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  • 1.
    Abrego peris, Iñaki
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Antenna with medical applications for tumour cancer: hyperthermia function2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The idea is to improve or help the treatments that exist in the market in the medical field. Treatments such as mammography or radiotherapy make use of X-rays. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation in a high frequency band, this type of electromagnetic is dangerous to health because ionizing radiation is used, ionized atoms interact with matter. For this reason, in our work we give alternative solution to these treatments without any risk to health. This project consists in the use of non-harmful frequencies such as microwave. In this way, we will make an antenna with medical applications whose frequency range will be between 300 MHz and 30 GHz, specifically between 950MHz and 2.45GHz (medical range). The first step will be the detection of the tumour and classification of this, but our work is about another technique called hyperthermia. This technique consists in increase the temperature with a value of 40-43 degrees in the tumour area. Tumour resistance decreases when heat is applied to this. When combining a treatment with oncologic hyperthermia, the effect of radiotherapy is most effective (between 1.5-5 times). The most important part is study antenna in body tissues characteristics as SAR, depth penetration and antenna size; this theory part is essential to know the best parameters and what case use this. In work development we will choose and design antennas for the different parts of the body in some specific frequencies and choose circular antennas in frequencies of 915 MHz and 1.8 GHz. Finally, we will take measurements about temperature increase with meat and say some conclusions.

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  • 2.
    Ahlbom, Håkan
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Nordlander, Edvard
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Why choose a technical career?2010In: Socio-cultural and Human Values in Science and Technology Education / [ed] Slavko Dolinšek, Terry Lyons, Ljubljana, Slovenia: IRI UL , 2010Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

     

    Technology is a neglected mandatory subject in the Swedish compulsory school. The subject is supposed to inspire young people to consider a technical career, due to an increasing need for engineers and a declining recruitment to engineering education.

    An investigation of influential factors for choosing a technical career is presented. The factors are well-known, but the relative impact of the factors is investigated using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with engineering students. Special focus is put on the effect of previous technical schooling. The most important factors for choosing technical education are personal technical interest, future salary expectations, and personal qualities.

  • 3.
    Al Amin, A.
    et al.
    Department of EEE, Uttara University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
    Islam, M.
    Department of EEE, Uttara University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
    Masud, M. A.
    Department of EEE, Uttara University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
    Khan, N. H.
    Department of EEE, Uttara University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
    Zavala, J. W. A.
    Characterization Engineer, Radio Semiconductor Corporation, Netherlands.
    Minhaz-Ul-Islam, Mohammed
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Design and performance analysis of 3.4 ghz rectangular microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication systems2017In: International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation, ISSN 2039-5086, E-ISSN 2039-5094, Vol. 7, no 1, p. 80-86Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Wireless communication provides low-cost, high-speed and flexible communication in present days. Hence antenna plays a vital role in the wireless communication sector. The main concern of this paper is therefore to design a 3.4 GHz rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. Moreover, the feed probe based rectangular patch antenna will be designed. The performance of the designed rectangular patch antenna will be evaluated by analysing the major parameters of the simulation results. Hence the radiation pattern, gain, impedance matching and reflection coefficient or return loss calculation will be executed by the HFSS software to evaluate the performance of the antenna. 

  • 4.
    Alayón Glazunov, Andrés
    et al.
    Division of Electromagnetic Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Prasad, Sathyaveer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. Signal Processing Lab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Händel, Peter
    ACCESS Linnaeus Centre; Signal Processing Lab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Experimental Characterization of the Propagation Channel along aVery Large Virtual Array in a Reverberation Chamber2014In: Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, E-ISSN 1937-6472, Vol. 59, p. 205-217Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We show that the combined use of radio frequency absorbers and directive antennas can produce significant changes of the radio propagation channel properties along the positions of a virtual array inside a reverberation chamber. A multidimensional characterization of the channel was performed at 40 antenna positions with spacing of 0:233λ at 1 GHz. The average power, the Ricean K-factor, the coherence bandwidth, the r.m.s. delay spread, the mean delay, the beamforming power angle spectrum and array antenna correlation have been studied for different arrangements in the reverberation chamber. The analysis shows that the joint average over time and frequency channel behavior is, as expected, rather homogeneous along the very large array. However, individual realizations of the channel present a pronounced selective behavior in space, time and frequency with parameters varying along the positions of the virtual array suggesting that a heterogeneous behavior of the radio channels can be emulated in reverberation chambers. An important application of the presented study comprises testing of antenna array designs and algorithms in multipath environments. Further development may lead to Over The Air testing of Multiple Input Multiple Output antenna systems of various sizes, i.e., from small to very large arrays.

  • 5.
    Alizadeh, Mahmoud
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Amin, Shoaib
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Measurement and analysis of frequency-domain Volterra kernels of nonlinear dynamic 3x3 MIMO systems2017In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 66, no 7, p. 1893-1905Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) frequency-domain Volterra kernels of nonlinear order 3 are experimentally determined in bandwidth-limited frequency regions. How the effect of higher nonlinear orders can be reduced and how this affects the estimated errors are discussed. The magnitude and phase of the kernels areKramers-Kronig consistent. The self- and cross-kernels have different symmetries and the kernels are therefore determined and analyzed in different regions in the 3D frequency space. By analyzing the properties along certain paths in the 3D frequency space, the block structures for the respective kernels are determined. These block structures contain the significant blocks of the general block structures for third-order kernels. The device under test is a MIMO transmitter for radio frequency signals.

  • 6.
    Alizadeh, Mahmoud
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. KTH, Teknisk informationsvetenskap.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, Teknisk informationsvetenskap.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Basis Function Decomposition Approach in Piece-Wise Modeling for RF Power Amplifiers2018In: 6th Telecommunications forum TELFOR 2018, Belgrade: Telecommunications society , 2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, a new approach is proposed to decompose the basis functions in a piece-wise modeling technique for nonlinear radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers. The proposed technique treats the discontinuity problem of the model output at the joint points between different operating points, whereas preserves the linear and nonlinear properties of the original model within each region. Experimental results show that the proposed technique outperforms the conventional piece-wise model in terms of model errors.

  • 7.
    Alizadeh, Mahmoud
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. Department of Signal Processing, ACCESS Linnaeus Center, The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    A two-tone test for characterizing nonlinear dynamic effects of radio frequency amplifiers in different amplitude regions2016In: Measurement, ISSN 0263-2241, E-ISSN 1873-412X, Vol. 89, p. 273-279Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A new two-tone test method for radio frequency power amplifiers is presented. The test signal is a two-tone probing-signal superimposed on large-signals of different amplitude. The amplifier is, thus, excited in different amplitude regions. The amplitude and phase of the 3rd order intermodulation (IM) products are measured vs. frequency spacing and probing-signal amplitude in each region. The IM magnitude is a measure of the nonlinearity, while the frequency dependence and asymmetry are measures of the memory effects in the different regions. A Doherty and a class-AB amplifier were tested. For both amplifiers the IM magnitude increased by ∼15 dB from the lowest to the highest amplitude region. For the Doherty amplifier the behavior of the IM products vs. frequency spacing was similar in all regions, indicating similar memory effects. For the class-AB amplifier the IM vs. frequency spacing was significantly different in the different regions, which indicates different memory effects.

