution, but also through other violations, coersion, abuse and rape, women were victimized, both in childhood and in adulthood. Men were also shown in various ways to influence women to start committing crimes.

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  • 40.
    Färnstrand, Roslan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Law.
    Elektroniskt gränssnitt inom mervärdeskatt: Analys av artikel 14a gällande elektroniska gränssnitt och när anses man vara en "faktiskt leverantör"2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Artikel 14a mervärdesskattedirektivet är en bestämmelse som utvecklar många olika aspekter inom mervärdesskatten. Artikel 14a:s stora påverkan inom mervärdesskatten är införandet av två nya begrepp och dessa är begreppet om elektroniskt gränssnitt och begreppet om faktisk leverantör. Dessutom expanderas vissa begrepp för att omfatta flera beskattningsbara personer ett av dessa system är systemet om Mini One Stop Shop som döps om till One Stop Shop och kommer i stället omfatta fler beskattningsbara personer.

     

    Begreppet elektroniskt gränssnitt är ett brett koncept som kan omfatta många olika områden. Ett elektroniskt gränssnitt i huvudregeln borde anses vara ett system där olika användare kan kommunicera med varandra med hjälp av en enhet eller program, ett sådan system kan vara tillexempel en webbplats där en näringsidkare annonserar sina produkter och en konsument som köper dessa produkter. I artikel 14a beskrivs det också ett nytt begrepp och detta är begreppet om faktiskleverantör. En faktisk leverantör har samma rättigheter/skyldigheter som en det traditionella begreppet leverantör ur ett mervärdesskatteperspektiv. Man kan endast anses vara en faktisk leverantör om man omfattas av begreppet elektroniskt gränssnitt och man möjliggör en leverans från en underliggande leverantör till slut konsumenten genom det elektroniska gränssnittet man bedriver. Därav kan en person anses vara innehavare av ett elektroniskt gränssnitt utan att vara den faktiska leverantören. Samtidigt kan vissa transaktioner genom det elektroniska gränssnittet omfattas av bestämmelsen om faktisk leverantör och vissa inte. Detta betydeter att en innehavare av ett elektroniskt gränssnitt måste vara medveten om vilka transaktioner omfattas av bestämmelsen gällande faktisk leverantör och vilka gör inte det. 

     

    Begreppet One Stop Shop är en utveckling på det tidigare systemet Mini One Stop Shop. One Stop Shop-systemet innebär att man redovisar andra länders mervärdesskatt genom ens egna skattemyndighet. One Stop Shop möjliggör också för beskattningsbara personen att slippa momsregistrera sig i varje enskilt medlemstatsland. Huvudregeln är att om man säljer till en konsument i ett annat land ska man moms registera sig i det landet konsumenten befinner sig. Med ett system som One Stop Shop underlättar för e-handelsföretag som har många kunder som befinner sig i olika medlemsstater inom EU. Detta i in tur kan leda till en minskad administrativ börda.

     

    Artikel 14a infördes på grund av att kunna säkerställa en ändamålsenlig och effektiv uppbörd av mervärdesskatten men samtidigt att minska den administrativa bördan för de olika aktörerna så som leverantörer, skatteförvaltningen och konsumenterna. Minskningen av den administrativa bördan och ändamålsenlig uppbörd av mervärdesskatten har kunnat uppnås genom införandet av begreppet elektroniskt gränssnitt/faktisk leverantör. Dessa två begrepp skapar det en tydligare bild om vad som gäller för de olika aktörerna på marknaden, där alla parter som är inblandade vet hur de ska gå till väga. Samtidigt sätter detta en stor börda för företag att anpassa sig till det nya regelverket.

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  • 41. Gallo, Carina
    et al.
    Fowlin, Julaine
    Lilja, My
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology, Criminology.
    Gaining a Global Criminal Justice Perspective: A Computer-Supported Collaboration Between Students in Sweden and the United States2018In: Journal of Criminal Justice Education, ISSN 1051-1253, E-ISSN 1745-9117, Vol. 29, no 4, p. 531-550Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper explores how Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) can globalize a criminal justice curriculum. It draws on a project where criminology students in Sweden and the United States collaborated in an online environment. We describe the design of the project and use student reflections to identify successes and challenges. The results show that for a CSCL to be successful, instructors need to be intentional about academic, psychological, and interpersonal aspects of the collaboration, as they are all interrelated. The students experienced challenges, for example, related to the workload. However, in most cases, the perceived benefits outweighed the challenges. The students reported an improved understanding of criminology theory and enhanced critical thinking skills. We argue that CSCL can improve the affordability and accessibility of global learning. Without having to travel, the students entered a virtual space where they could learn together with students and faculty from another country.

