Over the last decades, installation and use of heat pumps has grown rapidly in Sweden, to the extent that these mainly or partly heat roughly 25 % of the heated floor space in single-family houses. A majority are ground coupled where the heat exchanger is a borehole of 60-220 m depth. As the heat pump system operates, heat extraction will in time reduce borehole temperatures, rendering lowered efficiency of the heat pump system thus directly affecting its economical and environmental aspects. Within the building sector, durability and life performance dynamics of energy systems is often not reflected upon. System performance and efficiency is assumed to be static over time, changing only due to different operation scenarios. This paper serves to quantify the long-term thermal performance degradation of a component, in this case the borehole, and how the degradation of this component affects performance-over-time of an entire system, in this case the heating system of the building. A dynamic thermal simulation model is used to assess the long-term thermal performance of the borehole. The building, which the heat pump serves, is assumed to be a typical Swedish house with normal energy consumption. Simulation results show that the depth of the borehole is of great importance to limit over-time temperature drops. The efficiency of the heat pump system is directly dependent of temperatures in the borehole. How the overall system performance is affected by component performance degradation, is highlighted.

In March 1996 nine test sections of a noise barrier were built along the Arlandaline in co-operation with Banverket, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Swedish National Testing Research Institute (SP), Beijer Bygg AB and different wood preservative manufactures.

Each sections has an approximately length of 4 meters per section and a height of 3,1 meter. Three sections are made of non-treated pine, spruce and larch respectively. The rest of the sections are made of pine, treated with different wood preservations.

The aim of this study is to find the most appropriate wood material for a specific construction, in this case a noise barrier, regard to durability and decomposition, and in the extension to find the most ecological and economic wood material. By comparing different wood species and preservations of wood regard to durability of outdoor exposed wood gives an indication of the most appropriate wood material to be chosen for this type of construction.

The untreated spruce, pine and larch boards in contact with ground is in a bad condition, an assessed service life of about 5-15 years according to the results in this study, while the untreated wood above ground is hardly affected at all by biological attacks. No degradation is detected on the different preserved pine sections. More data is needed to assess the residual service life of the wood preserved sections.

The amount of deteriorating civil engineering structures and buildings are constantly growing. This ongoing process will make a great impact on resources, environment, human safety and health. Today there is a need of a uniform methodology and systems for maintenance organisation and management.

To manage such issues above two consecutive EU-projects were launched. The EU-project ENV4-CT95-0110 “System and Methods for Assessing Conservation State and Environmental Risks for Outer Wooden Parts of Cultural Buildings” (Wood-Assess) and its successor ENV4-CT98-0796 “System for Maintenance Management of Historic (Wooden) Buildings” (MMWood) achieved all the objectives and resulted in a Maintenance Management System (MMS) version 1.0 software application. The MMS was heavily developed according to the ISO 15686 series “Service life planning” requirements.

A predictive GIS based Maintenance Management System has to correspond to the user needs and co-operate with other systems. It is also of great importance that the system is corresponding to the user-, national- and international standards. To fulfil those requirements the system has to be open and integrative and must cope with adaptations and adjustments of the system.

The MMS software application will be the kernel in the ongoing development of the more comprehensive Life Cycle Management System (LMS). It is therefore important to make sure that the MMS is adaptable to LMS and cope with add-in modules.

By using a slab bridge located in the City of Gävle, Sweden, the adaptation and validation of MMS was executed. The MMS enables systematic structuring of assets and condition assessments of buildings and structures and does also manage to link pictures, drawings, maps, geographic information system (GIS) functionalities and documents. The system administrator does some part of the adaptation and some part has to be adapted by the user himself.

In the near future the MMS will be able to cope with life cycle cost (LCC), life cycle performance (LCP) and life cycle ecology (LCE) add-in applications to achieve full LMS status.

Moisture is of great importance due to a number of degradation processes. The moisture either accelerates or reduces the degradation velocity depending on the degradation mechanism and material. The degradation of building materials is thus dependent on the time during when the material is exposed to moisture. A model of how the time of wetness on a surface will vary, due to different climate conditions including impact of rain and solar radiation, is developed and presented. Due to the results of some test runs of the developed model, not surprising, both wind and the colour of the surface will have an impact on the time of wetness on a non-hygroscopic surface. However, the model is only tested during some specific climatic conditions and has to be tested in several different climatic conditions with real climatic data of rain and wind.