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  • 8.
    Alizadeh, Mahmoud
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Händel, Peter
    Department of information science and engineering Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Characterization of Volterra Kernels for RF Power Amplifiers Using a Two-Tone Signal and a Large-Signal2018In: 2018 International Conference on Communications, COMM 2018 - Proceedings, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018, Vol. 1, p. 351-356Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The 3rd-order Volterra kernels of a radio frequency (RF) power amplifier (PA) are characterized using a large-signal and a two-tone probing-signal. In this technique, the magnitude and phase asymmetries of the kernels of the PA excited by the probing-signal are analyzed in different amplitude regions of the large-signal. The device under test is a class-AB PA operating at 2.14 GHz. The maximum sweeping frequency space of the probing-signal is 20 MHz. The results indicate that the Volterra kernels of the PA show different behaviors (frequency dependency and asymmetry) in different regions.

  • 9.
    Alizadeh, Mahmoud
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. KTH.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH.
    Isaksson, Magnus
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    A new Block-Structure Modeling Technique for RF Power Amplifiers in a 2x2 MIMO System2017In: 13th International Conference on Advanced Technologies, Systems and Services in Telecommunications (TELSIKS) / [ed] Milovanovic, B. D.; Doncov, N. S.; Stankovic, Z. Z.; Dimitrijevic, T. Z., IEEE , 2017, p. 224-227Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A new block-structure behavioral model is proposed for radio frequency power amplifiers in a 2x2 multiple-input multiple-output system including input cross-talk. The proposed model forms kernels of blocks of different nonlinear order that correspond to the significant frequency response of measured frequency domain Volterra kernels. The model can therefore well describe the input-output relationships of the nonlinear dynamic behavior of PAs. The proposed model outperforms conventional models in terms of model errors.

  • 10.
    Almingol, Oscar
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Construction of a C-PV prototype2017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The following Master Thesis will talk about a C-PV prototype using bifacial PV technology, based on the Solarus Collector. The Solarus Collector consists in two PV cells built on a metallic receiver, where there are some water channels flowing through it, allowing to cool down the PV cells, thus increasing their efficiency. The collector also presents a reflector to provide irradiance to the back part of the receiver, where the other PV cells are located. The new prototype will present bifacial PV cells but not a metallic receiver. This construction aims to reduce the price of the receiver, but will not have a system to cool down the solar cells. This Master Thesis will be developed in the Solarus facilities, in collaboration with the Solarus members.

    In order to grasp an idea of this prototype, two main procedures will be done. Regarding the bifacial technology, a bifacial PV module will be measured under different conditions, depending on which sides can be illuminated or shaded. On the other hand, a thermodynamic simulation will be carried out on different geometries of the reflector and receiver, in order to figure out the evolution of the temperatures on the new prototype. This simulation will be done with a finite element method, widely known in this applications.

    The results will show several problems concerning this prototype. Although the measurements of the bifacial PV module will result beneficial and informative, the problem with the temperature will tend to back down this prototype. The lack of some system to cool down the bifacial cells will imply that the receiver could reach unacceptable temperatures. This hypothesis will be drawn under some specific conditions, so they will not be completely devastating to the idea of using bifacial cells, but perhaps a different approach should be used in case it is desired to continue this work. 

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  • 11.
    Amin, Shoaib
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Characterization and Linearization of Multi-band Multi-channel RF Power Amplifiers2017Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The World today is deeply transformed by the advancement in wireless technology. The envision of a smart society where interactions between physical and virtual dimensions of life are intertwined and where human interaction is mediated by machines, e.g., smart phones, demands increasingly more data traffic. This continual increase in data traffic requires re-designing of the wireless technologies for increased system capacity and flexibility. In this thesis, aspects related to behavioral modeling, characterization, and linearization of multi-channel/band power amplifiers (PAs) are discussed.

    When building a model of any system, it is advantageous to take into account the knowledge of the physics of the system and include into the model. This approach could help to improve the model performance. In this context, three novel behavioral models and DPD schemes for nonlinear MIMO transmitters are proposed.

    To model and compensate distortions in GaN based RF PAs in presence of long-term memory effects, novel models for SISO and concurrent dual-band PAs are proposed. These models are based on a fixed pole expansion technique and have infinite impulse response. They show substantial performance improvement. A behavioral model based on the physical knowledge of the concurrent dual-band PA is derived, and its performance is investigated both for behavioral modeling and compensation of nonlinear distortions.

    Two-tone characterization is a fingerprint method for the characterization of memory effects in dynamic nonlinear systems. In this context, two novel techniques are proposed. The first technique is a dual two-tone characterization technique to characterize the memory effects of self- and cross-modulation products in concurrent dual-band transmitter. The second technique is for the characterization and analysis of self- and cross-Volterra kernels of nonlinear 3x3 MIMO systems using three-tone signals.

  • 12.
    Amin, Shoaib
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Characterization and Linearization of Multi-channel RF Power Amplifiers2015Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The demands for high data rates and broadband wireless access requirethe development of wireless systems that can support wide and multi-bandsignals. To deploy these signals, new radio frequency (RF) front-ends are requiredwhich impose new challenges in terms of power consumption efficiencyand sources of distortion e.g., nonlinearity. These challenges are more pronouncedin power amplifiers (PAs) that degrade the overall performance ofthe RF transmitter.Since it is difficult to optimize the linearity and efficiency characteristicsof a PA simultaneously, a trade-off is needed. At high input power, a PAexhibits high efficiency at the expense of linearity. On the other hand, atlow input power, a PA is linear at the expense of the efficiency. To achievelinearity and efficiency at the same time, digital pre-distortion (DPD) is oftenused to compensate for the PA nonlinearity at high input power. In case ofmulti-channel PAs, input and output signals of different channels interactwith each other due to cross-talk. Therefore, these PAs exhibit differentnonlinear behavior than the single-input single-output (SISO) PAs. The DPDtechniques developed for SISO PAs do not result in adequate performancewhen used for multi-channel PAs. Hence, an accurate behavioral modeling isessential for the development of DPD for multi-channel RF PAs.In this thesis, we propose three novel behavioral models and DPD schemesfor nonlinear multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmitters in presenceof cross-talk. A study of the source of cross-talk in MIMO transmittershave been investigated to derive simple and powerful modeling schemes.These models are extensions of a SISO generalized memory polynomial model.A comparative study with a previously published MIMO model is also presented.The effect of coherent and partially non-coherent signal generationon DPD performance is also highlighted. It is shown experimentally thatwith partially non-coherent signal generation, the performance of the DPDdegrades compared to coherent signal generation.In context of multi-channel RF transmitters, PA behavioral models andDPD schemes suffer from a large number of model parameters with the increasein nonlinear order and memory depth. This growth leads to highcomplexity model identification and implementation. We have designed aDPD scheme for MIMO PAs using a sparse estimation technique for reducingmodel complexity. This technique also increases the numerical stability whenlinear least square estimation model identification is used.A method to characterize the memory effects in a nonlinear concurrentdual-band PAs is also presented. Compared to the SISO PAs, concurrentdual-band PAs are not only affected by intermodulation distortions but alsoby cross-modulation distortions. The characterization of memory effects inconcurrent dual-band transmitter is performed by injecting a two-tone testsignal in each input channel of the transmitter. Asymmetric energy surfacesare introduced for the intermodulation and cross-modulation products, whichcan be used to identify the power and frequency regions where the memory effects are dominant.