  • 42.
    Gorgis Poulos, Ival
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    Dulger, Nouhadra
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Psychology.
    Livsberättelser av unga män i förorten: En kvalitativ studie om identifiering av risk- och skyddsfaktorer2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med studien är att studera bakomliggande orsaker till uppkomsten av brottsliga handlingar hos personer med invandrarbakgrund i utsatta områden. Studiens centrala frågeställning är att undersöka hur intervjupersonerna ser på sina uppväxtförhållanden. För att besvara frågeställningen utgick vi från en kvalitativ metod och använde oss av semistrukturerade intervjuer innehållande narrativa inslag, med fyra intervjudeltagare. Ett av studiens viktigaste resultat är att riskfaktorer i tidig ålder är indikationer på brottsliga beteenden, men forskning visar att det är nästintill omöjligt att med säkerhet predicera om riskfaktorer i ungas liv leder till senare brottslighet. Förändringar kan ske både i livsförloppet och i individernas sociala nätverk som i sin tur leder till strukturella förändringar i individernas liv. Dessa förändringar kan både främja och hämma brottsliga beteenden hos en individ, beroende på om förändringarna utgör risk-eller skyddsfaktor.  Slutsatsen av studien är att ingenting är på förhand givet, vi kan inte med säkerhet säga att en individ med vissa riskfaktorer kommer att bli kriminell. 

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  • 43.
    Grylin, Hanna
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Law. Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete.
    Passivitetsrätten vid skattetillägg2019Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    When a taxpayer fails to fulfill the obligation in Chapter 30 Section 1 and Chapter 31 Section 3 of the Swedish Tax Procedure Act, skatteförfarandelagen (2011:1244), the STPA, to submit information about his or her taxable income, he or she becomes liable to pay a tax surcharge. Decisions about tax surcharges can be made in both administrative and criminal proceedings. In fact, decisions on tax surcharges may be made due to a taxpayer’s passiveness during a criminal tax procedure, regardless of the intent. However, the European Court on Human Rights has established that a person’s silence is not, in itself, sufficient proof for a conviction. This causes a tension between the obligation to submit information about taxable income and the right to silence and the right against self-incrimination in the Swedish tax surcharge procedure.

    The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the relationship between the Swedish system of tax surcharge and the right to silence and the right against self-incrimination according to the ECHR, the EU Charter, Article 3 Section 1 (e) of Directive 2012/13/EU and Article 7 of Directive 2016/343/EU. The method used to analyze these problems and discuss solutions combines a legal dogmatic method with an autonomous interpretation of the right to silence and the right against self-incrimination. The analysis shows that problems occur after the point where a taxpayer has been charged with a criminal offence according to the autonomous meaning of the concept. This point in time corresponds to the point in time when action is taken by the Swedish Tax Agency that has a substantial impact on the taxpayer. The analysis also shows that if a tax surcharge is levied only because of a taxpayer’s silence, after that point, there has been a violation of the right to silence and the right against self-incrimination according to the autonomous meaning.

    The conclusion of the thesis is that there is a need for an amendment to the STPA, which reinforces the autonomous meaning of the right to silence and the right against self-incrimination in the Swedish tax surcharge procedure. This includes new rules in the STPA, which define 1) a duty for the Swedish Tax Agency to inform taxpayers about the right to silence and the right against selfincrimination, 2) the scope of the taxpayer’s obligation to submit information about taxable income in relation to the right to silence and the right against selfincrimination and 3) rules on exemption from tax surcharge when it violates the right to silence and the right against self-incrimination.

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  • 44.
    Göransson, Magnus
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Winka, Hans
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Nej till omarrondering: En studie i västra Rättvik2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Genom flera århundraden har fastigheter, genom arv, delats upp i skiften så pass många gånger att de i dag inte utgör lämpliga fastigheter. Omarrondering, som är en typ av fastighetsreglering, är ett verktyg som är till för att förbättra den befintliga fastighetsstrukturen och i Sverige används omarrondering i syfte att skapa ett så lönsamt skogsbruk som möjligt. Men det är långt ifrån alla fastighetsägare som ställer sig positiv till fastighetsregleringsmetoden. Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur berörda fastighetsägare ser på omarronderingsprocessen och vilka faktorer som är avgörande då de röstar nej till omarrondering samt presentera eventuella åtgärder som kan förenkla framtida omarronderingar. Studien genomfördes genom att intervjua fastighetsägare som röstat nej till omarrondering i en opinionsundersökning. Intervjupersonerna valdes ut slumpvis från en lista med fastighetsägare som röstat nej till omarrondering i västra Rättvik. Resultatet visade bland annat att motståndet till omarrondering berodde på: att det är en lång process som kostar mycket pengar, att fastighetsägare kan tvingas till omarrondering mot sin vilja och en rädsla att förlora jakträtten. En del fastighetsägare upplevde omarronderingsprocessen som odemokratisk och vinklad, ett större samförstånd mellan berörda parter efterfrågades. Studien utmynnade i bland annat följande slutsatser: Många fastighetsägare lyfte fram att omarronderingsprocessen måste bli snabbare och ske till en lägre kostnad. Förutom det framkom även faktorer av känslomässig karaktär och att samsynen måste förbättras mellan myndighet och fastighetsägare. Det fanns en viss positiv inställning till omarrondering som gjorde att fastighetsägare kunde tänka sig rösta för en omarrondering, men att det måste ske under andra former. Vissa fastighetsägare kunde aldrig tänka sig att rösta ja till omarrondering, de ansåg att processen ska vara frivillig.

