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  • 1.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    et al.
    HUI Research; Högskolan Dalarna.
    Grek, Åsa
    Högskolan Dalarna.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Högskolan Dalarna.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    HUI Research; Högskolan Dalarna.
    Betydelsen av internt genererat kapital för en långsiktigt hållbar företagstillväxt2017In: Perspektiv på kapitalförsörjning: en antologi om företagens finansiering och statens roll / [ed] Jörgen Lithander, Stockholm: Tillväxtanalys , 2017, 1, p. 31-49Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Ett företags expansion kan finansieras med internt genererat kapital eller med hjälp av extern finansiering. Vi undersöker här hur omsättningstillväxten och överlevnadssannolikheten påverkas av företagets internt uppbyggda kapital. Undersökningen baseras på data över alla Sveriges aktiebolag under perioden 1997–2010.

    Våra resultat indikerar att den initiala tillgången på internt uppbyggt kapital generellt sett inte är förknippad med en högre omsättningstillväxt eller ökade möjligheter att överleva på marknaden. Vi finner däremot att de företag som bygger upp interna medel innan de växer är mer sannolika att uppnå en långsiktigt hållbar tillväxt än de företag som växer innan de byggt upp ett internt kapital.

    Resultaten indikerar också att företag som har varit med om uppköp eller sammanslagningar har både högre tillväxt och bättre chanser att överleva på marknaden.

    Vi kan samtidigt konstatera att de skattade sambanden ofta är svaga trots det omfattande datamaterialet. Det tyder på att företagstillväxt i huvudsak är slumpmässig eller kan förklaras av variabler som är svåra att mäta och inkludera i kvantitativ analys. Detta bekräftas också av tidigare studier.

    Våra resultat implicerar att framtida studier bör fokusera mer på hur företagen växer än på vad som kan förklara hur mycket de växer vid en viss tidpunkt.

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  • 2.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    et al.
    HUI Research; Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Nationalekonomi.
    Grek, Åsa
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Nationalekonomi.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Högskolan Dalarna.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    HUI Research; Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Nationalekonomi.
    Hur kapitalstrukturen påverkar den långsiktigt hållbara företagstillväxten2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Det antas ofta att det finns ett ”kapitalförsörjningsgap” i ekonomin på grund av asymmetrisk information, vilket leder till att efterfrågan på externt kapital är större än utbudet. De politiska beslutsfattarna vill därför ofta öka tillgången på externt riskkapital genom olika selektiva statliga stödinsatser för att få fler växande företag.

    Klassiska teorier om företagstillväxt implicerar dock att det snarare är uppbyggnaden av företagets interna resurser som är av betydelse för att förklara företagens tillväxt och möjligheter att överleva på marknaden. Många företagare vill dessutom behålla kontrollen över sitt företag och kan därmed välja att inte växa med externt kapital, trots att de har tillväxtambitioner. Om detta stämmer är politiska beslut som ökar tillgången till internt kapital av större betydelse för företagens utveckling än politiska beslut som avser att öka tillgången på externt kapital.

    I denna rapport vill vi studera hur betydelsefullt det internt uppbyggda kapitalet har varit för tillväxt och överlevnad hos aktiebolag i Sverige under perioden 1997–2010. Våra resultat indikerar att:

    • Tillgången till internt kapital kan inte förklara den observerade företagstillväxten bland aktiebolag i Sverige under perioden 1997–2010.

    • Det interna kapitalet är inte relaterat till överlevnadssannolikheten för aktiebolag i Sverige under perioden 1997–2010.

    • Företag som växer efter att de har byggt upp internt kapital har större möjligheter att i framtiden kombinera hög tillväxt med hög lönsamhet jämfört med de företag som växer innan de har byggt upp internt kapital.

    Resultaten är delvis motstridiga. De företag som bygger upp ett internt kapital och sedan väljer att expandera har en högre sannolikhet att nå en långsiktigt hållbar position för tillväxt än de företag som växer innan de har byggt upp internt kapital. Detta talar för att uppbyggnaden av internt kapital är av betydelse. Våra regressionsresultat indikerar dock att det inte finns något starkt positivt samband mellan internt uppbyggt kapital och företagens framtida omsättningstillväxt eller möjligheter att överlevna på marknaden.

    Det finns ett antal möjliga förklaringar till våra resultat. Den första förklaringen är helt enkelt att det interna kapitalet inte är av betydelse för företagens framtida tillväxt och överlevnad. Den troliga förklaringen till detta är att vid jämvikt kommer företagarna att värdesätta en expansion med internt eller externt kapital på liknande sätt. Detta implicerar att det snarare är den totala mängden riskkapital som påverkar företagens tillväxt och överlevnad, och inte huruvida kapitalet genereras internt eller externt.

    En annan tolkning är att företagarna fortfarande föredrar att växa med internt uppbyggt kapital eftersom resultaten visar effekten på företagstillväxten och överlevnadssannolikheten, givet den initiala uppbyggnaden av internt kapital i företagen. Den initiala nivån av internt kapital har således ingen effekt på företagsutvecklingen, men en ökning av det interna kapitalet i förhållande till tillgången på externt kapital kan fortfarande leda till att fler företag vill expandera sin verksamhet.

    Många företagare i Sverige väljer också att inte växa trots att de har relativt god lönsamhetsutveckling. Detta kan betyda att vi inte observerar några samband mellan det internt uppbyggda kapitalet och företagens utveckling eftersom många företagare inte vill växa under de rådande institutionella förutsättningarna. Det finns med andra ord utelämnande variabler, till exempel olika tillväxtbarriärer (regelkrångel, strikt anställningsskydd, matchningsproblem, etc.), som kan förklara varför det interna kapitalet inte har någon observerad betydelse för tillväxten och företagens överlevnad i vår studie.

