This study has examined how teachers from three integrated secondary schools – one which provides education for students with special needs and two vocational schools –define violence. The definitions have been linked to whether the schools tend to display a workplace environment perspective or a crime perspective on violence, and how these perspectives are expressed. These perspectives constitute one of the theories that the study is based on, along with Nils Christie’s the Ideal Victim and Ron Akers’ Differential Reinforcement. Interviews have been held with three teachers from the vocational schools and four teachers from the school for students with special needs. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed from a perspective of qualitative content analysis. Conclusively the results show that while all teachers include physical violence in their own definitions of violence, and most of them include psychological violence, the specific actions that are included in their concepts of violence differ. However, we found that the way they “choose” which actions are to be included in their concepts consists among all teaches. They all seem to “choose” from a combination of the expectations on them set by the organization and to what extent the action can be perceived as an “ideal crime”.
The purpose of this study was to examine what investigative difficulties are associated with investigations of lethal violence in criminal environments. We wanted to investigate which factors tend to complicate the work for Polismyndigheten. Furthermore, we discussed the consequences that the low rate of resolved cases has on society and how it's connected to crime prevention. The material was gathered from five semi-structured interviews and the result from these was analyzed with previous studies on the subject as well as rational choice theory, broken windows theory and organizational learning theory. The result showed that difficulties related to lack of resources was a clear theme in all the interviews. This is primarily connected to a need for more investigators in the relevant sections as well as a broader set of skills, knowledge and experience distributed over the entire workforce. Furthermore, the study showed that there is a problem regarding getting witnesses to give their statements to the police during investigations of lethal violence in criminal environments. Finally, greater legal possibilities regarding surveillance were identified as a part of the result.
On the 1st of July 2020 a new increase in the severity of a penalty gained legal effect. This means that a crime where the motive is honour-related is supposed to be seen as an aggravating circumstance. The purpose with our study is to examine the difference between how the court and prosecutor motivates and argue around the motive before and after the increased penalty.The method we chose was a qualitative content analysis and we chose the sentences with a criteria-driven selection. The theories that we chose were the ideal victim and cultural criminology. Our analysis resulted in a few patterns: need of control from the perpetrator and assault. Our conclusion is that both the court and the prosecutor before the increased penalty took the honour-related motive into account because they saw the crime as especially ruthless.
Den här studien syftar till att undersöka hur socialarbetare i Sveriges kommuner upplever detkommande verkställandet av ändringen inom socialtjänstlagen (2001:453 5 kap. 11 a §) enligtproposition 2020/21:163 Förebyggande av våld i nära relationer, med avseende på de egnaförutsättningarna för yrkesutövning i enlighet med lagändringen. Lagändring trädde i kraft 1augusti 2021, efter att datamaterialet för studien samlades in. Empirin samlades in genomfem semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer yrkesverksamma inom Socialförvaltningenmed olika funktionsuppdrag. Den insamlade empirin analyserades med hjälp av tematiskanalysmetod. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för analysen var Michael Lipskys (2010) teoriom street-level bureaucracy. Resultatet visar att socialarbetare upplever sig ha bristandeförutsättningar att hantera de ändringar som lagändringen (2001:453 5 kap. 11 a §) syftar till.Anledningen till socialarbetares upplevelser är att handlingsutrymmet ofta är begränsat ochatt de inte ges tillräckligt med resurser för att hantera de förändringar som lagändringeninnebär.
Much is known about the patterning of offending throughout life, but less about the patterning of victimization. In this study, we used data from the Stockholm Life-Course Project (SLCP), a longitudinal study that includes measures of childhood problem behaviour. We analysed offending (criminal conviction and police suspicion), inpatient hospitalization and outpatient care for violent victimization. We replicated the well-established age-crime curve amongst SLCP study members. We found that hospitalization for severe violent victimization was most likely to occur between 20 and 40 years of age. We additionally considered how childhood problem behaviour impacted overall risk and life-course patterning of offending and victimization. Childhood problem behaviour was associated with a greater risk of criminal conviction. But childhood problem behaviour showed inconsistent associations with risk for police suspicion. Childhood problem behaviour was generally associated with greater involvement in crime up to middle adulthood. Childhood problem behaviour was generally associated with a greater risk of victimization. However, we were limited in our ability to estimate the effect of childhood problem behaviour on life-course patterning of victimization due to the rarity of victimization. These results imply a need for larger studies on violent victimization and greater nuance in our understanding of childhood risks and their life-long outcomes.