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  • 45.
    Hansson, Emelie
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Svensson, Lena
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Handläggningstider för fastighetsbildning: Påverkan på landsbygdsutvecklingen2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    During a long time period, processing times considering property formation have been a challenge for the cadastral authorities. It is specified in the Administrative Procedure Act that an errand shall be handled as simply, quickly and cost-effectively as possible. Due to the ongoing urbanisation this has been difficult to maintain. The Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority has an assignment from the government to prioritize errands that are important to the society which often includes newbuildt households, infrastructure and facilities. Agricultural and forestry property units belong to the category which often has to stand back in this process and therefore do not get prioritized. The aim of the thesis is to examine how the state cadastral authorities and the municipal cadastral authorities management of errands affects rural development. The thesis was performed through several methods to receive appropriate data information to answer the thesis research focuses. Through a literature review, public documents have been processed containing information about processing times for property formation errands and rural areas' role and challenges in society. The thesis also used two surveys and two interviews. These methods received data from property owners with their own experiences of processing times. Also information and work related experiences was received from a rural real estate agent, forestry businessman and from several cadastral surveyors.The result showed that a lot of property owners get negatively affected. Also the professionals agree that there is an effect due to long processing times. Therefore the thesis conclusion shows that the problems that can occur mainly indicates that property sales get more difficult which also can have a negative effect on rural development. 

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    Handläggningstider för fastighetsbildning: Påverkan på landsbygdsutvecklingen
  • 46.
    Heggem, Annika
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.
    Parkeringsköpets giltighet vid ändrad markanvändning.: Det kommunala myndighetsbeslutets verkan på det civilrättsliga avtalet.2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The Planning and Building Act regulates how municipalities plan the use of land and water. When deciding on the detailed development plan, the respective municipality is responsible for the parking standard in the space that will be allocated for parking and which is made in connection with land construction. The decision is followed up in the building permit process. One of the requirements for building permits being granted is that the parking solution is approved. A public parking lot lease is a solution that is approved by law regarding parking in another area beyond one's own property. The municipality can be a party in the agreement for leasing public parking lots in the role of land access provider and may be responsible for preparing the parking lot. In order to be valid, the lease shall guarantee a measure of permanence over time.

    The rights that accompany the parking lot agreement need to be monitored by authority decisions that cause a change in land use. The municipalities' responsibility to meet the policy's stated objective to increase housing may result in already built-up areas becoming denser. Surfaces such as parking lots may be used for this purpose. Increased density in municipalities requires new detailed development planning.

    Thirty of the country's municipalities with the highest number of completed buildings, specifically multi-family housing, were examined for the time period 2005-2016. The basis for the analysis was experiencing increased density where the land area has been affected in relation to objects for public parking leases. Current legislation is interpreted to find support for the validity of leasing public parking lots in cases of changes in land use.

    This study's research question relates to how the municipality should handle their role in decisions on changed land use, as a party to the civil parking lease agreement and as a public authority.

    The results highlight the validity of agreements to lease public parking lots despite civil authorities' decisions that change the use of land within the area in question. It is suggested that the municipality, as a civil party to the agreement, must monitor legal right by entering into the agreement. As an authority, the municipality has the responsibility to monitor and follow up the underlying decisions of the regulating authority and building permission decisions, the assessment of which may depend on the approval of the suggested solution for parking. Thus, the new decision regarding land use should not be in conflict with the underlying decisions which also continue to be valid.

    It is recommended that municipal administrations and companies cooperate closely in the early stages of the detailed development planning process. This is necessary to ensure that the legal right resulting from agreements to lease public parking lots is taken into consideration. The working documents in the form of geographical information may include demarcated areas which include leased public parking lots.

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    Parkeringsköpets giltighet vid ändrad markanvändning. Det kommunala myndighetsbeslutets verkan på det civilrättsliga avtalet.
  • 47.
    Hermansson, Nathalie
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Överlåtelse och beskattning av ägarlägenheter i Sverige och Florida: En jämförelse avseende process, tidsåtgång och kostnader2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Globally there are many different practices, legal regulations, actors and traditions that affect how transfers and taxation are handled regarding condominiums. One way to try to help identify deficiencies and promote best practice is through comparative studies. In this bachelor’s thesis a comparison is made between Sweden and Florida in this respect where the Swedish system is described in the thesis and used as a reflection of the corresponding system in Florida which is explored based on the thesis’ chosen method and based on the questions: How does the transfer process of condominiums in Florida operate, what different steps does the buyer have to go through to complete the process, how much does the transfer process cost approximately in Florida and how long does it take, and what similarities and differences does the process in Florida have compared to the Swedish system? To answer the questions, a literature study was conducted in combination with interviews with various actors. A study of a real case of property transfer in Volusia County, Florida complemented the choice of method. 