    Slutligen kan en möjlig förklaring vara att företagens tillväxt och överlevnad i mycket hög utsträckning är slumpmässig. Detta innebär att det blir svårt att förklara vad det är som påverkar företagens utveckling, vilket också implicerar att selektiva stödåtgärder för att få fler växande företag är dömda att misslyckas.

    Sammanfattningsvis kan vi konstatera att våra resultat inte ger något stöd för hypotesen att företag med tillgång till internt kapital växer snabbare och har en högre överlevnadssannolikhet än de företag som har tillgång till mindre internt uppbyggt kapital. Resultaten bygger på de rådande institutionella förutsättningarna i Sverige under perioden 1997–2010 och är avgränsade till att studera effekten av det initialt uppbyggda kapitalet i bolagen. Vi undersöker inte företagarnas preferenser, det vill säga om de föredrar mer internt kapital framför externt kapital när de ska expandera verksamheten, eller om en ökning av det internt uppbyggda kapitalet har en större tillväxteffekt än mer externt kapital.

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  • 3.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna; HUI Research.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Högskolan Dalarna.
    What determines the use of capital budgeting methods?: evidence from Swedish listed companies2014In: Journal of Finance and Economics, ISSN 2328-7284, Vol. 2, no 4, p. 101-112Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: This paper aims to extend and contribute to prior research on the association between company characteristics and choice of capital budgeting methods (CBMs). Design/methodology/approach: A multivariate regression analysis on questionnaire data from 2005 and 2008 is used to study which factors determine the choice of CBMs in Swedish listed companies. Findings: Our results supported hypotheses that Swedish listed companies have become more sophisticated over the years (or at least less unsophisticated) which indicates a closing of the theory-practice gap; that companies with greater leverage used payback more often; and that companies with stricter debt targets and less management ownership employed accounting rate of return more frequent. Moreover, larger companies used CBMs more often. Originality/value: The paper contributes to prior research within this field by being the first Swedish study to examine the association between use of CBMs and as many as twelve independent variables, including changes over time, by using multivariate regression analysis. The results are compared to a US and a continental European study.

  • 4.
    Fagerström, Arne
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Cunningham, Gary
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Högskolan i Dalarna.
    Sustainable Enterprise Theory, SET: A Starting Point for Reporting Sustainable Business Values2018Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 5.
    Fagerström, Arne
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Högskolan Dalarna.
    Accounting for a Sustainable Use of Resources and Capital Maintenance: A Value-added Approach2016In: The International Journal of Sustainability in Economic, Social and Cultural Context, ISSN 2325-1115, E-ISSN 2325-114X, Vol. 12, no 4, p. 35-43Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sustainability reporting to accompany traditional financial reports has momentum, but lack of consistency in preparing sustainability reports inhibits their usefulness. This paper presents a development guide for a consistent and auditable sustainability reporting model based on modified value-added reporting. Value added taken from traditional accounting reports is allocated to five dimensions of sustainability: financial, social, environmental, technological, and a residual value retained in the company. Sustainability indicators based on ratios of allocated amounts to the five dimensions are illustrated for a fictitious company. The underlying idea is that if there is an imbalance among the proportions of value added distributed among the dimensions of sustainability, the company’s long-term survival could be at stake.

  • 6.
    Fagerström, Arne
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Högskolan Dalarna.
    Från hållbarhetsrapportering och bestyrkande till hållbarhetsredovisning och revision2016In: Balans : tidskrift för redovisning och revision, ISSN 0346-8208, Vol. 8 februari, no 2, p. 1-4Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Artikeln syftar till att visa på en möjlig utveckling av systematisk redovisning av hållbarhet och dess indikatorer. En systematisk redovisning är en nödvändig grund för att revision av hållbarhetsindikatorer skall vara möjlig. Det skall finnas verifikationer och underlag som revisorn kan använda i arbetet med att finna revisionsbevis.

    Hållbarhetsredovisningen bör utformas så att den kan fungera som ett verktyg i företagets risk management. Risk management är ett samlingsnamn för de aktiviteter som på ett systematiskt sätt inventerar, analyserar och förebygger olika typer av risker i ett företags verksamhet. Om ett företag får problem med sin sociala/humana, miljömässiga och teknologiska hållbarhet kan företagets going concern vara i fara, och hållbarhetsredovisningen bör synliggöra dessa risker. I artikeln presenteras och analyseras en ny flerdimensionell redovisningsmodell som syftar till att fånga upp potentiella hållbarhetsrelaterade hot och risker mot verksamheten.

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  • 7.
    Fagerström, Arne
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Högskolan Dalarna.
    Reflektioner kring hållbarhetsredovisnings-postulat och syftet med hållbarhetsredovisning2016In: Balans : tidskrift för redovisning och revision, ISSN 0346-8208, Vol. -, no 3, p. 1-4Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Hållbarhetsredovisning behöver på samma sätt som traditionell finansiell redovisning fast mark att stå på i form av vissa taget-för-givet antaganden, så kallade postulat, samt ett definierat mål, det vill säga vad hållbarhetsredovisning ska syfta till. I denna artikel visas på hur de klassiska postulaten kontinuitet, redovisningsenhet, redovisningsperiod och monetär enhet kan ligga till grund för modifierade hållbarhetsredovisningspostulat. Dessutom ges ett tentativt förslag på syftet med hållbarhetsredovisning.