Adolescents are at a relatively high risk of victimization. Within criminology, victimization has been largely attributed to risky behaviors and low self-control. Yet, these factors explain only a modest amount of victimization, suggesting that other theoretical predictors may offer additional insight. One factor that may predict victimization, as well as decreasing victimization risk after adolescence, is psychosocial maturation. Using data from the longitudinal Pathways to Desistance study, this study tested the association between psychosocial maturation and victimization. The analytic sample for this study (1087 individuals; 5681 yearly observations) included participants under 18 years at study recruitment. On average, each participant contributed 6 years of data. The victimization measure captured different types of threats and assaults (including rape and gunshot). Results showed 978 (17.2%) observations during which participants reported victimization. On average, psychosocial maturation increased with age while victimization risk decreased. Crude and adjusted models of the between-individual effect showed that a one standard deviation increase in psychosocial maturation was associated with 39% and 20% lower odds of victimization, respectively. Crude and adjusted models of the within-individual effect showed that a one standard deviation increase in psychosocial maturation was associated with 22% and 17% lower odds of victimization, respectively. Psychosocial maturation appears to be a relevant predictor of victimization and aids in our understanding of victimization risk throughout adolescence and early adulthood.
The purpose of this study was to examine the support provided to people bereaved by homicide through semi structured interviews. Furthermore the purpose was to examine if support was lacking and how it can develop. Nine people of ages 20 to 65 was interviewed, who had all lost a relative to homicide. The interviews were coded based on a qualitative content analysis which resulted in the main categories information, competence, practical support, emotional support and justice. The categories where analyzed in relations to the theory about the ideal victim and the concepts social support and secondary victimization. Several aspects of support was found to be lacking, of which the most relevant was found to be lack of information. Conclusions were drawn in regards to development of support, which included a proposal of making a handbook with information regarding the criminal justice system and how and where bereaved can apply for support. Furthermore, a proposal was made to provide the bereaved with a coordinator for support in practical matters, and to put the bereaved in contact with competent health care professionals.
In Swedish child welfare, there are no mandatory guidelines on what interventions to use. Local authorities are able to set their own criteria for implementing or designing interventions. We carried out a survey to identify interventions in use in Children's Social Services and Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Care in Sweden. A total of 102 interventions were stated to have been in use, with between 31 and 45 different interventions for each of the four different child welfare populations. Of the 102 interventions, 56 were designed outside Sweden and later imported. Only 27 interventions were supported with some kind of research evidence. About half of the interventions targeted the child. Possible implications for practice and research are discussed.
The thesis was aimed to investigate the structure of a criminal network and how the EncroChat-communication- and co-offending-structure differs. To study this, a network analytical method was applied that resulted in four networks: co-offending according to the verdict, co-offending according to the prosecution, Encrochat-communication and a network where these three networks were merged. The results showed that the cooffending networks obtained a more compact composition than the EncroChatcommunication network. All networks had a dense core containing the most central actors, although some exceptions existed in the co-offending networks. The results of the network analysis indicated that the actors who committed the most crimes also communicated the most. The results also showed a partly different composition of other prominent actors in the network analysis than what the prosecutor presented. Therefore, network analysis can be used as an extra dimension in law enforcement work due to its function in identifying structures.
The purpose of this study was to identify whether there are differences between regions in Sweden regarding the relationship between lethal violence and mental illness and for the connection when other factors are included in the explanatory model in the form of forensic psychiatric care and financial situation. In order to investigate the purpose and the formulated research questions public data and two different analysis methods, descriptive analysis and regression analysis were used. Using these analysis methods, two different types of differences between regions were identified. At first, two regions were found to have a significant effect in the relationship between lethal violence and mental illness, which changed to none of the regions when forensic psychiatric care and financial aid were taken into account. The second type of regional differences were identified by the fact that some of the regions included significant factors, and some did not. With this result it was concluded that there are differences between regions and these differences change in more complex explanatory models of lethal violence.
The purpose of this essay was to investigate how the municipality works with Effektiv Samordning för Trygghet (EST), as well as how the collaboration works within the municipality. To investigate this, we used semi-structured interviews and reviewed documents, then a thematic analysis was carried out on the material. The results showed, based on the interviewees’ statements, that the practical work agreed with the manual for EST, but that there were difficulties with the representativeness within the mapping. The interviewees had a common picture of what collaboration is, while the documents lacked precise definitions of collaboration. In addition, the results showed that the interviewees had a lack of knowledge partly regarding what the documents contained, partly about the goals of the collaborative work. It also emerged that there were difficulties between the interviewees' perception of collaboration in comparison to the perceptions in the scientific field, especially regarding role distributions. The conclusions were that there is a need to spread knowledge about the content of the documents and a clarification of what the goals for the collaborations are.