Lifetime Engineering (or Life Cycle Engineering) is a technical approach for meeting the

current objective of sustainable development. The approach is aimed to turn today’s reactive

and short-term design, management and maintenance planning towards an optimised and

long-term technical approach. The life cycle based management and maintenance planning

approach includes condition assessment, predictive modelling of performance changes,

maintenance, repair and refurbishment planning and decisions. The Life Cycle Management

System (LMS) is a predictive and generic life cycle based management system aimed to

support all types of decision making and planning of optimal maintenance, repair and

refurbishment activities of any constructed works. The system takes into account a number of

aspects in sustainable and conscious development such as human requirements, life cycle

economy, life cycle ecology and cultural requirements. The LMS is a system by which the

complete system or parts thereof, works in co-operation or as a complement to existing

business support systems. The system is module based where each module represents a subprocess

within the maintenance management process. The scope of this thesis is focused on

development and adaptation of the predictive characteristic of LMS towards a presumptive

user. The objective is to develop and adapt a Service Life Performance Analysis module

applicable for condition based Facility Management System in general and for condition

based Bridge Management System in particular. Emphasis is placed on development and

adaptation of a conditional probability based Service Life Performance Analysis model in

which degradation models and Markov chains play a decisive role. The thesis deals also with

development and adaptation of environmental exposure data recording and processing, with

special emphasis on quantitative environmental classification in order to provide a simplified

method of Service Life Performance Analysis.

Lifetime Engineering (or Life Cycle Engineering) is a technical approach for meeting the current objective of sustainable development. The approach is aimed to turn today’s reactive and short-term design, management and maintenance planning towards an optimised and long-term technical approach. The life cycle based management and maintenance planning approach includes condition assessment, predictive modelling of performance changes, maintenance analysis and maintenance, repair and refurbishment (MR&R) planning and decisions. The change towards a predictive approach requires generic systems, applicable to different maintenance manager organisations with different MR&R strategies, managing different types of construction works. The newly developed Life Cycle Management System (LMS) is a predictive and generic life cycle based management system aimed to support all types of decision making and planning of optimal MR&R activities of any construction works. The system takes into account a number of aspects in sustainable and conscious development such as human requirements, life cycle economy, life cycle ecology and cultural requirements. The LMS is a system by which the complete system or parts thereof, works in co-operation or as a complement to existing business support systems. This imply development and adaptation of the system in order to meet the user needs and requirements, a process which is to be geared and governed by the user. The scope of this paper is focused on development and adaptation of the predictive characteristic of LMS towards a presumptive user. The objective is to develop and adapt a Service Life Performance Analysis (SLPA) module applicable for condition based Facility Management System in general and for condition based Bridge Management System in particular. Emphasis is placed on development and adaptation of a conditional probability based SLPA model in which degradation models and Markov chains play a decisive role. The paper deals also with development and adaptation of environmental exposure data recording and processing, with special emphasis on quantitative environmental classification in order to provide a simplified method of SLPA.

The recently completed EU-project Life Cycle Management of Concrete Infrastructure for Improved Sustainability (Lifecon) has developed a generic and predictive Life Cycle Management System (LMS) for maintenance optimisation and planning of buildings. The system facilitates the change of today.s reactive practice of maintenance management into a predictive life cycle based maintenance management system. To enable simplified prediction of service life and maintenance interval in such a predictive life cycle management system, a quantitative classification system for environmental loading is needed. At present there are a number of standards containing quantitative classification of environmental loading onto structures and building materials, e.g. ISO 15686-4, EOTA and ISO 9223. The governing standard for concrete structures such as bridges and tunnels is the European Standard EN 206-1 Concrete . part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity. This standard divides the environmental loading into 18 exposure classes, which cover environmental loads from atmosphere, seawater, fresh water, groundwater and soil, but also the decisive parameters for moisture and chlorides. Almost all exposure classes within the standard include only qualitative descriptions. To make the standard EN 206-1 valid for LMS the standard has to be further developed into a quantitative classification system for environmental loading. A proposal of a quantitative classification of the exposure classes within the standard EN 206-1 regarding corrosion induced by carbonation is presented in this paper. The proposed classification is partly based on the extensive work performed in the Lifecon project, partly based on literature studies. The proposed classification is validated through comparison of real measurements made on a bridge located in Sweden and calculations using a full probabilistic degradation model. It is believed that such exposure classification is possible to use in a LMS to provide simplified service life analysis and possibilities to map the risk of degradation.