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  • 8.
    Fagerström, Arne
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Högskolan Dalarna.
    Så kan företagens redovisning och styrsystem underlätta implementeringen av hållbarhetsstrategier2017In: Balans : tidskrift för redovisning och revision, ISSN 0346-8208, Vol. -, no 4, p. 1-4Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Allt fler företag har hållbarhet i sina strategiska mål. Att rapportera i enlighet med de nya lagkraven på hållbarhetsinformation är en bra början, men inte tillräckligt för att nå upp till hållbarhetsmålen. Fokus bör också läggas på hur strategier om hållbarhet kan implementeras i företagets operativa processer med hjälp av företagets styrsystem. Annars riskerar hållbarhetsarbetet att fallera och endast bli en pappersprodukt.

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  • 9.
    Fagerström, Arne
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Högskolan Dalarna [Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden].
    Cunningham, Gary
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Accounting and Auditing of Sustainability: Sustainable Indicator Accounting (SIA)2017In: Sustainability: The Journal of Record, ISSN 1937-0695, Vol. 10, no 1, p. 45-52Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With sustainability reporting commonplace and mandatory in the E.U., a model to facilitate accumulation and assurance of sustainability information is needed. Currently, only limited assurance is possible, and comparability among reporting companies and over time is difficult if not impossible. Current standards of the U.S. Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), while a good start, are not sufficiently broad. The current financial reporting framework, while not appropriate for sustainability, provides a basis for a sustainability accounting and auditing model by considering objectives, postulates, consolidation, and sustainability indicators for sustainability accounting. The overall focus of sustainability accounting and assurance is risk assessment, which is based on sustainability from the perspective of all stakeholders—financial, social, environmental, and technological—and management of the risk.Assumptions of sustainability accounting are developed from postulates of financial accounting and include:

    • Continuity. Reports assume business continuity sufficient to meet sustainability objectives and requirements, including product disposal and environmental cleanup.
    • Entity. Includes all activities that affect sustainability of an organization’s activities, goods, and services including suppliers, transport, disposal and cleanup.
    • Period.  Reporting period covers product life cycle, from raw materials extraction through disposal and cleanup.
    • Measurement unit. Varies for each sustainability indicator.

    The reporting entity includes consolidated groups as well as disaggregation by product group, country, parts of the organization over which it has direct control and others over which it has indirect control such as suppliers, disposal organizations. The framework and model can be reviewed for independent assurance, and are comparable over time and among reporting entities.

  • 10.
    Fagerström, Arne
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Högskolan Dalarna.
    Lindberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Redovisning av hållbart förädlingsvärde2016In: Balans : tidskrift för redovisning och revision, ISSN 0346-8208, Vol. -, no 1, p. 1-4Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I artikeln föreslås en standardiserad hållbarhetsredovisningsmodell som utgår från data som redan finns tillgängligt i företagens befintliga redovisningssystem. En fördel med modellen är att den, till skillnad från hållbarhetsrapportering, utgår från hårda monetära data och är reviderbar. Modellen är standardiserad, dvs den tillåter inte cherrypicking, vilket underlättar jämförelser mellan företag och över tid. Modellen delas upp i de fyra olika hållbarhetsdimensionerna finansiell, social, miljömässig och teknologisk hållbarhet.

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  • 11.
    Fagerström, Arne
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Mutiganda, Jean Claude
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Åbo Akademi .
    A New and Extended Balance Sheet for Sustainable Business2021In: Sustainability and Climate Change, ISSN 2692-2924, Vol. 14, no 5, p. 282-287Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Driven by external pressure, enterprises have begun to recognize the importance of sustainability. However, current sustainability reporting systems require improvements to include ways of measuring sustainability. This article presents a framework of a sustainable balance sheet (SBS) that is an extended version of a traditional balance sheet. The conceptual tools of this SBS framework come from relevant parts of resource theory and Vatter’s fund theory (Vatter, 1947).

  • 12.
    Grek, Åsa
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Högskolan Dalarna.
    Dougherty, Mark
    Högskolan Dalarna.
    Adjustment for Nonresponse in Business Surveys2018Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 13.
    Grek, Åsa
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Dougherty, Mark
    Högskolan i Halmstad.
    An Inductive Approach to Quantitative Methodology – Application of Novel Penalising Models in a Case Study of Target Debt Level in Swedish Listed Companies2024In: Journal of Risk and Financial Management, E-ISSN 1911-8074, Vol. 17, no 5, article id 207Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper proposes a method for conducting quantitative inductive research on survey data when the variable of interest follows an ordinal distribution. A methodology based on novel and traditional penalising models is described. The main aim of the study is to pedagogically present the method utilising the new penalising methods in a new application. A case was employed to outline the methodology. The purpose of the case is to select explanatory variables correlated with the target debt level in Swedish-listed companies. 

    The survey respondents were matched with accounting information from the companies’ annual reports. However, missing data were present: to fully utilise penalising models, we employed classification and regression trees (CART)-based imputations by multiple imputations chained equations (MICE) to address this problem.

    The imputed data were subjected to six penalising models: grouped multinomial lasso, ungrouped multinomial lasso, parallel Element Linked Multinomial-Ordinal (ELMO), semi-parallel ELMO, nonparallel ELMO, and cumulative generalised monotone incremental forward stagewise (GMIFS). While the older models yielded several explanatory variables for the hypothesis formation process, the new models (ELMO and GMIFS) identified only one; the quick asset ratio. Subsequent testing revealed that this variable was the only statistically significant variable to affect the target debt level.