The purpose of this study was to investigate how Maltese police officers describe minority groups and to, based on the police's own descriptions, examine how they relate to the minority groups they encounter at work. The study is qualitative and has been conducted through interviews with police officers. The result showed that two groups were discussed based on how they affect their work and that was The Eastern Europeans and Muslims. The presentation of these groups indicated a otherization.
Even if peer support is commonly defined as horizontal in contrast to the more hierarchical relationship between client and professional, peer support is not free from power dynamics. This article considers feminist organizing in the context of peer support for people with experiences of criminalization and substance abuse and addresses questions of (un)equal peer support, sexual victimization, (re)integration, and organizational change in the #MeToo era.Drawing on qualitative interviews with support organization representatives and discussion material from a study circle and a men’s group, this article analyses one organization’s framing of, and responses to, allegations of sexual victimization of female members, and their ongoing work toward increased equality. The study shows that a number of measures have been taken in the organization in order to give voice to women whose lives are affected by crime, imprisonment, violence, and drug abuse. Interview participants put strong emphasis on the need to counteract what is described as a“macho culture” embedded in the peer support organization (PESO), which is seen as repeating structures of masculinity and power from the previous criminal lifestyle as well as reproducing specific gendered vulnerabilities. The organization’s patriarchal structure is understood as connected to a culture of silence that has allowed for sexism and marginalization of female members to continue. The women’s lived experiences of trauma within peer support practices and their struggles to redefine the foundations of their organization emphasizes the lived gendered emotionality of peer support, and uncovers how power structures can be challenged by putting the gendered lived experiences of women with a history of criminalization and substance abuse in the center of ex-offender peer support.
The role of the “wounded healer” can have positive effects for former offenders as regards desistance and social (re)integration; however, research focusing on wounded healing/peer mentoring from a gender perspective is limited. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Swedish peer support organizations (PESOs) for former offenders and qualitative interviews with former offenders working in five different PESOs, this study analyses how masculinity and support are performed and narrated by 15 wounded healers/peer mentors (men = 11, women = 4, age range 19–60 y/o). It contributes to knowledge about gendered power dynamics of peer support by showing that while masculinity can and do function as capital in peer support work, some displays of masculinity can trigger trauma, with negative consequences for women within PESOs.
The purpose of the study was to investigate how a plaintiff's story is valued in rape convictions and to see what could affect the credibility and reliability of the plaintiff and defendant. The study used 40 rape convictions from Svea Hovrätt distributed between 2017 and 2021, which were read through several times based on content analysis. The results were analyzed on the basis of theories such as the ideal victim, critical victimology and with a social constructionist perspective. Previous research in the same field was also used. The results of the study showed that there were no major differences between the years, but a small difference could be sensed where the bearing in the plaintiff's story weighed heavier in 2021 than 2017. What affected the reliability and credibility depended on whether it was the defendant or plaintiff. An indication of negative discrimination could also be noted concerning racialized persons, which mostly turned out to be due to language difficulties.
The aim of this study was to analyze narratives of violence and explore how this relates to one's own violence. By means of the theory of differential associations and social learning theory, the development of violent behavior was understood and interpreted. Through a hermeneutic approach, seven life stories from the Stockholm Life-Course Project, were interpreted, where child maltreatment and own use of violence had occurred. The main results showed that the individuals experienced that the childhood had characterized their lives and that they developed a behavior of violence. The violence has been interpreted for strategic purposes but also of pure instinct. The results were problematized with the previous research. The study's conclusion is that exposure to child maltreatment constitutes a risk factor for developing violent behavior. However, the relationship is complex and no causal statements can be made based on our research method and our sample.
The purpose of this study was to examine the understanding of sex purchases from the perspective of regional coordinators and therapists who work with men who bought sex, and what strategies they advocate in the preventive work. To answer the purpose of this study, six semi-structured interviews were conducted and the material was then analyzed with a masculinity perspective. The results showed that the explanatory models that professionals use to understand and describe men's purchases of sexual services are how the purchase of sex can be seen as an effect of the gender power order, that the purchase of sex may be a result of men's difficulty expressing emotions, that the purchase of sex can seem like a simple way out and how pornography can blur boundaries and create fantasies. Furthermore, the results showed that the strategies that the professions advocate in the preventive work are the treatment and its central role in the treatment of men who have bought sex as well as education for children and youths in issues relating to gender equality, gender norms and pornography.
The purpose of this study has been to investigate how deviant behavior can be affected by animal-assisted interventions and how these can be expanded further to crime preventative purposes in the future. This was investigated through a qualitative method, semi-structured interviews. Six females who all worked within operations that used animal based interventions were interviewed. The statements were interpreted and analyzed through the theory of social bonds and earlier research within the field. The females experienced that animal based interventions had a good influence on the deviant behavior of the participants of these interventions and that there are good opportunities for future development within crime prevention. The subject has a limited amount of research in Sweden in regards to its crime preventative properties and therefore it is common for decision makers to prefer other methods.