The Life Cycle Management System (LMS) aims at supporting decision-makers and engineers in their efforts to achieve a more optimised proactive life cycle design and maintenance management strategy. LMS is an open and integrative system, which has to be adapted and developed in order to meet the needs and requirements of users. This process should be geared to and governed by the clients. The Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Facility Management (AEC/FM) sector includes all varieties of clients and stakeholders, all of them having different qualifications, possibilities and requirements for implementing, or increasing the feature of predictive maintenance management and optimised proactive strategies. The possibilities of adopting predictive maintenance management are dependent on the availability of performance-over-time and service life forecasting models and methods. The relevance of these models and methods depends on the required level of detailing. Furthermore, the use of the models and methods depends on the availability of reliable input data, such as material data and environmental exposure/in-use condition data. The thesis aims at analysing the possibilities of implementing predictivity in different fields of applications and at evaluating relevant tools facilitating management of information associated with predictive maintenance management systems. The thesis includes studies of three different clients and fields of application; Swedish Road Administration – management of bridges, Locum AB – management of hospital buildings, and Gävle Energi AB – management of district heating distribution systems. While the Swedish Road Administration is responsible to ensure an economically efficient, sustainable transport system for the society throughout the country, Locum AB and Gävle Energi AB compete on an "open" market. The Swedish Road Administration have gathered information about their bridges since 1944, for what reason their bridge management system includes a large amount of valuable data for performance-over- time analyses and service life forecasting. Locum AB has recently begun to systematically gather condition data, why the amount of data is limited. However, since the performance of buildings generally is well known, it is assumed that possibilities of implementing predictive maintenance management tools are rather good. Since district heating pipes are buried into the ground, it is difficult to assess the condition. Therefore, data for service life estimation rely mainly on damage reports. Environmental exposure data on macro or meso level can be obtained from meteorological and environmental institutes, thus making it possible to apply available dose-response and damage functions. Environmental exposure data on a micro level are lacking. Guidelines, methods and tools for environmental measuring and modelling on a micro level are therefore strongly needed. Efficient management of information plays an important role in predictive life cycle management systems. The ongoing development and implementation of open Building Information Model (BIM) tools in the AEC/FM sector is a promising progress of making the information management more cost effective and valuable, especially when open BIM solutions being fully integrated into the AEC/FM business. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are tools for efficient handling of spatial positioned information. GIS provide possibilities of processing and presenting, e.g., environmental exposure data and environmental risk factors.

Construction projects include large amounts of information that has to be communicated to a number of actors, such as authorities, companies, clients and end users. Information exchange is complex, involving various players on different levels and phases of the construction process. For private clients, who generally have little experience and knowledge of this process, the on-going “Bygga Villa”-project has developed a web-portal, which offers them relevant information about the process and a number of services to facilitate realisation of their projects. One of the services provides a tool for supporting long-term strategy planning. The tool is based on the Life cycle Management System (LMS) that is a predictive and generic life cycle-based management system, aimed to support decision-making and planning of optimal design and maintenance of any construction works. The LMS-Bygga Villa tool estimates service life and maintenance intervals of different building parts and systems based on environmental-dependent degradation models. Simulated scenarios can give optimised solutions by applying life cycle cost analysis. This paper presents two case studies within LMS-Bygga Villa. The first case focuses on service life performance analysis of exterior parts of buildings. The second focuses on service life performance analysis of energy systems; here specifically a borehole assisted heat pump system used for heating a Swedish single-family residence.

The Swedish Road Administration (SRA) has developed an information technology (IT) based bridge and tunnel management system (BaTMan) that is widely implemented by the organisation. The system is a tool for operational, tactical and strategic management. However, this system does not include systems and tools for managing optimisation and long-term planning of␣Maintenance, Repair and Rehabilitation (MR&R) actions due to service life performance aspects. This paper discusses the need of service life performance analysis for sound optimisation and long-term planning of MR&R actions in the bridge management. The paper presents a service life performance analysis model that is based on a Markov chain model and the MEDIC method. The model is developed to manage different kinds of degradation characteristic and yet present a uniform result expressed in conditional probabilities. The paper discusses also the need of systems and tools for describing objects on both an overall level and on a component level.