  • 13.
    Amin, Shoaib
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. Dept of Signal Processing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Händel, Peter
    Dept of Signal Processing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Characterization and modeling of RF amplifiers with multiple input signals2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A characterization technique for RF PAs excited with multiple signals is presented. The technique can be used for characterization of memory effects in IM/CM products. The extracted information can in return be of use for modifying behavioral models to better capture memory in IM/CM products.

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  • 14.
    Amin, Shoaib
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. Department of Signal Processing, School of Electrical Engineering, KTH.
    Händel, Peter
    Department of Signal Processing, School of Electrical Engineering, KTH.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Digital Predistortion of Single and Concurrent Dual Band Radio Frequency GaN Amplifiers with Strong Nonlinear Memory Effects2017In: IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques, ISSN 0018-9480, E-ISSN 1557-9670, Vol. 65, no 7, p. 2453-2464, article id 7855827Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Electrical anomalies due to trapping effects in Gallium Nitride (GaN) power amplifiers (PAs)give rise to long-term or strong memory effects. We propose novel models based on infinite impulse response (IIR) fixed pole expansion techniques for the behavioural modeling and digital pre-distortion of single-input-single-output (SISO) and concurrent dual-bandGaN PAs. Experimental results show that the proposed models outperform the corresponding finite impulse response (FIR) models by up to 17 dB for the same number of model parameters. For the linearization of a SISO GaN PA the proposed models give adjacent channel power ratios (ACPRs) that are 7 to 17 dBlower than the FIR models. For the concurrent dual-band case, the proposed models give ACPRs that are 9to 14 dB lower than the FIR models.

  • 15.
    Amin, Shoaib
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. ACCESS Linnaeus Centre, Department of Signal Processing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.
    Khan, Zain Ahmed
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. ACCESS Linnaeus Centre, Department of Signal Processing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.
    Isaksson, Magnus
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Händel, Peter
    ACCESS Linnaeus Centre, Department of Signal Processing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Concurrent dual-band power amplifier model modification using dual two-tone test2016In: 46th European Microwave Conference (EUMC) 2016, 2016, p. 186-189Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A dual two-tone technique for the characterization of memory effects in concurrent dual-band transmitters is revisited to modify a 2D-DPD model for the linearization of concurrent dual-band transmitters. By taking into account the individual nonlinear memory effects of the self- and cross-kernels, a new 2D modified digital pre-distortion (2D-MDPD) model is proposed, which not only supersedes the linearization performance but also reduces the computational complexity compared to the 2D-DP Dmodel in terms of a number of floating point operations (FLOPs). Experimental results show an improvement of 1.7 dBin normalized mean square error (NMSE) and a 58% reduction in the number of FLOPs.

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  • 16.
    Amin, Shoaib
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. KTH.
    Landin, Per
    Chalmers University of Technology.
    Händel, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. ACCESS Linnaeus Centre, Signal Processing Lab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Behavioral Modeling and Linearization of Crosstalk and Memory Effects in RF MIMO Transmitters2014In: IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques, ISSN 0018-9480, E-ISSN 1557-9670, Vol. 62, no 4, p. 810-823Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper proposes three novel models for behavioral modeling and digital pre-distortion (DPD) of nonlinear 2$,times,$ 2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmitters in the presence of crosstalk. The proposed models are extensions of the single-input single-output generalized memory polynomial model. Three types of crosstalk effects were studied and characterized as linear, nonlinear, and nonlinear & linear crosstalk. A comparative study was performed with previously published models for the linearization of crosstalk in a nonlinear 2 $,times,$2 MIMO transmitter. The experiments indicate that, depending on the type of crosstalk, the selection of the correct model in the transmitter is necessary for behavioral modeling and sufficient DPD performance. The effects of coherent and partially noncoherent signal generation on the performance of DPD were also studied. For crosstalk levels of ${-}{hbox{30}}$ dB, the difference in the normalized mean square error and adjacent channel power ratio was found to be 3–4 dB between coherent and partially noncoherent signal generation.

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  • 17.
    Amin, Shoaib
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. KTH, Signalbehandling.
    Landin, Per N.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, Signalbehandling.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    2D Extended envelope memory polynomial model for concurrent dual-band RF transmitters2017In: International journal of microwave and wireless technologies, ISSN 1759-0795, E-ISSN 1759-0787, Vol. 9, no 8, p. 1619-1627Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The paper presents a 2D extended envelope memory polynomial (2D-EEMP) model for concurrent dual-band radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs). The model is derived based on the physical knowledge of a dual-band RF PA. The derived model contains cross-modulation terms not included in previously published models; these terms are found to be of importance for both behavioral modeling and digital pre-distortion (DPD). The performance of the derived model is evaluated both as the behavioral model and DPD, and the performance is compared with state-of-the-art2D-DPD and dual-band generalized memory polynomial (DB-GMP) models. Experimental result shows that the proposed model resulted in normalized mean square error (NMSE) of -51.7/-51.6dB and adjacent channel error power ratio (ACEPR) of -63.1/-63.4 dB, for channel 1/2, whereas the 2D-DPD resulted in the largest model error and DB-GMP resulted in model parameters that are 3 times more than those resulted with the proposed model with the same performance. As pre-distorter, the proposed model resulted in adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) of -55.8/ -54.6 dB for channel 1/2 and is 7-10 dB lower than those resulted with the 2D-DPD model and2-4 dB lower compared to the DB-GMP model.

  • 18.
    Amin, Shoaib
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. KTH, Signalbehandling.
    Van Moer, Wendy
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Händel, Peter
    Department of Signal Processing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden .
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Characterization of concurrent dual-band power amplifiers using a dual two-tone excitation signal2015In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 64, no 10, p. 2781-2791, article id 7104121Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A method to characterize the memory effects in a nonlinear concurrent dual-band transmitter is presented. It is an extension of the conventional two tone test for power amplifiers to concurrent dual band transmitters. The output signal of a concurrent dual-band transmitter is affected not only by intermodulation products but also by cross-modulation products. In one frequency band, the transmitter is excited by a two tone signal which frequency separation is swept. In the second band the transmitter is concurrently excited by an other two tone signal with slightly wider frequency separation. The frequency difference of the two signals is fixed during the frequency sweep. The two tone test is made at different power levels. The upper and lower third-order inter- and cross-modulation products are measured. The asymmetry between the upper and lower third-order inter- and cross-modulation products are measures of the transmitter's memory effects. The measurement results show that the memory effects are more dominant in the third-order intermodulation products than in the cross modulation products. An error analysis and system calibration was performed and measurement results for two different devices are presented.