Socialstyrelsen presenterar en katastrofal ökning av psykisk ohälsa bland unga och tolkar det som en reell ökning av psykiska sjukdomar. Vilket leder till rubriker med ord som epidemi. Men slutsatsen håller inte rent vetenskapligt. Vi måste ta signalerna från unga på allvar, men risken för en medikalisering av normala livserfarenheter är uppenbar, skriver tre forskare.
SLUTREPLIK DN DEBATT 22/5. Olivia Wigzell och Thomas Lindén från Socialstyrelsen har kommenterat vårt inlägg när det gäller psykisk ohälsa bland barn och unga. Det framkommer inte något nytt i deras svar som i stort sett repeterar innehållet i myndighetens rapporter i ämnet under senare år, skriver forskarna Ingemar Engström, Sven Bremberg och Sofia Wikman.
The aim of the study was to investigate how officials of the social services and the police perceived inter-organizational collaboration. More specifically inter-organizational collaboration as a method in the work against intimate partner violence. The study also aimed to examine how they perceive the authorities' roles in such cooperation. In order to investigate this, semi-structured interviews have been carried out with officials from both authorities. The interviews were conducted both in the preliminary stage and after a collaborative project against intimate partner violence. The study's result showed that the idea of cooperating against this type of problems has a strong support among the officials of both authorities. Factors that are perceived as the most important for effective collaboration are a clear division of responsibilities between the actors; to have the collaboration on an institutional level, instead of interpersonal, administrative coordination and ensuring that the collaboration has sufficient resources. The result also showed that the officials of the two authorities had a clear conception what constitutes as their professional role. That clear conception can create an uncertainty within the actor when he or she is expected to act in a manner that is not in line with his or her perception of the role.
There is widespread concern in both the popular and academic literature that a surplus of men in a population intensifies mating competition between men, particularly unpartnered men, resulting in increased violence towards both men and women. Recent contributions challenge this perspective and argue that male mating competition and levels of violence will be higher when sex ratios are female-skewed. Existing empirical evidence remains inconclusive. We argue that this empirical ambiguity results from analyses of aggregate-level data, which put inferences at risk of ecological fallacies. Our analysis circumvents such problems by using individual-level, longitudinal demographic register and police data for the Stockholm metropolitan area, Sweden (1990–2003, n = 758,498). These data allow us to investigate the association between municipality-level sex ratios and violent offending (homicide, assault, threat, and sexual crimes) while adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Results suggest that aggregated offending rates are negatively associated with male-skewed sex ratios, whereas individual-level violent offending correlates positively with male-skews. We find that the more-men-more-violence association holds particularly for male violence against other men, but is insignificant for violence against women. Moreover, the association is significant among childless men, but not among fathers. However, robustness checks question the causality of these associations. Female violent offending is positively, albeit due to a low number of cases, insignificantly associated with male-skews. Moreover, both male and female non-violent offending is higher in male-skewed municipalities. We discuss the implications with regard to the theoretical debate and problems of unobserved heterogeneity in the sex ratio literature.
Title: They are searching for the holes in their bodies and souls – desistance from violent Islamic extremism, a qualitative approach. This essay aims to provide a deeper understanding and insight into why individuals choose to leave violence-promoting Islamist environments. The choice of method has been qualitative. The essay consists of four semi-structured interviews with key informants. The interview material has been transcribed and coded individually by both authors. The study has taken an integrated theoretical approach where the main framework consists of a life course perspective supported by Hirschi’s theory of social bonds, Merton’s theory of strain and Sutherland’s theory of differential associations. The main findings show that possible turning points with regards to desistance related to violence-promoting Islamist environments primarily consists of aspects related to belonging and social contexts. In other words, this essay shows that social relations are an integral part with regards to desistance. The findings closely correspond to those of previous studies within the field. The findings are supported by the study’s theoretical framework where pro-social community interactions strengthen the social bonds to society through differential associations, this in turn leads to a decreased amount of strain.
The purpose of this degree project has been to study levels of insecurity related to fears ofbecoming a victim of crime. Female students of Skellefteå municipality at upper secondarylevel have been the focus of this study. The material has been gathered throughsemistructured interviews. Previous research has shown that one of the greatest fears is thefear of becoming a victim of sexual assault. In this study the interviewees describe certainareas of Skellefteå which they try to avoid due to the fear of becoming a victim of crime.Darkness was a factor which recurringly was described as troublesome and the lack of controlin dark environments as the main cause of distress. The interviewees describe media as a partof their fear of becoming a victim of a crime and understand the society as male dominatedand that certain male behaviour is at the root of the issue. To come to terms with the problem,preventive actions such as better lighting outside and early preventive measures to changehow men behave around women was sought after.