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  • 14.
    Grek, Åsa
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Dougherty, Mark
    Högskolan i Halmstad.
    Determinants of Debt Leverage Ratios in Swedish Listed Companies2022Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 15.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Högskolan Dalarna.
    Alliansens obegripliga strategi2014In: Gefle Dagblad, ISSN 1103-9302, no 13:e novemberArticle in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 16.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Högskolan Dalarna.
    Alliansens väljarsvek2015In: Dalarnas Tidningar, ISSN 1103-9256, no 1:a januariArticle in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 17.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Factors Affecting Discount Rate Manipulation2019Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 18.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Uppsala universitet.
    Four Papers on Top Management's Capital Budgeting and Accounting Choices in Practice2012Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis contributes to an understanding of capital budgeting and accounting practice. The factors affecting practice are of special research interest. It is also investigated whether practice diverges from what is prescribed by finance text books and accounting standards/frameworks. The overarching research question posed in this thesis is: “What capital budgeting and accounting choices are made by top management in practice, and how can these choices be explained?”. The thesis consists of four papers that address this issue.

    The first two papers focused on capital budgeting choices. Findings emphasised that the use of sophisticated capital budgeting and cost of capital estimation methods such as NPV and CAPM was widespread in Swedish listed companies. However, also unsophisticated accounting based methods were employed. Overall, findings suggested that Swedish companies used capital budgeting and cost of capital estimation techniques less often than did U.S./continental European companies. Other interesting findings were changes over time. Over time, the use of sophisticated methods increased and the use of unsophisticated methods decreased. This indicated a closing of the theory-practice gap. Finally, size was generally positively related to more extensive use of methods.

    The last two papers focused on accounting choices. Findings showed that non-preparers supported amortisation of goodwill to a greater extent than did preparers. Preparers instead supported the goodwill impairment-only approach. It was suggested that economic consequences could explain why preparers supported the goodwill impairment-only approach. When the impairment-only approach subsequently was introduced by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), Swedish and Dutch preparers however only disclosed slightly more than 60% of the assumptions underlying the impairment test, after three years of learning. Moreover, findings showed that the level of compliance with the IASB’s disclosure requirements was associated with industry; financials were less compliant than were non-financials. Findings also showed that Swedish and Dutch companies were more compliant in 2008 than they were in 2005, which suggested learning over time. Finally, in 2005 the disclosure compliance level was higher in Sweden than in the Netherlands. Three years later, 2008, the difference was eliminated, thus indicating convergence.

  • 19.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Koncernredovisningens grunder2023 (ed. 1)Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I denna bok beskrivs och förklaras koncernredovisningens grunder. Såväl de tekniker som används för att upprätta ett koncernbokslut presenteras som den bakomliggande logik som ligger till grund för teknikerna. Dessutom beskrivs hur en elementär analys av koncernredovisningsdata går till.

    Stor möda läggs genomgående på att läsaren ska förstå poängen med de tekniker som används vid upprättande av koncernbokslut och vid analysen av detta koncernbokslut. Det finns ett stort antal exempel och övningar, alla med fullständiga lösningar. För att underlätta framställningen så att läsaren ser skogen snarare än träden är såväl löpande text som exempel och övningar i möjligaste mån befriade från skymmande detaljer.

    Bokens innehåll har använts av författaren i undervisningen i mer än ett årtionde med gott resultat. Text, exempel och övningar har författats och kontinuerligt reviderats baserat på studenters återkoppling.  

    Boken är avsedd för högskole- och universitetskurser i extern redovisning på i första hand grundnivån, men vänder sig även till redovisningspraktiker som vill förvärva grundläggande kunskaper i koncernredovisning.  

  • 20.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Magdalena Anderssons retoriska fint gick hem2019In: Dagens Samhälle, ISSN 1652-6511, no 3 SeptArticle in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 21.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Högskolan Dalarna, Falun, Sverige.
    Politiskt svek ger utrymme för skattehöjningar2016In: Dagens Samhälle, ISSN 1652-6511, no 8 SeptArticle in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 22.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Högskolan Dalarna, Företagsekonomi.
    Preparers’ and non-preparers’ lobbying on the proposed prohibition of goodwill amortisation in ED3 ‘business combinations’2012In: The Finnish Journal of Business Economics, ISSN 0024-3469, E-ISSN 2242-4296, Vol. 63, no 3-4, p. 30-60Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper preparers’ and non-preparers’ positions regarding accounting for goodwill are examined through studying submitted comment letters on ED3 ‘Business Combinations’. Preparers have, because of economic consequences, incentives to lobby for the non-amortisation approach and non-preparers for the amortisation approach. As hypothesised, non-preparers are found to support amortisation of goodwill to a greater extent than do preparers. Moreover, the two groups’ supportive arguments, i.e. how they argue for or against the non-amortisation or amortisation approach, are studied. Again, as hypothesised, the results show that the two groups use the same type of ‘sophisticated’ framework based arguments instead of economic consequences arguments. Taken together the examination of the comment letters thus indicates that both preparers and non-preparers point at conceptual strengths and weaknesses, instead of pointing at the real cause of the lobbying activities, i.e. perceived economic consequences, when they try to affect the final outcome of the standard. These findings confirm earlier research which has suggested that self-interested lobbyists use accounting theories and concepts as useful justifications.

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  • 23.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Högskolan Dalarna.
    Redovisningsteorins grunder2018 (ed. 1)Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Redovisning uppfattas av många som en statisk teknik som syftar till att registrera olika affärshändelser. I praktiken handlar emellertid redovisning – såväl redovisningsregler som företagens tillämpning av dessa regler – om bedömningar och avvägningar. Det finns med ­andra ord flera tänkbara svar på frågan hur redovisningen bör ­utformas. Givet att flera tänkbara redovisningslösningar är möjliga kan man fråga sig vilken eller vilka av dessa lösningar som är att ­föredra. Svaret på den frågan är inte givet. I Redovisningsteorins grunder tar vi hjälp av teori och forskning för att diskutera kring hur redovisningen bör utformas. Utöver ”bör-frågan” diskuteras också hur ­redovisningen är utformad och vad som kan förklara denna utformning. Vilka ­redovisningsval gör till exempel de noterade företagen i ­praktiken och hur kan dessa redovisningsval förklaras?