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  • 19.
    Amin, Shoaib
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Van Moer, Wendy
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Händel, Peter
    Department of Information Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Rebuttal to "On Dual-Band Amplifications Using Dual Two-Tones Clarifications and Discussions"2017In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 66, no 10, p. 2795-2797Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This rebuttal is to "€œOn dual-band amplifications using dual two-tone: Clarifications and discussion". In the following, we provide our reply.

  • 20.
    Amin, Shoaib
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Zenteno, Efrain
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Landin, Per
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Isaksson, Magnus
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Händel, Peter
    ACCESS Linnaeus Centre, Signal Processing Lab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
    Noise Impact on the Identification of Digital Predistorter Parameters in the Indirect Learning Architecture2012In: 2012 Swedish Communication Technologies Workshop (Swe-CTW), IEEE conference proceedings, 2012, p. 36-39Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The indirect learning architecture (ILA) is the mostused methodology for the identification of Digital Pre-distorter (DPD) functions for nonlinear systems, particularly for high power amplifiers. The ILA principle works in black box modeling relying on the inversion of input and output signals of the nonlinear system, such that the inverse is estimated. This paper presents the impact of disturbances, such as noise in the DPD identification. Experiments were performed with a state-of-art Doherty power amplifier intended for base station operation in current telecommunication wireless networks. As expected, a degradation in the performance of the DPD (measured innormalized mean square error (NMSE)) is found in our experiments. However, adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) can be a misleading figure of merit showing improvement in the performance for wrongly estimated DPD functions.

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  • 21.
    Andersson, Daniel
    et al.
    Radarbolaget.
    Björsell, Niclas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Ottoson, Patrik
    Radarbolaget.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Sandberg, Mats
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Radar Images of Leaks in Building Elements2015In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 78, p. 1726-1731Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Through leakage in the building envelope there is a penetration of air, water vapor and particles. The degree of leakage of air can be quantified by existing methods. However, the location of adventitious openings is often not known. In order to overcome the limitations in existing methods, a non-contact and non-destructive method based on ultra-wide bandwidth radar technology is suggested. A test-bed is designed that can measure with different polarization to be able to detect flaws in different directions. Initial measurements shows promising results for further development of the method of using radar images to find leaks in building elements.

  • 22.
    Andersson, Daniel
    et al.
    Radarbolaget, Gävle.
    Wallin, Kjell
    Radarbolaget, Gävle.
    Javashvili, Otar
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Beckman, Claes
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    M-Sequence UWB Radar for Industrial Applications2010In: Program of GigaHertz Symposium 2010, March 9-10, at Lund University, 2010Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Ultra Wideband Radar has the potential of dramatically improving the control and surveillance of industrial processes in confined areas. An example is the application of UWB radar for surveillance of furnaces for heath treatment of steel billets developed by Radarbolaget in Gävle.

    In our installation at AB Sandvik Materials Technology, we have shown that by using a non-destructive UWB Radar technique it is possible to visualize in real-time the ongoing process inside the furnace behind a 0.5 m thick ceramic wall. Since the operating temperature inside the furnace is 1200 °C, there is today no other known method capable of visualizing the process for the operator of the furnace. The system is therefore designed to sustain high temperatures and powerful electromagnetic disturbances while performing measurement with wide dynamics and high stability.

    The design of this radar is based on the idea of transmitting a continuous m-sequence and then detecting the correlated impulse response (see figure below). The wide bandwidth is a requirement for obtaining high spatial accuracy and resolution but puts further requirements on the design of the antennas and the electronics. Our results show that with this technique it is possible to determine the deformation of the steel billets inside the furnace with an accuracy of less than 5 mm. The radar system is also able to detect deformations in the furnace wall

    The m-sequence radar has many advantages over other UWB radar technologies since it e.g. does not require many analogue components. Its performance is a result of the choice of code length, sampling rate and averaging. However, the resolution is still limited by the impulse response of the analogue antenna (ringing).

    In this paper system parameters that affect the overall performance of an m-sequence radar are reviewed and means of enhancing its performance are discussed.

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  • 23.
    Attorps, Iiris
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mathematics.
    Nordlander, Edvard
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Nordström, Göran
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Physics.
    MST education in Swedish preschool2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present study is part of the EU-Fp7 project SECURE. The research question in the present study is: How is the current Swedish MST curriculum for preschool implemented by the teachers, and perceived by the 5-year old learners?

    The introduction of a revised preschool curriculum in 2011 has given MST a prominent place in Swedish preschool, and may be intended by the authorities to change the weak positions and declining trends in the PISA and TIMSS surveys for Swedish school children. The new teaching task seems to be highly appreciated by the preschool teachers. However, the curriculum is quite ambitious, and a major concern is how the implementation will be done. The concept of ”emergent science” is discussed in order to induce positive attitudes towards MST.

    In this study, semi-structured interviews with teachers in 15 Swedish preschools are the main source of information combined with some interviews with learners and photographic materials. The method for the analysis uses a category system of which results from some of the categories are reported.

    The preschool teachers are aware of the new role as teachers rather than just child minders. The revised curriculum seems to increase the self-confidence for MST of the learners as well as the teachers. The teachers say that the learners are interested in MST and that it is a case of catching opportunities, which may lead to emergent science. The 5-year old learners confirm that they like the activities related to MST.

    Working with hypotheses and storyline activities is shown as an example how emergent science can be promoted in 5-year old children. Activities connected to ”emerging science” have been common in Swedish preschools for some time, but after the implementation of the revised curriculum teachers also verbalize this for themselves and the learners.

  • 24.
    Attorps, Iiris
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mathematics.
    Nordlander, Edvard
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Nordström, Göran
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Physics.
    MST-utbildning i den svenska förskolan2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Svenska elever hamnar efter i PISA- och TIMSS-undersökningarna. I matematik har matningarna visat på sjunkande kunskaper sedan början av 2000-talet och i naturvetenskap ligger de svenska eleverna ständigt under det internationella genomsnittet. Detta är alarmerande för landet och skälen bör utredas.Som en del i EU-projektet SECURE inom ramprogrammet Fp7 presenteras resultat från lokal forskning om genomförandet av MST-kursplanerna och attityder till ämnena bland lärare och elever. Med MST avser vi matematik, naturvetenskap och teknik. Intervjuer och enkäter har utförts bland lärare och elever i 47 klasser i 15 skolenheter i några mellansvenska kommuner. De åldersgrupper som studerats är elever från åldersgrupperna 5, 8, 11 resp. 13 år. Vi fokuserar här på förskolans verksamhet, d.v.s. arbetet med 5-åringar.Som en följd av införandet 2011 av en reviderad läroplan för förskolan, kan vi se att MST har fått en framträdande plats i den svenska förskolan som verkar vara mycket uppskattad av förskollärarna. I den reviderade läroplanen framgår att förskollärare ska ansvara för att arbetet i barngruppen genomförs så att barnen stimuleras och utmanas i sin matematiska utveckling, samt stimuleras och utmanas i sitt intresse för naturvetenskap och teknik. Exempel på hur de skall gå tillväga finns också i läroplanen. Detta kan i praktiken uppfattas som en informell tidigareläggning av den obligatoriska skolan i Sverige, eftersom förskolan inte är obligatorisk men utnyttjas av de allra flesta. Det skulle därmed kunna innebära en vändpunkt för resultaten i grundskolan och förhoppningsvis ge avtryck i kommande PISA- och TIMSS-undersökningar.De förskollärare som intervjuats är medvetna om vikten av att undervisa MST i förskolan. Detta tydliggörs av några uttalanden från intervjuade förskollärare. 'Det som är nytt nu är att man pratar om lärare och att vi utbildar barnen.' 'Det här lärandet är för livet. Det är inte bara för individen. Verksamheten på förskolan bidrar till hela samhällsutvecklingen.' Även föräldrarnas förväntningar på förskolan har förändrats. 'Föräldrarna uppskattar resultaten i matematik och ser förskolan som en skolform snarare än förvaring av barn.'I denna presentation ges exempel på hur MST-ämnena undervisas på ett integrerat sätt i förhållande till den praxis som råder i svenska förskolan, samt i förhållande till ålder och mognad hos barnen.