The purpose of this study was to investigate female crime and victimization based on how this is presented in autobiographies of female criminals with a focus on gender structures and the role men play in women’s crime and victimization. The study was based on autobiographies of three Swedish female criminals on which themes corresponding to the purpose of the study were identified. The results were analyzed on the basis of theories of hegemonic masculinity, gender systems and socialist feminism and compared with previous research. The study showed that gender structures clearly appear in the autobiographies. Men’s power and dominance over women was made visible, not least through prostitution, but also through other violations, coersion, abuse and rape, women were victimized, both in childhood and in adulthood. Men were also shown in various ways to influence women to start committing crimes.
We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety and panic disorder (PD) among citizens in 11 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. We explored risks and protective factors most associated with the development of these mental health disorders and their course at 68 days follow up. We acquired 9543 unique responses via an online survey that was disseminated in UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, India, Latvia, Poland, Romania, and Sweden. The prevalence and new incidence during the pandemic for at least one disorder was 48.6% and 17.6%, with the new incidence of PTSD, anxiety, depression, and panic disorder being 11.4%, 8.4%, 9.3% and 3%, respectively. Higher resilience was associated with lower mental health burden for all disorders. Ten to thirteen associated factors explained 79% of the variance in PTSD, 80% in anxiety, 78% in depression, and 89% in PD. To reduce the mental health burden, governments should refrain from implementing many highly restrictive and lasting containment measures. Public health campaigns should focus their effort on alleviating stress and fear, promoting resilience, building public trust in government and medical care, and persuading the population of the measures’ effectiveness. Psychosocial services and resources should be allocated to facilitate individual and community-level recovery from the pandemic.
National governments took action to delay the transmission of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) by implementing different containment measures. We developed an online survey that included 44 different containment measures. We aimed to assess how effective citizens perceive these measures, which measures are perceived as violation of citizens’ personal freedoms, which opinions and demographic factors have an effect on compliance with the measures, and what governments can do to most effectively improve citizens’ compliance. The survey was disseminated in 11 countries: UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, India, Latvia, Poland, Romania, and Sweden. We acquired 9543 unique responses. Our findings show significant differences across countries in perceived effectiveness, restrictiveness, and compliance. Governments that suffer low levels of trust should put more effort into persuading citizens, especially men, in the effectiveness of the proposed measures. They should provide financial compensation to citizens who have lost their job or income due to the containment measures to improve measure compliance. Policymakers should implement the least restrictive and most effective public health measures first during pandemic emergencies instead of implementing a combination of many restrictive measures, which has the opposite effect on citizens’ adherence and undermines human rights.
Previous research illustrated that the laws regulating involuntaryplacement and treatment of persons with mental health problems arevery diverse across countries. International studies comparingsatisfaction levels between countries are rare. We compared the opinionsof professionals and family members about the operation of the nationalmental health law regulating forcibly admission and treatment ofpsychiatric patients in eleven countries: Ireland, Iceland, England &Wales, Romania, Slovenia, Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Norway andIndia. An online survey design was adopted using a Mental HealthLegislation Attitude Scale (MHLAS). This brief 9-item questionnaire wasdistributed via e-mail to psychiatrists, general practitioners, acute andcommunity mental health nurses, tribunal members, police officers and family members in each collaborating country. The levels ofagreement/disagreement were measured on a Likert- scale. Data wereanalysed both per question and with regard to a total MHLAS ‘approval’score computed as a sum of the 9 questions. We found that respondentsin England & Wales and Denmark expressing strongest approval for theirnational legislation (76 and 74% respectively), with those in India andIreland expressing the least approval (65 and 64% respectively). Almostall countries had a more positive attitude in comparison with Ireland onthe admission criteria for involuntary placement and the way people aretransferred to psychiatric hospitals. There are significant variationsacross Europe and beyond in terms of approval for how the nationalmental health law framework operates in each country.
Gun violence is a serious issue in many countries across the globe. It has been shown that there is an elevated risk for a further shooting nearby within a short time span of a shooting incident, so-called near-repeat patterning. The present study presents new evidence on near-repeat patterning in Sweden, with a focus on neighbourhoods which the police have labelled as ‘vulnerable’–deprived neighbourhoods where criminal networks have a large impact on local communities. Such neighbourhoods tend to have open drug markets, and to have high levels of gun violence. The present paper analyses the association of open drug markets and vulnerable neighbourhoods with gun violence and near-repeat patterning of gun violence in two Swedish cities. Our findings suggest that gun violence is strongly concentrated on open drug markets in vulnerable neighbourhoods, and that those locations in addition exhibit high risks for repeat shootings after an initial shooting event. We propose that the police can use this knowledge to improve practices to prevent or disrupt gun violence.