  • 24. Hartwig, Fredrik
    Respondent lobbying on the proposed prohibition of goodwill amortisation in ED32006Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 25.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Högskolan Dalarna.
    S och V slår undan benen för en snabbt växande basnäring2014In: Dalarnas Tidningar, ISSN 1103-9256, no 7 septemberArticle in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
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    Debattartikel
  • 26.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Uppsala universitet.
    Swedbank är ett skräckexempel: [Swedbank is a terrible example]2010In: Dagens industri, ISSN 0346-640X, no 23-febArticle in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
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  • 27.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Department of Trade, Industry and Business, Academy of Economics, Business Administration and Social Studies, Dalarna University.
    Swedish and Dutch listed companies’ compliance with IAS 36 paragraph 1342015In: International Journal of Disclosure & Governance, ISSN 1741-3591, E-ISSN 1746-6539, Vol. 12, no 1, p. 78-105Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article investigates the extent to which companies listed on the Nasdaq OMX (NOMX) and the Euronext Amsterdam (EA), in their 2005 and 2008 annual reports, complied with the disclosure requirements in IAS 36 paragraph 134, as well as the factors that explain why some companies complied with the standard to a higher extent than did other ones. Swedish and Dutch listed companies are chosen as the accounting oversight system differs between the countries. The relationship between the dependent variable, that is, information disclosed in accordance with IAS 36 paragraph 134 in the annual reports in Swedish and Dutch listed companies, and the independent variables, that is, accounting oversight, auditing company, size, leverage, future prospects, industry and learning, is examined. The results reveal that Swedish companies listed on the NOMX were more compliant than their Dutch counterparts in 2005, possibly because of the (historically) weak Dutch institutional oversight system. The compliance level seems to have increased in both Swedish and Dutch companies over time, thus indicating learning. In 2008, there was no significant difference in compliance level between Sweden and the Netherlands, which suggests convergence. Size significantly affected the compliance level in Sweden only, and leverage affected the compliance level in the Netherlands only. Moreover, non-financial companies were more compliant in both countries. The independent variables auditing company and future prospects did not seem to have a significant effect on the compliance level.

  • 28. Hartwig, Fredrik
    Swedish listed companies compliance with IAS 362007Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 29. Hartwig, Fredrik
    The employment of capital budgeting methods in Swedish listed companies2011Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 30.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    The Use of Capital Budgeting and Cost of Capital Estimation Methods in Swedish Listed Companies2012In: Journal of Applied Business Research, ISSN 0892-7626, Vol. 28, no 6, p. 1451-1476Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract: In this paper Swedish listed companies’ use of capital budgeting and cost of capital estimation methods in 2005 and 2008 are examined. The relation between company characteristics and choice of methods is investigated and both within-country longitudinal and cross country comparisons are made. No particular independent variable is found to have driven a majority of the results. In 2005 size and industry seem to have been most important, but in 2008 there were fewer associations between those two independent variables and the practical employment of methods. The results suggest that, between the 1960s and 2008, use of NPV increased while payback and the internal rate of return declined. Moreover, between 2005 and 2008 the use of a single companywide discount rate for foreign investments declined. In 2005 the most common method for establishing the cost of equity was by asking the investors what return they required. By 2008 CAPM was instead the most utilised method, which could indicate greater sophistication. Overall, the use of sophisticated capital budgeting and cost of capital estimation methods seem to be rising and the use of less sophisticated methods declining. The use of methods was generally less extensive in Sweden than in the U.S. and continental Europe.

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  • 31. Hartwig, Fredrik
    The use of capital budgeting models and cost of capital estimation techniques2006Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 32.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Uppsala universitet.
    Tillbaka till ruta ett?2016In: Upsala Nya Tidning, ISSN 1104-0173, no 05 juliArticle in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 33.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Högskolan Dalarna.
    Fagerström, Arne
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Kågström, Jonas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Redovisning av externaliteter - några reflektioner2018In: Balans : tidskrift för redovisning och revision, ISSN 0346-8208, Vol. 3, p. 25-28Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I takt med att företagens effekter på det omgivande samhället uppmärksammas ställs också högre krav på att redovisningen breddas. Med ett bredare hållbarhetsperspektiv kan värdet av de externa effekter som företagets verksamhet ger upphov till synliggöras i redovisningen. I den här artikeln ges ett tentativt förslag på hur det till den traditionella balans- och resultaträkningen går att addera värdet av företagets externa miljöeffekter och sociala effekter.

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  • 34.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Hansson, Emil
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies.
    Nielsen, Linn
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies.
    Sörqvist, Patrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies.
    The relation between auditing and accounting timeliness in Swedish private firms2023In: Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, ISSN 1358-1988, E-ISSN 1740-0279, Vol. 31, no 3, p. 379-396Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between auditing/non-auditing and accounting timeliness among Swedish private firms.

    Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses regression analysis to test the relationship between auditing and two measurements of timeliness; lead time and late filing. The sample consists of Swedish private firms.

    Findings: The paper finds that audited firms, when compared with unaudited firms, are significantly less timely. Moreover, greater profitability was associated with more timeliness but only for audited firms. The results also show that firms being audited by a big 4-auditor are significantly timelier than firms being audited by a non-big 4 auditor.

    Practical implications: The findings in this paper suggests that one aspect of accounting quality, timeliness, does not seem to benefit from auditing in a Swedish context. There is a debate about whether the threshold levels in Sweden should be raised so that more firms voluntarily can opt out of audit. Those opposing a raised threshold level claim that auditing has positive effects on accounting quality and consequently that a raised level would have adverse effects. The findings in this paper do not support such a claim.