Rapporten redovisar resultatet av en långtidsstudie rörande biologisk nedbrytning av ett bullerplank, uppfört 1996, längs Arlandabanan, snabbtågsförbindelsen mellan Stockholms C och Arlanda flygplats. Bullerplanket är till största del byggt av lärkträ men ett antal testsektioner är uppbyggda av andra träslag och behandlade med olika impregneringsmedel. Resultatet från projektet visar att endast de plankor som är i direktkontakt med marken har angripits av röta. De oimpregnerade sektionerna uppvisar högre grad av rötangrepp än de impregnerade furusektionerna. Någon skillnad mellan obehandlad furu och lärk med avseende på rötangrepp har inte gått att finna. En slutsats som kan dras med utgångspunkt från studiens resultat är att impregnerat virke är mycket mer beständigt än obehandlat virke med avseende på rötangrepp. Beständigheten mot biologiska angrepp kommer inte enbart att vara den kritiska faktorn för det studerade bullerplanket. En kombination av de vibrationer och skakningar som uppstår vid förbipasserande tåg kommer att leda till mekanisk nedbrytning av planket. Effekten av den mekaniska nedbrytningen har dock inte undersökts. Även de estetiska faktorerna bör beaktas såsom klotter och klottersanering och hur en eventuell klottersanering kommer att påverka trävirket. För att i framtiden följa nedbrytningen av bullerplanket bör en eventuell uppföljning av projektet göras om 5-10 år. Resultatet kan ses som ett bidrag till framtida forskning inom beständighetsområdet och livslängdbestämning av behandlat och obehandlat trä. Förhoppningen är att resultatet även skall ge en fingervisning om bästa val av material och konstruktionsutformning, för såväl privatpersoner som för projektörer och andra aktörer i byggsektorn.

The objective of this report is to derive an analytical and numerical USC model for thermal analysis. These models are meant to calculate USC temperature variation across the USC duct as well as the fluid temperature along the USC. The main purpose of the analytical model is to attain a detailed steady state tool for USC (as in this report) design and dimensioning. The numerical model is meant to calculate the time dependant USC thermal performance as well as being a benchmark for the analytical model.

Samtidigt som fjärrvärme är ett effektivt sätt att leverera värme så leder en centraliserad värmeproduktion till att fler personer drabbas vid eventuella driftavbrott. Detta skapar ett behov av ökad leveranssäkerhet och kontroll av prestanda över hela fjärrvärmenätets livscykel. Genom en långsiktig planering av nätets utbyggnad och förvaltning erhålls effektivare resursanvändande och större säkerhetsmarginaler. Långsiktig planering bygger till stor del på analys av olika scenarier där såväl rådande förutsättningar som ”worst cases” kan beaktas utifrån olika aspekter (tekniska, ekonomiska, säkerhetsmässiga m.m.). Målet är att hitta optimerade åtgärder, vilket kräver systematisk hantering och bearbetning av en stor mängd information. Detta kan endast göras rationellt med hjälp av IT-verktyg. Life cycle Management System (LMS) är ett resultat av tre konsekutiva EU-finansierade forskningsprojekt där gruppen för byggnadsmaterialteknik – Högskolan i Gävle, har haft en ledande roll. Systemet innehåller utvecklade rutiner och metoder för hantering av information som ligger till grund för långsiktig planering och optimerad förvaltning av byggnadsverk. Systemmässigt är LMS uppbyggt av moduler som hanterar och analyserar data på olika sätt. Anledningen till systemets modulbaserade struktur är att det, helt eller i delar, kan anpassas mot de krav och önskemål som klienten ställer på systemet. På så sätt behöver klienten bara komplettera sitt befintliga system med de funktioner som önskas av LMS, samtidigt som denne undviker att ”kasta ut” det gamla systemet. Förstudien omfattar en litteraturstudie och analys av Gävle Energi AB:s (GEAB) drift- och underhållsdata. Förstudiens syfte är att identifiera och kartlägga de anpassnings- och utvecklingsbehov som föreligger en implementering av LMS som planeringsverktyg för GEAB:s fjärrvärmenät.