  • 25.
    Azad, A. K. M.
    et al.
    Northern Illinois University, United States.
    Cowan, N. J.Johns Hopkins University, United States.Tokhi, M. O.Univeristy of Sheffield, United Kingdom.Virk, Gurvinder SinghUniversity of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.Eastman, R. D.Loyola University, United States.
    Adaptive Mobile Robotics: Proceedings Of The 15th International Conference On Climbing And Walking Robots And The Support Technologies For Mobile Machines, Baltimore, USA, 23–26 July 20122012Conference proceedings (editor) (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This book provides state-of-the-art scientific and engineering research findings and developments in the area of mobile robotics and associated support technologies. The book contains peer reviewed articles presented at the CLAWAR 2012 conference. Robots are no longer confined to industrial manufacturing environments. A great deal of interest is invested in the use of robots outside the factory environment. The CLAWAR conference series, established as a high profile international event, acts as a platform for dissemination of research and development findings and supports such a trend to address the current interest in mobile robotics to meet the needs of mankind in various sectors of the society. These include personal care, public health, services in the domestic, public and industrial environments. The editors of the book have extensive research experience and publications in the area of robotics in general and in mobile robotics specifically, and their experience is reflected in editing the contents of the book.

  • 26.
    Backlund, Andreas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Konstruktion av ett automatiserat hybrid värmesystem2016Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Denna rapport presenterar hur en konstruktionsuppgift av ett automatiserat hybrid värmesystem har genomförts. Två värmekällor skulle inkluderas i systemet, primärkällan var en fastbränslepanna på 30 kW. Och som sekundärvärmekälla ett solfångarsystem med totalt tio solfångarmoduler. Värmesystemet skulle värma en bostad, en maskinverkstad samt ett maskingarage. Temperaturregleringen skulle styras med hjälp av automatik. För att inhämta data på de befintliga byggnader som var berörda av projektet gjordes fysiska mätresultat på plats, studier av ritningar, litteratur, internet källor samt samråd med den externa handledaren.Detta gav i slutändan ett system som är uppdelat i två olika delsystem. Ett system med en fastbränslepanna, och ett system med solfångarmoduler. Den uppvärmda median lagras i fyra ackumulatortankar, varje enskild ackumulatortank har olika volym och väljes med hjälp av automatik. Automatiken sköts av en så kallad PLC, som står för Programmable Logic Controller (Eng.). Denna PLC styr hela systemets elektriska utrustning, vilket innefattar pumpar, reglerventiler, avstängningsventiler och temperatur inhämtning från sensorer. Som presentations metod av resultatet valdes att använda ritningar som kan hittas som större bilagor i denna rapport. Samtliga formler som har använts för att dimensionera systemet återfinns under teori avsnittet, med kortfattade kommentarer. Vissa moment har fler än en lösning, vilket ställer krav på att även klara av att göra analyser av olika lösningar samtidigt ta i beaktande den externa handledarens önskemål.

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  • 27.
    Barattini, Paolo
    et al.
    kontor46, Torino, Italy.
    Virk, Gurvinder S.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Mirnig, Nicole
    University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
    Giannaccini, Maria Elena
    Bristol Robotics Laboratory, Bristol, United Kingdom.
    Tapus, Adriana
    Robotics and Computer Vision Lab ENSTA-ParisTech, Palaiseau, Paris, France.
    Bonsignorio, Fabio
    Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Madrid, Spain.
    Experimenting in HRI for priming real world set-ups, innovations and products2014In: HRI '14 Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction, New York: ACM Digital Library, 2014, p. 511-512Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Robotics is moving towards real world applications, beyond the well-structured environment of industrial robotics. In the world of assistant robots and medical robots, Human-Robot Interaction is essential. Also in emerging industrial scenarios there is a need of the human to be closely included in the loop. The companies are confronted with the lack of guidelines and of standards on how the higher features of HRI may be safely incorporated. Although the scientific research is burgeoning and worthy of praise, it is clear that its results are scattered and not capable of giving a clear input to be easily taken up by companies and standardization organizations like ISO and IEC. The workshop aims at the integration of empirical findings into complex real world robot systems by focusing on three typical sectors (industrial, service and medical) to develop systematic approaches to benchmark and evaluate experimental systems so that normative results can be realized rapidly. The present workshop focuses on bringing together scientists, representative of robotics companies and of standardization working groups to foster discussion in the definition of experimental scenarios and protocols in HRI, so to be able to prime real world set-ups and help realize the robotic products of the future.

  • 28.
    Barbe, Kurt
    et al.
    Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
    Olarte, Oscar
    Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
    Van Moer, Wendy
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
    Lauwers, Lieve
    Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
    Fractional models for modeling complex linear systems under poor frequency resolution measurements2013In: Digital signal processing (Print), ISSN 1051-2004, E-ISSN 1095-4333, Vol. 23, no 4, p. 1084-1093Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When modeling a linear system in a parametric way, one needs to deal with (i) model structure selection, (ii) model order selection as well as (iii) an accurate fit of the model. The most popular model structure for linear systems has a rational form which reveals crucial physical information and insight due to the accessibility of poles and zeros. In the model order selection step, one needs to specify the number of poles and zeros in the model. Automated model order selectors like Akaikeʼs Information Criterion (AIC) and the Minimum Description Length (MDL) are popular choices. A large model order in combination with poles and zeros lying closer to each other in frequency than the frequency resolution indicates that the modeled system exhibits some fractional behavior. Classical integer order techniques cannot handle this fractional behavior due to the fact that the poles and zeros are lying to close to each other to be resolvable and not enough data is available for the classical integer order identification procedure. In this paper, we study the use of fractional order poles and zeros and introduce a fully automated algorithm which (i) estimates a large integer order model, (ii) detects the fractional behavior, and (iii) identifies a fractional order system.