    Originality/value: Little is known about timeliness in private firms compared to public firms and this paper fills that void. Contrary to prior research, findings show that unaudited firms in a Swedish regulatory setting actually are timelier than their audited counterparts. This questions one of the (presumed) benefits of auditing and should stimulate more research on this issue.

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  • 35.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Dalarna University.
    Homayoun, Saeid
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Accounting for sustainability indicators: A systemised model2017In: A good life for all: Essays on sustainability celebrating 60 years of making life better / [ed] Fagerström, Arne och Cunningham, Gary M., Mjölby: Atremi AB , 2017, 1, p. 163-187Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Sustainability accounting focuses on providing information about sustainability-related risks and opportunities. Systematic sustainability accounting allows consistency and comparability of sustainability indicators over time and among companies. This chapter develops a standardised three-dimensional sustainability accounting model that considers risk levels, opportunity levels, materiality levels and total threat levels. Moreover, a categorisation of potential sustainability indicators is presented. An extended and concrete model to lead sustainability accounting to the next level is outlined, but further work is needed. Whether internal and external stakeholders consider the information generated by the model as relevant and reliable, for example, is an empirical question and needs further investigation. This chapter provides the impetus and a framework for such further research.

  • 36.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Kågström, Jonas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Fagerström, Arne
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Make accounting relevant again: A conceptual model on how to include external effects in financial reports2019Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 37.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Kågström, Jonas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Fagerström, Arne
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Sustainability Accounting for Externalities2019In: Sustainability: The Journal of Record, ISSN 1937-0695, E-ISSN 1937-0709, Vol. 12, no 3, p. 158-162Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As companies' impacts on society receive increasing attention, higher expectations are placed on accounting systems to consider effects on internal and external stakeholders. With a broader sustainability perspective, impacts of external effects caused by companies' operations are made visible in financial reports. This article argues that externalities should be recognized in financial reports and proposes ways to extend traditional balance sheets and income statements with information on companies' environmental, social, and economic impacts on society.

  • 38.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Landström, Mats
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Sörqvist, Patrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies.
    Averaging bias in firm acquisition processes2022In: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, ISSN 2214-8043, E-ISSN 2214-8051, Vol. 96, article id 101809Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When a firm acquires 100% of the shares in another firm and finances this acquisition with available funds, the debt level and return on equity of the two firms in combination goes up (under certain conditions). In three experiments, we empirically demonstrate that individuals intuitively think these variables become lower after the acquisition, contrary to what is actually the case. The findings stress the role of psychological processes in business valuation and accounting and are consistent with an averaging account of judgment under uncertainty. On this view, people's judgments of objects in combination are biased toward the average rather than the sum of the objects’ individual characteristics. The experiments also show that informing the participants of the accurate evaluations removes the bias. The third experiment reinforced these results by replicating the same pattern with a sample of “high-accounting literacy” participants who all reported formal university training in accounting. One takeaway of the study is that, in acquisition settings, investors potentially could base their assessment of firm value on false premises which in turn (at least in the short run) leads to a higher level of asset mispricing and a less efficient capital market.

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    Averaging bias in firm acquisition processes
  • 39.
    Huq, Asif
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Företagsekonomi.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Nationalekonomi.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Företagsekonomi.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Nationalekonomi.
    Does voluntary audit increase small firm growth?: evidence from a natural experiment2017In: EAA 2017 Abstracts, 2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Many European countries have abolished mandatory audits for small firms, but we still lack knowledge on whether this affects small firm growth. A Swedish reform in 2010 made audits voluntary for small firms fulfilling certain requirements, while firms that did not meet these requirements still had mandatory audits. We argue that this regulatory change created an almost perfect natural experiment, which can be exploited to evaluate the effects of the reform on employment growth using a difference-in-difference estimator. Our results show that firms who fulfil the requirements for voluntary auditing, as compared to a control group of firms that does not, increased their employment growth rates by on average 0.39%, corresponding to 5 500 jobs being created in the three years following the reform. It thus seems that voluntary audits are reducing the regulatory burden for small firms, making resources available that can be used to increase the number of employees. The current threshold levels for mandatory audits are still significantly lower in Sweden than in most other European countries, which implies that the policymakers in Sweden could create more jobs in small and medium-sized firms if they increased the size threshold levels for mandatory audits.

  • 40.
    Huq, Asif
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    Högskolan Dalarna, HUI Research.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    HUI Research.
    Free to choose: Do voluntary audit reforms increase employment growth?2021In: International Journal of the Economics of Business, ISSN 1357-1516, E-ISSN 1466-1829, Vol. 28, no 1, p. 163-178Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Many European countries have abolished mandatory audits for small firms to reduce the regulatory and administrative burden for these firms. However, we still lack knowledge on whether such legislative changes affect employment growth for those firms that become free to choose to have external audits. We investigate this question using a Swedish reform that made audits voluntary for small firms fulfilling certain requirements. The reform created an almost ideal natural experiment, which we use to evaluate the effects of voluntary audits on employment growth for small firms using a difference-in-difference estimator. We find that firms which fulfilled the requirements for voluntary auditing, compared to a control group of similar firms that did not, increased their employment growth rate by 0.59%. This corresponds to 2,770 jobs being created in the year following the reform, suggesting that mandatory audits act as a growth barrier for small firms.