An optimised and proactive maintenance strategy aims to maximise the economical profit, minimise environmental impacts and keep the risk of failure to a low level. Implementation of such strategy in the context of district heating requires efforts and abilities for predicting future performances and estimating service life of district heating components. A literature review on failures (damages and performance reductions) occurring on district heating pipes, reveals that failures in district heating pipes are mainly leaks due to corrosion or mechanical impacts and reduced thermal insulation performance: leaks being the more serious damage type. A feasible service life estimation method for this type of damage is the Factor Method. Since the application of this method within the context of DH pipes has not been found in other publications, this paper focuses on describing the method and discusses the possibilities on how to apply it in two specific cases with respect to leakage: service life estimation of repaired district heating pipe sections (i.e. maintenance of district heating network) and of district heating pipes in new or extended district heating networks. A particular attention is paid on which modifying factors to consider and how to quantify them.

Construction works are in periodical need of performance upgrade such as maintenance, repair and rehabilitation (MR&R). Facility managers are responsible to fulfil this need during the whole life cycle of the construction works in a manner that maximises the economical profit, minimises the environmental impact and keeps the risk of failure at a low level. A prerequisite for efficient facility management (FM) is long-term planning of MR&R actions. This requires management of a large amount of information, a process that includes gathering, storing, processing and presentation of data. With the development of open Building Information Models (open BIM) and standardisation of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) new possibilities of efficient management of FM information have emerged. Due to its parametric and object-oriented approach, the open BIM-concept rationalises the information management and makes it more cost effective. This paper discusses how open BIM, with the aid of IFC, and Product Life Cycle Support (PLCS) may facilitate the implementation of a predictive Life cycle Management System (LMS) and by that improve the feasibility for adopting long-term and dynamic maintenance strategy in the FM process. A case study on the use of a commercial BIM-based design tool as information repository and media to present life cycle information within the context of the LMS concept on a hospital building is also presented. The case study shows that the build-up of the information becomes simpler, more clear and efficient compared to a traditional database solution, as it is done with parametric objects. However, the basic BIM can not serve for all LMS functions. There is still need for development of a BIM integrated LMS solution that may support prediction of life cycle performance and maintenance needs. Such a solution needs to be communicative to any open BIM software and thus has to be built upon open standards for exchange of building information, e.g. the IFC standard, and life cycle oriented standards like PLCS. Additional focus is put on 4D simulation and visualisation. Simulation and visualisation of long-term performance of buildings is of crucial importance when improving the feasibility for adopting a long-term and dynamic maintenance strategy in the FM process. © 2011 The authors.

This paper presents the thermal modelling of an unglazed solar collector (USC) flat panel, with the aim of producing a detailed yet swift thermal steady-state model. The model is analytical, one-dimensional (ID) and derived by a fin-theory approach. It represents the thermal performance of an arbitrary duct with applied boundary conditions equal to those of a flat panel collector. The derived model is meant to be used for efficient optimisation and design of USC flat panels (or similar applications), as well as detailed thermal analysis of temperature fields and heat transfer distributions/variations at steady-state conditions; without requiring a large amount of computational power and time. Detailed surface temperatures are necessary features for durability studies of the surface coating, hence the effect of coating degradation on USC and system performance. The model accuracy and proficiency has been benchmarked against a detailed three-dimensional Finite Difference Model (3D FDM) and two simpler ID analytical models. Results from the benchmarking test show that the fin-theory model has excellent capabilities of calculating energy performances and fluid temperature profiles, as well as detailed material temperature fields and heat transfer distributions/variations (at steady-state conditions), while still being suitable for component analysis in junction to system simulations as the model is analytical. The accuracy of the model is high in comparison to the 3D FDM (the prime benchmark), as long as the fin-theory assumption prevails (no 'or negligible' temperature gradient in the fin perpendicularly to the fin length). Comparison with the other models also shows that when the USC duct material has a high thermal conductivity, the cross-sectional material temperature adopts an isothermal state (for the assessed USC duct geometry), which makes the ID isothermal model valid. When the USC duct material has a low thermal conductivity, the heat transfer course of events adopts a 1D heat flow that reassembles the conditions of the 1D simple model (for the assessed USC duct geometry); ID heat flow through the top and bottom fins/sheets as the duct wall reassembles a state of adiabatic condition.