  • 29.
    Barbé, Kurt
    et al.
    Vrije Universiteit Brussel, ELEC.
    Van Moer, Wendy
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Lauwers, L
    Vrije Universiteit Brussel.
    Björsell, Niclas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    A Simple Nonparametric Preprocessing Technique to Correct for Nonstationary Effects in Measured Data2012In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 61, no 8, p. 2085-2094Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The general approach for modeling systems assumes that the measured signals are (weakly) stationary, i.e., the power spectrum is time invariant. However, the stationarity assumption is violated when: 1) transient effects due to experimental conditions are dominant; 2) data are missing due to, for instance, sensor failure; or 3) the amplitude of the excitation signals smoothly varies over time due to, for instance, actuator problems. Although different methods exist to deal with each of these nonstationary effects specifically, no unified approach is available. In this paper, a new and general technique is presented to handle nonstationary effects, based on processing overlapping subrecords of the measured data. The proposed method is a simple preprocessing step where the user does not need to specify which nonstationary effect is present, nor the time interval where the nonstationary effect appears. The merits of the proposed approach are demonstrated on an operational wireless system suffering from interrupted link effects.

  • 30.
    Barbé, Kurt
    et al.
    Vrije Universiteit Brussel, ELEC.
    Van Moer, Wendy
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Nagels, G
    Natl Ctr Multiple Sclerosis, Melsbroek, Belgium .
    Fractional-Order Time Series Models for Extracting the Haemodynamic Response From Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data2012In: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, ISSN 0018-9294, E-ISSN 1558-2531, Vol. 59, no 8, p. 2264-2272Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The postprocessing of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to study the brain functions deals mainly with two objectives: signal detection and extraction of the haemodynamic response. Signal detection consists of exploring and detecting those areas of the brain that are triggered due to an external stimulus. Extraction of the haemodynamic response deals with describing and measuring the physiological process of activated regions in the brain due to stimulus. The haemodynamic response represents the change in oxygen levels since the brain functions require more glucose and oxygen upon stimulus that implies a change in blood flow. In the literature, different approaches to estimate and model the haemodynamic response have been proposed. These approaches can be discriminated in model structures that either provide a proper representation of the obtained measurements but provide no or a limited amount of physiological information, or provide physiological insight but lacks a proper fit to the data. In this paper, a novel model structure is studied for describing the haemodynamics in fMRI measurements: fractional models. We show that these models are flexible enough to describe the gathered data with the additional merit of providing physiological information.

  • 31.
    Beckman, Claes
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Verifying 3G License Coverage Requirements2011In: Advances in Vehicular Networking Technologies / [ed] Miguel Almeida, InTech , 2011, p. 339-356Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In the beginning of the 21’st century, the 3rd generation mobile phone systems, 3G, were introduced all around the world. In most countries, spectrum for this technology was allocated through some kind of licensing procedure. In Europe, the prevailing approach was to allocatespectrum through auctions, a process which led to a situation where the European operators found themselves committed to pay a staggering 130Bilion Euros for their 3G licenses.However, in most European countries, the fee was not the only obligation put on thelicensee: A coverage, “roll-out” requirement was in many cases also connected to the license(Northstream, 2002). Typically, these coverage requirements required that the licenseescover a certain area at a certain point in time after that the licenses had been awarded.In order for the regulators to verify that the licensees had met the coverage requirement and,hence, complied with the regulation, a method for coverage verification was needed. Suchmethods have therefore since then been developed by several European regulators (e.g. PTS2004; ECC 2007). In this book chapter we describe some general underlying consideration for the verification of radio coverage in UMTS systems and in particular we describe the Swedishmethodology developed by the Swedish Telecom regulator Post & Telestyrelsen (PTS).

  • 32.
    Bergstrand, Marcus
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Datainsamlingssystem för underhåll och kontroll av elkvalitet2017Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    SSAB i Borlänge ska byta ut deras befintliga loggsystem som övervakar elkvalitet på verkets fem huvudtransformatorer. Loggsystemen ska ersättas med modulära DAQsystem från Iba, vilket är system som redan används i flera av verkets processer. Syftet med arbetet är att visa hur de nya DAQ-systemen kan implementeras och målet är att skapa förutsättningar för felsökning vid elkvalitetstörningar och analys av eltillförseln. Rapporten beskriver hur två utdömda loggsystem ersätts mot ett modulärt DAQ-system under skarp drift, som sedan konfigureras enligt önskad funktion. Tillvägagångssättet innefattar tre större delar vilka är datainsamling, hårdvarukonstruktion och mjukvarukonfiguration. Datainsamlingen har till stor del varit att studera befintliga kretsscheman och manualer till systemets hård- och mjukvara. Informationen som samlades in gav förutsättningarna för konstruktionsarbetet och mjukvarukonfigurationer. Utgången blev ett driftsatt system som konfigurerades så att felsökning och analys av elkvalitet är möjlig. Det nya loggsystemet gör det även möjligt för fler användare att komma åt mätningar kring elkvalitetsstörningar. Användare kan sedan ställa dessa i korrelation till de mätningar som utförs med iba-system vid processerna.

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  • 33.
    Bjelksäter, Ylva
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mathematics.
    Nordlander, Edvard
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Is technology an attractive school subject?: A pilot study of the subject in theory and practice2010In: Socio-cultural and Human Values in Science and Technology Education / [ed] Slavko Dolinšek, Terry Lyons, Ljubljana, Slovenia: IRI UL , 2010Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

     How does a teacher convey technological understanding through interactions with learners?

    A case study is performed using a stimulated-recall methodology with one teacher in a limited Technology learning module in grade 8. Based on the official syllabus and local interpretations, what in fact occurs in the meeting with pupils is discussed regarding how technology is portrayed by the teacher.

    An important result is what messages about technology the teacher is expecting the pupils to understand from each lesson. In order to get appropriate feedback, selected pupils are interviewed about their impressions of the lesson.

  • 34.
    Björsell, Niclas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    AD and DA conversion2015In: Modern Measurements: Fundamentals and Applications / [ed] Ferrero, A., Petri, D., Carbone, P. and Catelani, M., Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2015, p. 125-148Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This chapter describes the conversion process and its limitations and discusses methods to reduce the impact of these limitations in various applications. The process of converting analog signals into digital signals can be divided into two parts. First, the signal will be measured at discrete time instants and then quantized into fixed amplitude levels. The key parameters to consider when selecting an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) or digital-to-analog converter (DAC) are the resolution of the quantizer in number of bits and the sampling rate of the sampler. The chapter discusses these two functions with a basic example. It introduces some commonly used sampling techniques for improving the performance of an existing ADC, such as oversampling, sigma-delta conversion, dithering, time-interleaved sampling, undersampling, harmonic sampling, time-equivalent sampling and post-correction methods. The theory behind signal reconstruction is discussed with respect to the sampling theorem.

  • 35.
    Björsell, Niclas
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    De Vito, Luca
    University Sannio.
    Rapuano, Sergio
    University Sannio.
    A GNU radio-based signal detector for cognitive radio systems2011In: 2011 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), New York: IEEE conference proceedings, 2011, p. 1045-1049Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper deals with the hardware and software architecture of a signal detector prototype. It is able to observe a wide band and to find, in such band, the empty or occupied channels. It is intended to be used either in telecommunication devices or in spectrum monitoring instruments working in the new scenarios of telecommunications, where a flexible and dynamic spectrum management will be introduced. The signal detector has been validated on simulated and emulated signals showing high detection percentages even with low signal to noise ratios.