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  • 48.
    Hespanha, Joao
    et al.
    Technology and Management Polytechnic School, Águeda, Portugal.
    Jardim, Monica
    Law Faculty, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
    Paasch, Jesper M.
    Lantmäteriet.
    Zevenbergen, Jaap
    OTB Research Institute, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
    Modelling Legal and Administrative Cadastral Domain: Implementing into the Portoguese Legal Framework2009In: Journal of Comparative Law, ISSN 1477-0814, Vol. 4, no 1, p. 140-169Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Research concerning the classification and modelling of rights, restrictions, and responsibilities related to real property based on a systems approach within the domain of land registration and cadastre commenced with the Core Cadastral Domain Model (CCDM) initiative in 2002. That model has been renamed the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), having at its core a conceptual model of the relationship of persons (natural, non-natural or group) to registered objects through rights, restrictions, and responsibilities. This basic relationship is assumed to be applicable to land registration and cadastral systems throughout the world. In fact, LADM has gathered support from such international organizations as OGC, ISO/TC211, UN-Habitat and EU-Inspire.1 It is being discussed within the International Standards Organization (ISO) as Working Draft 19152 with a view to issuing a new international standard.2The research leading to the original CCDM has been published through a series of papers concerning different modelling aspects, cumulating in two articles. One generic3 and one on the proposed implementation of the Portuguese Cadastre.4 This first implementation exercise, as well as a current (operational) implementation to the Icelandic Cadastre,5 both focused specially on the cadastral component (specifically, geometry and spatial topology of surveying and mapping objects, especially parcels).

  • 49.
    Holm, Lars
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Cámel, Rebecka
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Lämplig åtkomst för allmännyttiga utrymmen: En jämförelse mellan servitut och 3D-fastighet2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    While land is a limited asset the population are becoming more and more urbanized. As a result, the land in the metropolitan areas become very attractive and volume-limited spaces both above and below the land surface, which in daily speech is called three-dimensional real estate, also get its own unique value.

    Since 2004, it has been possible in Sweden to create three-dimensional properties, but easements for volume-limited facilities has been used in a similar way for a long time. Since the introduction of the possibility of creating properties in three dimensions, easements have still been widely used for that same purpose.

    The purpose of the study is to see if there is any agreement in how the conditions are suitably tested between three-dimensional real estate formation and easements formed for the same purpose. In this study both quantitative and qualitative methods are used. A study of the suitability test in 112 cadastral dossiers concerning three-dimensional property formation for public utility spaces is presented in table and diagram form in the result. Two easement dossiers for easements formed for volume-bound spaces have been studied and are presented textually in the result. In connection with the presentation of the two acts of easements, the Supreme Court's ruling of 1978, which is the basis for the subway's continued servitude, is also presented. Nine interviews with people working with three-dimensional real estate have also been conducted and are also presented in the results.

    In the conclusion, the difficulty is found in connecting easements to spaces that are granted with easement. Before the legislation for 3D property formation came in 2004, various creative solutions were used for linked rights. It becomes clear in the conclusion that there is no practice for how the conditions of suitability in the Property Development Act should be tested and that a practice is requested by several cadastral surveyors.

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    Lämplig åtkomst för allmännyttiga utrymmen
  • 50.
    Holmberg, Kalle
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
    Idrottslärares motiv till att använda sig av bollaktiviteter som undervisningsform i idrott och hälsa.2013Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur idrottslärare använder sig av bollaktiviteter i undervisningen, samt att ta reda på vilka syften de har när de använder sig av det. I studien medverkade sju idrottslärare som alla undervisade på högstadiet i ett och samma län. Resultatet visar att idrottslärarna ägnar ungefär 30 % av tiden till bollaktiviteter. De sammanhang lärarna använder sig av bollaktiviteter är i lagbollsporter och lekar. Lärarna koppar bollaktiviteter till kunskapskravet i kursplanen för idrott och hälsa där det står att eleverna ska kunna delta i lekar, spel och idrotter. De anser också att eleverna lär sig samarbeta och utvecklar sin motoriska förmåga genom bollaktiviteter. En av slutsatserna av denna studie är att kursplanen för idrott och hälsa kan tolkas på olika sätt och att lärarna därför kan välja innehåll i undervisningen ganska fritt.

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    fulltext
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