The purpose of this study has been to examine the participants’ self-described turning points that has enabled desistance from criminality and drugs, together with what factors described as central in the persistence of their new lifestyle. The study was based on interviews with six former offenders. The turning points were described as a unique combination of a romantic relationship to a partner, broken social bonds to important relatives, perceived adverse health effects, accumulation of consequences, personal maturity, and a newfound faith in God. The persistence were described as successful by continuously evaluating their situation and working to maintain their new identity. This was done by maintaining new, healthy relationships; a stimulating work situation; and being good role models, parents and partners. Everyone in the group is currently living with the twelve step program, since they believe it contributes to a lasting change and a continuous personal development.
The aim of this research has been to investigate how during 2018 media have described causes of female prostitution and how these descriptions relate to earlier research on female prostitution. In order to fulfill the aims of the study a qualitative content analysis was carried out on 17 articles from Aftonbladet and DN. The result of this investigation has shown that newspaper articles express several different reasons for female prostitution that can be related to earlier research on prostitution. However there is an overstatement of causes with compelling character. Based on the sensational journalism theory, it is understood that these types of articles are overrepresented as they contain greater measure of sensation and higher news value. The results of the study are discussed from the theoretical agenda-setting perspective. It has been interpreted that the public's beliefs about causes of female prostitution are affected by reports in media about compelling causes.
The purpose of the study was to investigate and create a deeper understanding of how the media portrays offenders and victims of deadly violence during the time periods 1990–1994 and 2018–2022 and to see if there were any differences. This was done through a thematic text analysis. The results showed that the media's portrayal of offenders and victims both agrees with Christie's theory of the ideal victim, but that there were also times when the media's portrayal didn't agree with Christie's theory. Most of the offenders were portrayed as evil, brutal, ruthless or dangerous, and the rest were portrayed as milder and apologetic. The victims were portrayed as innocent, vulnerable and weak, or as less innocent and guilty. No major differences were found in the representations of victims and offenders between the time periods. The information and words used by the media determine how perpetrators and victims are portrayed.
The purpose of the study was to analyze how victims and offenders were portrayed in the Netflix series I Am a Killer, through Nils Christie’s theory of the ideal victim in combination with a gender theoretical perspective. The chosen method of analysis was a thematic content analysis. The study showed that Christie’s ideal types were not common and that non-ideal victims and offenders dominated. Furthermore, the study did not show that victims and offenders were portrayed differently based on their gender. The conclusions made were that Christie’s ideal types were not applicable in the realm of reality, the roles ”victim” and” offender” were generally intertwined which made the term victim-offender overlap more useful and accurate. Furthermore, stereotypical ideas regarding men and women were somewhat present in the material. To a certain extent that confirmed previous research regarding the portrayal of gender in media as well as in victimization and perpetratorship.
Trauma injury is the sixth leading cause of death worldwide, and interpersonal violence is one of the major contributors in particular regarding injuries to the head and neck. The incidence, demographics, and outcomes of penetrating trauma reaching hospitals in Sweden are not known. We report the largest, nationwide epidemiological study of penetrating injuries in Sweden, using the Swedish Trauma Registry (SweTrau). A multi-center retrospective descriptive study of 4,776 patients was conducted with penetrating injuries in Sweden, between 2012 and 2018. Due to the increase in coverage of the SweTrau registry during the same period, we chose to analyze the average number of cases for the time intervals 2013–2015 and 2016–2018 and compare those trends to the reports of the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brå) as well. A total of 663 patients had Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 15 at admission and were included in the study. Three hundred and sixty-eight (55.5%) were stab wounds (SW), 245 (37.0%) gunshot wounds (GSW), and 50 (7.5%) other traumas. A majority of the cases involved injuries to the head, neck, and face. SW increased from 145 during 2013–2015 to 184 during the second period of 2016–2018. The increase was greater for GSW from 92 to 141 during the same respective periods. This trend of increase over time was also seen in head, neck, and face injuries. The 30-day mortality was unaffected (48–47%) in GSW and trended toward lower in SW (24–21%) when comparing 2013–2015 with 2016–2018. Patients with head trauma had 45% mortality compared to 18% for non-head trauma patients. Head trauma also resulted in worse outcomes, only 13% had Glasgow outcome score (GOS) 5 compared to 27% in non-head trauma. The increasing number of cases of both SW and GSW corresponded well with reports from Brå although further studies also are needed to address deaths outside of hospitals and not registered at the SweTrau. The majority of cases had injuries to the head, neck, and face and were associated with higher mortality and poor outcomes. Further studies are needed to understand the contributing factors to these worse outcomes in Sweden and whether more targeted trauma care of these patients can improve outcomes.