  • 41.
    Huq, Asif
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Mikrodataanalys.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    Högskolan Dalarna, Nationalekonomi.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Högskolan Dalarna, Företagsekonomi.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    Högskolan Dalarna, Nationalekonomi.
    The effect of audit reform on the employment growth of small Swedish limited companies: a natural experiment2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Reducing the regulatory burden for firms will free resources that can be used for productive investments. In this paper, we investigate the effect of a change in regulations, in effect abolishing statutory audits for Swedish micro firms in November 2010, on employment growth in the affected micro firms. The changes in regulations created what we argue is an almost perfect natural experiment that can be exploited to evaluate the effects of the reform on employment growth using a difference-in-difference estimator. Our results show that employment growth is higher in firms which fulfil the requirements for voluntary auditing as compared to a control group of firms of similar sizes that does not, and the positive treatment effect is found for micro firms in all Swedish counties and in all types of industries. We estimate that the reform created 1276 jobs in the three years following the reform. We thus suggest that the current threshold for statutory audits should be increased in Sweden, whose threshold levels for statutory audits are significantly lower than in most other European countries even after the 2010 changes in regulations. Such a regulatory change would, in all likelihood, lead to employment growth in the affected firms. 

  • 42.
    Huq, Asif
    et al.
    Högskolan i Dalarna.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Bai, Wensong
    Uppsala universitet.
    SMEs’ reporting behavior after adoption of EU Sustainability reporting Directive (2014/95/EU) by large firms: Evidence from Sweden2021Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 43.
    Huq, Asif
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Mikrodataanalys.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Högskolan Dalarna, Företagsekonomi.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    HUI Research.
    Do audited firms have lower cost of debt?2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study is to investigate if audited financial statements add value for firms in the private debt market. Using an instrumental variable method, we find that firms with audited financial statements, on average, save 1.26 percentage points on cost of debt compared to firms with unaudited financial statements. We also find that using the big, well-known auditing firms does not yield additional cost of debt benefits. Lastly, we find that the effect of audit on cost of debt varies between industries. As such, we find that firms in industries that have been identified in previous studies to have a more complex information structure, and therefore more complex auditing process, also save more on cost of debt relative to other industries when audited.

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  • 44.
    Huq, Asif
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Högskolan Dalarna.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    Handelns utredningsinstitut.
    Do Audited Firms Have Lower Cost of Debt?2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study is to investigate if audited financial statements adds any value for firm in the private debt market. Using an instrumental variable method, we find that firms with audited financial statements on average save 1.66 percentage points on cost of debt compared to firms with unaudited financial statements. We also find that using the big, well known auditing firms does not yield additional cost of debt benefits. Lastly, we find that the effect of audit on cost of debt varies between industries. As such, we find that firms in industries that have been identified in previous studies to have a more complex information structure and therefore more complex auditing process also save more on cost of debt relative to other industries when being audited. 

  • 45.
    Huq, Asif M
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Bai, Wensong
    Uppsala universitet.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    Handelns Forskningsinstitut.
    Institutional Isomorphism and CSR Reporting of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises2023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we investigate the direct and indirect effects of the EU-wide mandatory CSR reporting reform (2014/95/EU). We argue and find that, in addition to direct effects, coercive pressure also has spillover effects. An example of such a spillover effect of coercive pressure due to the reform is the change in reporting behavior of firms not subject to the reform, i.e., not directly coerced by the regulation. We exploit the Swedish implementation of the reform as a natural experiment to test our hypotheses and find that firms coerced by the reform increase their CSR reporting by 3.5 issues on average. However, firms not coerced by the regulation but close to being regulated increase their CSR reporting by 5.2 issues. As such, firms close to being regulated change their behavior more at the time of the reform than do those that are actually regulated. We also find that the spillover effects are significantly higher for low than high prereform reporters. On the other hand, the direct effects on low prereform reporters are insignificant. Together, the results refine our understanding of the institutionalization process of CSR reporting in a mandatory setting. The results are robust for various model specifications and provide useful insights for regulators and managers. 

  • 46.
    Huq, Asif M
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Bai, Wensong
    Uppsala universitet.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    Handelns Forskningsinstitut.
    Institutional Isomorphism and CSR Reporting of SMEs: An Analysis of Swedish Manufacturing Industry2023Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 47.
    Huq, Asif M.
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    Institute of Retail Economics, Stockholm.
    Do audited firms have a lower cost of debt?2022In: International Journal of Disclosure & Governance, ISSN 1741-3591, E-ISSN 1746-6539, Vol. 19, no 2, p. 153-175Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study is to investigate if audited financial statements add value for firms in the private debt market. Using an instrumental variable method, we find that firms with audited financial statements, on average, save 0.47 percentage points on the cost of debt compared to firms with unaudited financial statements. We also find that using the big, well-known auditing firms does not yield any additional cost of debt benefits. Lastly, we investigate if there are industries where alternative sources of information make auditing less valuable in reducing the cost of debt. Here, we find that auditing is less important in lowering cost in one industry, agriculture, where one lender has a 74% market share and a 100-year history of lending to firms within that industry. As such, it seems that lenders having high exposure to a certain industry might act as an alternative to auditing in reducing the information asymmetry between the firm and the lender.