  • 36.
    Björsell, Niclas
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    De Vito, Luca
    Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.
    Rapuano, Sergio
    Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.
    A waveform digitizer-based automatic modulation classifier for a flexible spectrum management2011In: Measurement, ISSN 0263-2241, E-ISSN 1873-412X, Vol. 44, no 6, p. 1007-1017Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The paper presents the development and validation of an automatic digital modulation classifier based on a waveform digitizer architecture. The proposed automatic digital modulation classifier can be used for signal recognition in the next generation telecommunication systems, characterized by a flexible and dynamic management of the radio spectrum. It has been implemented on a PC architecture, connected with two different types of waveform digitizers. The experimental validation has been carried out by means of actual telecommunication signals, even in presence of narrowband and wideband interference. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 37.
    Björsell, Niclas
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Hamid, Mohamed
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Kerttula, Jussi
    Aalto.
    Imadur, Rahman
    Ericsson AB.
    Initial Report on the tolerance of legacy systems to transmissions of secondary users based on legacy specifications2010Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Secondary use of exclusively licensed but inefficiently used spectrum bands has been proposed as a solution to make more efficient use of spectrum resources. An important requirement for such secondary usage is to ensure that the primary services and systems performance are not degraded due to the presence of the secondary system. In this report three licensed primary systems are studied, namely digital video broadcasting, radar and aeronautical systems. In this initial report, the odelled tolerance limits for the primary users are investigated and verified by means of measurements for the case of DVB systems and literature review for the cases of Radar and Aeronautical systems. The impact of interference is evaluated as a functionof Desired to Undesired Power level (D/U) ratio for DVB systems, the pulse detection error for Aeronautical systems and the maximum interference-to-noise ratio (INR) for Radar systems. The main conclusions are that co-channel and adjacent channel interference need to be taken into account when assessing the tolerance limits for secondary systems in the TV bands. Also, non-continuous bursty-type users do not cause any higher interference compared to continuous data traffic users; thus, same tolerance limits can be used for both traffic behaviours.

     

    For aeronautical systems, spatial separation and transmit power of the secondary system determine the feasibility of secondary usage of the L-band. For other radar systems e.g. in S band and C band, the INR value, the spatial separation, the transmit power of the secondary system and the IF separation effects determine the possibilities for secondary users. For DVB systems, multiple interferers cause accumulative interference effects on the co-channels and adjacent channels, and the total amount of interference caused by multiple interferers should be kept below the desired signal level.

  • 38.
    Björsell, Niclas
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Händel, Peter
    Royal Institute of Technology, Signal Processing Lab, ACCESS Linnaeus Center.
    Jansson, Magnus
    Royal Institute of Technology,Signal Processing Lab, ACCESS Linnaeus Center.
    Medawar, Samer
    Royal Institute of Technology, Signal Processing Lab, ACCESS Linnaeus Center.
    Improved Estimate of Parametric Models for Analogue to Digital Converters by Using Weighted Integral Nonlinearity Data2010In: 17th Symposium IMEKO TC4 - Measurement of Electrical Quantities, 15th International Workshop on ADC Modelling and Testing, and 3rd Symposium IMEKO TC19: Environmental Measurements / [ed] Linus Michaeli, Jan Saliga, 2010, p. 597-600Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Error modelling has played a major role in generating post-corrections of analogue to digital converters (ADC). Benefits by using parametric models for post-correction are that they requires less memory and that they are easier to identify for arbitrary signals. However, the parameters are estimated in two steps; firstly, the integral nonlinearity (INL) is estimated and secondly, the model parameters. In this paper we propose a method to improve the performance in the second step, by utilizing information about the statistical properties of the first step.

  • 39.
    Björsell, Niclas
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. Royal Inst Technol, ACCESS Linnaeus Ctr, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Isaksson, Magnus
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. Royal Inst Technol, ACCESS Linnaeus Ctr, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Händel, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. Royal Inst Technol, ACCESS Linnaeus Ctr, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Kautz-Volterra modelling of analogue-to-digital converters2010In: Computer Standards & Interfaces, ISSN 0920-5489, E-ISSN 1872-7018, Vol. 32, no 3, p. 126-129Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In many test and measurement applications, the analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) is the limiting component. Using post-correction methods can improve the performance of the component as well as the over all measurement system. In this paper an ADC is characterised by a Kautz-Volterra (KV) model, which utilises a model-based post-correction of the ADC with general properties and a reasonable number of parameters. It is also shown that the inverse model has the same dynamic properties as the direct KV model. Results that are based on measurements on a high-speed 12-bit ADC, shows good results for a third order model.

  • 40.
    Björsell, Niclas
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Nader, Charles
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. Signal Processing Lab, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Händel, Peter
    Signal Processing Lab, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Multi-tone design for out-of-band characterization of nonlinear RF modules using harmonic sampling2010In: 2010 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, I2MTC 2010: Proceedings, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Service Center , 2010, p. 620-623, article id 5488231Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we evaluate the generation of a multi-tone set for characterizing the behavior of nonlinear radio frequency (RF) modules in its out-of-band when harmonic sampling is used as digitizer. The purpose is to provide the reader with a tool to select proper frequencies and record length for a given application and test-bed. The method is based on simulations and the use of Sidon sequences. The proposed method is applicable to sparse discrete frequency multi-tones.

  • 41.
    Björsell, Niclas
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Van Moer, Wendy
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Adding errors to reduce the PAPR and BER of OFDM-based transmissions2013In: 2013 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC 2013), New York: IEEE , 2013, p. 743-746Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When transmitting signals, one of the most important issues is to keep the transmission errors as low as possible. Or in other words, to obtain a reliable transmission link, the bit-error-rate (BER) should be kept within certain limits. However, the probability of transmission errors strongly depends on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the transmitted signals. Hence, the power amplifier plays a key role in the sender part: the more power, the higher the SNR, the lower the probability of transmission errors. Unfortunately, this is a too simple vision.

    One should take care to keep the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signal low in order not to push the power amplifier into its nonlinear operation region. Classical techniques use clipping or backing-off the input signal to reduce the PAPR of the transmitted signal. However, these techniques have a negative influence on the SNR and hence on the BER.

    In this paper, we present a technique to reduce the PAPR of the transmitted signals and hence to reduce the BER, by introducing errors into Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals in a controlled way. Channel coding will be used to compensate for the introduced errors.

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  • 42.
    Björsell, Niclas
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Van Moer, Wendy
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Measuring and Characterizing Nonlinear RF Systems: Faculty Course Development Award 20132017In: IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, ISSN 1094-6969, E-ISSN 1941-0123, Vol. 20, no 4, p. 45-48Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 43. Chen, R.
    et al.
    Wang, M.
    Wang, S.
    Liang, Hao
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Hu, X.
    Sun, X.
    Zhu, J.
    Ma, L.
    Jiang, M.
    Hu, J.
    Li, J.
    A low cost surface plasmon resonance biosensor using a laser line generator2015In: Optics Communications, ISSN 0030-4018, E-ISSN 1873-0310, Vol. 349, p. 83-88Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Due to the instrument designed by using a common surface plasmon resonance biosensor is extremely expensive, we established a portable and cost-effective surface plasmon resonance biosensing system. It is mainly composed of laser line generator, P-polarizer, customized prism, microfluidic cell, and line Charge Coupled Device (CCD) array. Microprocessor PIC24FJ128GA006 with embedded A/D converter, communication interface circuit and photoelectric signal amplifier circuit are used to obtain the weak signals from the biosensing system. Moreover, the line CCD module is checked and optimized on the number of pixels, pixels dimension, output amplifier and the timing diagram. The micro-flow cell is made of stainless steel with a high thermal conductivity, and the microprocessor based Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) temperature-controlled algorithm was designed to keep the constant temperature (25 °C) of the sample solutions. Correspondingly, the data algorithms designed especially to this biosensing system including amplitude-limiting filtering algorithm, data normalization and curve plotting were programmed efficiently. To validate the performance of the biosensor, ethanol solution samples at the concentrations of 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% and 15% in volumetric fractions were used, respectively. The fitting equation ΔRU=-752987.265+570237.348×RI with the R-Square of 0.97344 was established by delta response units (ΔRUs) to refractive indexes (RI). The maximum relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.8% was obtained. 