I denna idé- och ideologianalys har vi studerat hur Aftonbladet och Expressen framställer fall där kvinnor dödats av en man de var eller har varit i en partnerrelation med. Detta med syfte att analysera hur denna typ av brottslighet porträtteras i dessa svenska nyhetsmedier och se kopplingar mellan gestaltningen och rådande maktstrukturer och attityder. Vi har utgått från ett socialkonstruktivistiskt och genusteoretiskt perspektiv där vi undersökt hur dessa artiklar porträtterar aktörerna och gärningen, samt hur detta kan kopplas till samhällets maktstrukturer och attityder. Vi har funnit att denna typ av nyhetsrapportering har starka drag av det patriarkala samhället där kvinnor underordnas män och framställs som de som bör ta ansvar för relationen. Vi ser även att män i flera fall inte fördöms för sina handlingar utan att skulden indirekt förskjuts till kvinnan. Vi menar att ett skifte av attityden i framställningen hos Aftonbladet och Expressen krävs för att en förändring i maktstrukturen och de rådande normerna ska kunna börja ske.
The purpose of the study was to analyse, describe and compare fourmunicipal action plans against intimate partner violence with the help of qualitative content analysis. Based on gender and the theory of the ideal victim. The analysis of the action plans showed that intimate partner violence was described as a complex act of violence and there is not only one ulterior cause, it is about several ulterior causes. In the action plans is the intimate partner violence described as a repeated act of violence to which most women are exposed to, but they also state that the violence occurs in all types of relationships and in all classes of society. The woman is described in the municipal action plans as the weaker sex, which is in line with our gender theory by Harding whit the symbolic process. There is a one-sided constructionof the woman as the ideal victim and a reproduction of norms and attitudes as a stereotypical conception of intimate partner violence, in themunicipal action plans we analysed.
Syftet med denna studie har varit att analysera asylsökandes upplevelser om ifall asylprocessen varit brottsgenererande eller ökat den psykiska ohälsan. De kriminologiska teorier som använts för att kunna förklara relationen är stämplingsteorin, strain, och sociala band. För att samla in relevant data har en kvalitativ metod använts, då semi-strukturerade intervjuer hölls med sju individer som i dagsläget är eller tidigare har varit asylsökande. En semi-strukturerad intervju har även utförts med en tidigare handläggare på Migrationsverket. Det inhämtade materialet från intervjuerna har analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultaten av intervjuerna med de asylsökande har visat att de aspekter inom asylprocessen som skulle kunna vara brottsgenererande eller leda till psykisk ohälsa är ett kriminaliserande mottagande, rädsla för utvisning eller avslag, ökad psykisk press, eller effekten av kulturella skiljaktigheter.
The aim of the study was to examine how the interviewees from different organizations and authorities relevant to our study reasoned on the barriers women might experience when it comes to reporting intimate partner abuse to the police. The aim was also to examine how the interviewees viewed their role in increasing the propensity to report by encouraging the women to overcome these barriers. Our theory was based on the theories of the normalization process, victim blaming and secondary victimization and the ideal victim. The method used was qualitative, semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the interviewees were aware of these barriers and that they had developed different approaches and strategies to meet these barriers, for example by de-normalizing the violence. Another finding was that although none of the interviewees regarded increasing the women’s propensity to report as their first priority, their work in helping the women to overcome the barriers indirectly can contribute to increase the propensity to report to the police.
The purpose of this thesis was to study occupational injury reports of the violence against healthcare staff during the years 2002–2020 throughout Sweden and Gävleborg, and inspect the differences between the cases. Furthermore, this thesis aimed to study the improvements the care staff in Gävleborg submitted in their applications, and see if the improvements in Gävleborg could be used to prevent the violence-categories. The results show an increased frequency of reports from 2002 until 2020. Violence without weapons accounts for 81% of the total reports. The share of work environment /routines reports decreased from 27% to 6%between 2009 and 2020 in Sweden. The content analysis showed that the improvements could be used to prevent violence against the care staff. In Gävleborg there was a sharp uptake in reports as of 2016. In conclusion, the reports have increased and the improvements in the reportscould help prevent workplace violence.