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  • 48.
    Lindberg, Peter
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration. Högskolan Dalarna.
    Redovisningsmanipulation och kopplingen mellan redovisning och beskattning2018In: Rättsliga och ekonomiska reflektioner över internationell skatteplanering / [ed] Yvette Lind, Uppsala: Iustus förlag, 2018, 1, p. 174-195Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Dagens redovisningsreglering i såväl Europa som USA kan bäst beskrivas som en ”ramreglering”. Inom dessa ramar finns det möjligheter för företagsledningar att utifrån egna bedömningar påverka räkenskaperna via olika sorters redovisningsval. Anläggningstillgångar, tex byggnader och maskiner, ska (enligt rådande redovisningsreglering) skrivas av, men det är i praktiken ledningen som avgör avskrivningstakten. Tanken är att ledningen känner verksamheten bäst och att det därför är rimligt att ledningen avgör exempelvis i vilken takt tillgångar ska skrivas av. Om ledningen gör sitt yttersta för att ge en rättvisande bild av företagets resultat och ställning kan ledningens inflytande över redovisningen - via de ovan nämnda redovisningsvalen - potentiellt höja redovisningens kvalitet. Men om ledningen å andra sidan utnyttjar möjligheten att via redovisningsval påverka räkenskaperna i en viss riktning i enlighet med en given (på förhand bestämd) agenda kan ledningens handledningsutrymme påverka redovisningens kvalitet negativt; företagets resultat och ställning riskerar då att - pga manipulering - bli mindre rättvisande (och i värsta fall missvisande). Tidigare forskning visar på förekomsten av redovisningsmanipulering. I det här kapitlet redogörs för tänkbara orsaker till att redovisningen manipuleras. Därefter fokuseras på vilken betydelse kopplingen mellan redovisning och beskattning har för redovisningsmanipuleringen. Eller annorlunda uttryckt; leder en starkare koppling mellan redovisning och beskattning till mer eller mindre manipulation av redovisningen? Kan det tex vara så att en starkare koppling mellan redovisning och beskattning disciplinerar företagen/ledningen så att manipuleringen blir mindre omfattande?

  • 49.
    Lindberg, Peter
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Hedman, Anders
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Räkenskapsanalys: Grunder för bedömning av företag och bostadsrättsföreningar2021 (ed. 1)Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Redovisningsinformation tillsammans med annan information används när intressenter, såväl interna som externa, försöker skapa sig en bild av en verksamhet. För den som vill veta mer om verksamhetens finansiella styrkor och svagheter kan en analys av redovisningsinformationen vara en bra början. När redovisningsinformation analyseras, vilket kallas räkenskapsanalys, används ett antal tekniker.

    Rätt använd gör räkenskapsanalysen redovisningsinformationen mer meningsfull. Räkenskapsanalys landar ofta i olika så kallade nyckeltal, eller om man så vill relationstal, men även redovisningsinformation som hämtas direkt från redovisningen kan under vissa förutsättningar vara av intresse vid en analys.

    Vid nyckeltalsberäkningar ställs en sorts redovisningsinformation mot en annan sorts redovisningsinformation. Input till nyckeltalen hämtas från balansräkningen, resultaträkningen och kassaflödesanalysen.

    Räkenskapsanalys kan användas vid analys av olika sorters verksamheter. I den här boken fokuseras på räkenskapsanalys av företag och bostadsrättsföreningar.

    I bokens första kapitel beskrivs redovisningens intressenter, vad redovisningsinformation syftar till, vad räkenskapsanalys är samt kopplingen mellan räkenskapsanalys och beslut.

    I det andra kapitlet diskuteras redovisningskvalitet.

    I kapitel tre görs en översiktlig genomgång av vad en årsredovisning ska innehålla.

    I det fjärde kapitlet förs en allmän diskussion om vad en räkenskapsanalys är. Kapitlet utmynnar i en beskrivning av räkenskapsanalysens fyra huvudområden: lönsamhet, solvens, likviditet och kapitalomlopp. Dessa fyra områden behandlas var för sig i följande kapitel. Tekniker för att mäta lönsamhet, solvens, likviditet och kapitalomlopp diskuteras således i kapitel fem, sex, sju respektive åtta.

    I kapitel nio beskrivs generella finansiella samband och begrepp som den som utför en räkenskapsanalys bör vara bekant med.

    I det tionde kapitlet presenteras och diskuteras kassaflöde och kassaflödesanalys.

    Det elfte kapitlet avhandlar analys av koncernredovisningsdata. Det är av vikt att ha åtminstone övergripande kunskaper om analys av koncernredovisningsdata eftersom den analysen kan skilja sig från analysen av juridiska personers redovisningsdata.

    En viktig investering som många svenskar gör någon gång i sitt liv är köp av en bostadsrätt. En bostadsrättsförenings finansiella styrkor och svagheter kan precis som ett företags finansiella styrkor och svagheter bedömas med hjälp av en räkenskapsanalys. Det finns samtidigt flera avgörande skillnader mellan bostadsrättsföreningar och företag som bör beaktas när bostadsrättsföreningars årsredovisningar analyseras. I det avslutande tolfte kapitlet diskuteras just det, det vill säga de specifika aspekter som bör beaktas vid analys av bostadsrättsföreningars årsredovisningar.

  • 50.
    Rahi, Fazle
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Johansson, Jeaneth
    Halmstad University; Luleå University of Technology.
    Blomkvist, Marita
    University of Gothenburg.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Corporate sustainability and financial performance: A hybrid literature review2024In: Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, ISSN 1535-3958, E-ISSN 1535-3966, Vol. 31, no 2, p. 801-815Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The discussion of “whether it pays to be green” is ongoing. This review does not intend to solve the debate, rather it soothes it by contributing to the concept of “when it pays to be green.” By focusing on the shortcomings of existing literature reviews on the topic of corporate sustainability and financial performance (CSFP) in this bibliometric review, issues were identified that had been overlooked earlier. In general, CSFP holds a positive relationship but in a time lag. Nonconclusive results about the relationship within CSFP are due to self-selection bias, endogeneity issues, and the use of multiple datasets and industry categories. Surprisingly, we also discovered that the impact of sustainability on financial performance is illusive in capitalist countries considered to be economically rational. Institutional and legitimacy requirements are a good starting point for shaping corporate behaviors in the short term; however, they might not be equally appropriate in the long term in cases when corporations shift operations to pollution havens. A multifaceted, synergistic interaction between governmental institutions, corporations, and other stakeholders is required—without imposing authority—to ensure durable sustainable development.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
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