  • 44.
    Chilo, José
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Pelegri-Sebastia, José
    Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
    Cupane, Maria
    University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
    Sogorb, Tomas
    Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
    E-nose application to food industry production2016In: IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, ISSN 1094-6969, E-ISSN 1941-0123, Vol. 19, no 1, p. 27-33Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Food companies worldwide must constantly engage in product development to stay competitive, cover existing markets, explore new markets, and meet key consumer requirements. This ongoing development places high demands on achieving quality at all levels, particularly in terms of food safety, integrity, quality, nutrition, and other health effects. Food product research is required to convert the initial product idea into a formulation for upscaling production with ensured significant results. Sensory evaluation is an effective component of the whole process. It is especially important in the last step in the development of new products to ensure product acceptance. In that stage, measurements of product aroma play an important role in ensuring that consumer expectations are satisfied. To this end, the electronic nose (e-nose) can be a useful tool to achieve this purpose. The e-nose is a combination of various sensors used to detect gases by generating signals for an analysis system. Our research group has investigated the scent factor in some foodstuff and attempted to develop e-noses based on low-cost technology and compact size. In this paper, we present a summary of our research to date on applications of the e-nose in the food industry.

  • 45.
    Chilo, José
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Stenumgaard, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Amplitude Probability Distribution Measurement in Industrial Environments2010In: IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility: Workshop & Tutorial Notes, 2010, p. 642-645Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 46.
    Chilo, José
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Stenumgaard, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Vulnerability of Radio Technologies Used in Wireless Industry Automation2010In: Proceedings of Gigahertz 2010, Lund / [ed] Henrik Sjöland, 2010Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 47.
    Chistiakova, Tatiana
    et al.
    Uppsala university, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Per
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Carlsson, Bengt
    Uppsala university, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Wigren, Torbjörn
    Ericsson.
    Nonlinear system identification of the dissolved oxygen to effluent ammonia dynamics in an activated sludge process2017In: IFAC-PapersOnLine, E-ISSN 2405-8963, Vol. 50, no 1, p. 3917-3922Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aeration of biological reactors in wastewater treatment plants is important to obtain a high removal of soluble organic matter as well as for nitrification but requires a significant use of energy. It is hence of importance to control the aeration rate, for example, by ammonium feedback control. The goal of this paper is to model the dynamics from the set point of an existing dissolved oxygen controller to effluent ammonia using two types of system identification methods for a Hammerstein model, including a newly developed recursive variant. The models are estimated and evaluated using noise corrupted data from a complex mechanistic model (Activated Sludge Model no.1). The performance of the estimated nonlinear models are compared with an estimated linear model and it is shown that the nonlinear models give a significantly better fit to the data. The resulting models may be used for adaptive control (using the recursive Hammerstein variant), gain-scheduling control, L2 stability analysis, and model based fault detection.

  • 48.
    Choudhary, Vipin
    et al.
    Department of Electronics and Communication, ASET, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India .
    Gupta, Aastha
    Department of Electronics and Communication, ASET, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India .
    Tripathy, Malay Ranjan
    Department of Electronics and Communication, ASET, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India .
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    A compact multi-band slotted circular patch MIMO antenna with defective ground surface for wireless application2017In: 2017 4th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), IEEE conference proceedings, 2017, p. 33-37, article id 8049911Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A compact multi band slotted two elements MIMO antenna is designed on FR4 substrate with the dimensions 60×60×1.5 mm3 and an εr of 4.4. To achieve high isolation between the radiation elements, a Defected Ground Surface (DGS) technique is applied. The isolation between the elements and gain both increased considerably. In the simulated and measured return loss vs frequency results, multi bands are obtained. The maximum isolation is obtained as -36.32 dB at 8.8 GHz in the measured results.

  • 49.
    Climent, Enric
    et al.
    Sensors and Magnetism Group, Institut de Recerca per a la Gestió Integrada de Zones Costaneres, Campus de Gandia, Universitat Politècnica de València, Grao de Gandia, Spain.
    Pelegri-Sebastia, Jose
    Sensors and Magnetism Group, Institut de Recerca per a la Gestió Integrada de Zones Costaneres, Campus de Gandia, Universitat Politècnica de València, Grao de Gandia, Spain.
    Sogorb, Tomas
    Sensors and Magnetism Group, Institut de Recerca per a la Gestió Integrada de Zones Costaneres, Campus de Gandia, Universitat Politècnica de València, Grao de Gandia, Spain.
    Talens, J. B.
    Sensors and Magnetism Group, Institut de Recerca per a la Gestió Integrada de Zones Costaneres, Campus de Gandia, Universitat Politècnica de València, Grao de Gandia, Spain.
    Chilo, José
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Development of the MOOSY4 eNose IoT for Sulphur-Based VOC Water Pollution Detection2017In: Sensors, E-ISSN 1424-8220, Vol. 17, no 8, article id E1917Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we describe a new low-cost and portable electronic nose instrument, the Multisensory Odor Olfactory System MOOSY4. This prototype is based on only four metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors suitable for IoT technology. The system architecture consists of four stages: data acquisition, data storage, data processing, and user interfacing. The designed eNose was tested with experiment for detection of volatile components in water pollution, as a dimethyl disulphide or dimethyl diselenide or sulphur. Therefore, the results provide evidence that odor information can be recognized with around 86% efficiency, detecting smells unwanted in the water and improving the quality control in bottled water factories.

  • 50.
    Cortas Nordlander, Maria
    et al.
    Vasaskolan, Gävle.
    Nordlander, Edvard
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Komplexa tal är inte så komplexa!2010Conference paper (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    Abstraktion kan ofta utgöra ett hinder för lärande i matematik. Momentet med komplexa tal är inte något undantag. Varför ska man acceptera att i2=-1? Hur kan lärare introducera det på ett pedagogiskt sätt? Visualisering kan vara ett väsentligt led i att underlätta studenters lärande, ge dem en känsla av lägre abstraktion och härigenom vara nyckeln till djupare förståelse. Artikeln beskriver en visuell ansats som uppfyller kravet på lättillgänglighet. Metoden bygger på upprepade rotationer i det komplexa talplanet, vilket åskådliggör och konkretiserar komplexa tal genom visualisering.

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