The purpose of this study was to investigate how employees of the police in central Sweden experienced the reorganization in 2015. The aim was to find out the employees personal experiences, for which we choose to apply an qualitative method. To gain results, we implemented interviews of a semi-structured caracter. For further support we studied earlierrelevant studies. Sarnecki’s definition of control, Tankebee’s analysis of Beetham’s theory of legimicity as well as Lewins model of change, worked as guidelines for our studie.The main results found demonstrated that the employees considered the reorganization as a beneficial aspect regarding the work of the police. But there were a few negative aspects as well. The conclusion was drawn that the police force has become more united of the basis of a better cooperation within the police. This is not sufficiently to gain experienced effectiveness, since the structure of the organization is difficult to maintain in practice.
This article is based on an evaluation of the crime prevention work that is being done in partnership between municipalities and the local police in Stockholm county. The purpose was to provide an overview of the work and point out focus areas for further development. The evaluation is based on quantitative content analysis of official documents written for the local crime prevention work and interviews with the local police and the crime prevention coordinators at the municipalities.
One of the most prominent results was that analysing the causes of crime and establishing measurable goals for the effect of crime prevention is found difficult. The municipalities in the form of political self-governing agencies were also found difficult to collaborate with. Decisions, which are made at the top levels, take a very long time since it’s a very bureaucratic organisation. However, effective communications within the organisations helped spread knowledge, which strengthened the work. The conclusion was made from the prominent results that these factors all had the ability to affect the works legitimacy.
Domestic violence is classified as a widespread and a serious problem in society. The aim of the study was to look into possible challenges and factors of success experienced by employees within the Police Authority and the importance of victim participation in the investigation process of cases related to domestic violence in several police areas. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six different investigators at the investigation section focused on domestic violence at the Police Authority. The material was analyzed through a qualitative content analysis and linked to previous research as well as the theory of normalization of violence. The result showed challenges such as a lack of resources, where more investigators, child interrogators, IT forensics and administrative staff are desired to be able to meet the high workload. Further identified challenges are linked to confidentiality between authorities and other actors. The victim's participation in the investigation process is considered to be decisive unless other evidence is available in order to conduct an effective investigation and obtain a conviction in the case.
The purpose of our study has been to examine, from a crime prevention- and safety perspective, the cooperation between key-actors in creating an urban park. Material from semi-structured interviews with key- actors as well as documents relating to the process have been the basis for a qualitative content analysis. The theoretical framework we have used is routine activity theory, situational crime prevention and CPTED. The result showed that cooperation between the parties was not present in the initial planning. Furthermore, everyone involved emphasizes that it could be a lesson for future projects, which possibly could have resulted in another embodiment of the park in some respects. The complexity of balancing crime prevention and aesthetic measures is highlighted, and the action that is now being taken are to address problems that have arisen. Which could possibly have been prevented if it had been considered in the planning.
Syftet med studien var att genom en kartläggning få en lägesbild av volontärsektorns ochKriminalvårdens samarbete i Sverige. Det som studeras är volontärsektorns uppgift ochfunktion, även hur mycket statsbidrag de får och hur samarbetet fungerar mellan parterna.Kartläggningen gjordes med hjälp av strukturerade frågeformulär och intervjuer, somanalyserades med tematisk analys. Resultatet visade vilka frivilligorganisationerKriminalvården gett statsbidrag år 2022 samt vilken uppgift och funktion de fyller. Iresultatet påvisades även en djupare förståelse kring samarbetets funktion och de svårigheteroch utmaningar som finns, samt hur frivilligorganisationerna kan utgöra ett komplement tillKriminalvårdens verksamhet. I slutsatsen presenterades ett överlag positivt samarbete mellanfrivilligorganisationerna och Kriminalvården, där frivilligorganisationerna fyller en viktigfunktion, men där de ojämlika vårdinsatserna problematiserades. Det framkom också att detfinns samarbeten med fler frivilligorganisationer, som inte får statsbidrag. De inkluderadessåledes inte i denna kartläggning, men är något som framtida forskning skulle kunna tahänsyn till
This current study investigated priests, in the church of Sweden, working in custody and/or prison. Do priests experience any change in the prisoners’ lives during the time they are held in prison? The qualitative study consists of semi structured interviews with five priests. They were interviewed during summer 2019. The study shows that all of the priests experienced that many of the prisoners changed attitudes concerning their lives and their situation. They expressed the desire of another kind of life. Unexpectedly the study also shows the change the priests undertook, working with the prisoners. The priests expressed feelings about deeper spirituality and a sense of rich meaningfulness. The study shows that the priests experienced that almost all of the prisoners had a strong wish of living a non-criminal life. The road to this life is the one which consists of many new and constant contacts with a socially accepted environment.