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  • 1.
    Gudmundsson, Kjartan
    et al.
    School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, KTH.
    Sjöström, Christer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Trinius, Wolfram
    Twumasi, Ebenezer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Durable and robust vacuum insulation technology for buildings2011In: XII DBMC: 12th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components (Vol. 4) / [ed] Michael A. Lacasse, Vasco Peixoto de Freitas, Helena Corvacho, Porto: FEUP Edições , 2011, , p. 8Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) provide unprecedented opportunities for obtaining excellent thermal insulation with light and slender constructions. This article discusses the performance over time of VIPs, and the possibilities to overcome the current problems related to fragility and limited durability. Aerogels are together with fumed silica among the most competitive core materials for VIP's. The use of classical aerogels, as produced in autoclaves is, however, limited due to the high production costs. The fumed silica on the other hand requires vacuum levels that are difficult to maintain with the currently available vacuum envelopes. A material with comparatively smaller pores will on the other hand allow obtaining low thermal conductivity at higher pressure (less vacuum) and will therefore reduce the pressure difference over the envelope. There is therefore much to be gained by reducing the pore size. New cost and performance efficient silica aerogels offers opportunities to enhance the properties of the panels by customizing the pore structure and pore size distribution. Building technologies and how the panels are applied in a manner that improves the structural, thermal and hygroscopic performances of vacuum insulated constructions have been studied and are discussed.

  • 2.
    Karami, Peyman
    et al.
    KTH.
    Twumasi Afriyie, Ebenezer
    KTH.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental engineering. KTH.
    Gudmundsson, Kjartan
    KTH.
    A study of the thermal conductivity of granular silica materials for VIPs at different levels of gaseous pressure and external loads2014In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 85, p. 199-211Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fast and reliable methods for the determination of thermal properties of core materials for vacuum insu-lation panels (VIPs) are needed. It is of great importance to know the thermal performance of a VIP core atdifferent levels of vacuum and external loads. In this study a new self-designed device, consisting of twocylindrical cavities connected to a Transient Plane Source instrument, is used to determine the thermalconductivity of low-density nanoporous silica powders, from atmospheric pressure down to 0.1 mbarwhile applying different levels of external pressure up to 4 bars. The study includes a brief theoreticaldiscussion of methods. The TPS is validated through comparison with available data for commercial silicaas well as through independent stationary measurements with a hot plate apparatus and with a TransientHot Bridge method. The different materials illustrate clear but different trends for the thermal conductiv-ity as a function of the level of vacuum and external pressure. The analysis of experimental results showsthat the transient methods are less suitable for measuring the thermal conductivity of low-density sil-ica powders, especially for the cases when the density is less than a limit at which the heat transfer byradiation becomes dominant compared to pure conduction.

  • 3.
    King, George A
    et al.
    CSIRO-DBCE.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, Ämnesavdelningen för byggnadskvalitet.
    A Methodology for Quantifying the Atmospheric Corrosion Performance of Fabricated Metal Products in Marine Environments2000In: Marine Corrosion in Tropical Environments, West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials , 2000, p. 114-132Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In Australia a long-term project is studying the marine atmospheric corrosion performance of several metals and alloys, and a range of generic classes of coatings and finishes (metallic and organic) on steel and aluminum. Specimens have been exposed for over nine years at three marine sites, both in the open and under a specially designed glass shelter which has greatly accelerated deterioration. The sheet product test pieces include a range of features designed to simulate the types of distress introduced during manufacture and building, and at which corrosion defects initially manifest. A methodology is described for the development of quantitative performance indices for these formed specimens. The general philosophy involves using the collected data to determine appropriate weighting to different types of defects on features, or to the relative contribution of different features to overall defect indices and in turn their relative contribution to a total performance index. A rigorous mathematical procedure was followed to calculate defect indices and total performance indices for all products. Some results for the two-year specimens are discussed.

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  • 4.
    Kus, Hulya
    et al.
    Institutionen för teknik och byggd miljö.
    Marteinsson, Björn
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, Ämnesavdelningen för byggnadskvalitet.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, Ämnesavdelningen för byggnadskvalitet.
    Temperature and moisture conditions in materials: effects on risk for degradation of rendered autoclaved aerated concrete2005In: Paper TT1-107, 2005, p. 60-67Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Temperature and moisture conditions are, in general, the two major factors influencing the long-term performance of external walls made of porous mineral building materials. Degradation of wall components is accelerated by temperature and moisture induced stresses which lead to cracks and in turn a surface more vulnerable to other degradation agents. The degradation rate depends on both the environmental conditions and the material-inherent and component design properties. Extreme and rapid temperature fluctuations as well as moderate diurnal and seasonal temperature cycles cause thermal stresses and strains in the material, resulting in expansion or contraction and eventual deformation such as cracking or fracture. Material properties such as thermal expansion, elasticity and tensile strength determine if cracking occurs either immeadiately when the surface temperature drops below the initial temperature after rapid cooling or after a period of time if alternating or repeated stresses result in creep and fatigue.

    In this paper an attempt is made to evaluate the temperature effects on the risk for degradation of external walls made of rendered autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) based on temperature measurement data and the material properties. The measurement results are obtained from the continuous microenvironment monitoring carried out on a test cabin built on the roof of the Centre for Built Environment building in Gävle, Sweden. A finite element model (FEM) is used to simply calculate the temperature induced stresses in two different cases; with and without creep and relaxation in the material. According to the microenvironment measurement results the test panels attain maximum surface temperatures up to about 60 °C during summer and experience surface temperature fluctuations between day and night up to about 55 °C during winter. Rapid changes in surface temperatures frequently occur particularly throughout late spring and early summer. The preliminary calculated results indicate that the tensile forces built up during cold spells may be sufficient to crack the surface of AAC panels but the risk for fatigue damages due to combined moisture and temperature cycles induced by radiation from the sun seems to be small. Further studies are needed for better knowledge and reliable information on the degradation mechanisms related to temperature by complementary measurements of stress-strain, stress relaxation, creep and fatigue behaviour of AAC panels under different and cyclic temperature loading.

  • 5. Kus, Hulya
    et al.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, Ämnesavdelningen för byggnadskvalitet.
    Monitoring of moisture in rendered autoclaved aerated concrete wall by nail electrodes2001In: The international conference on building envelope systems and technologies (ICBEST) 2001, Vol 1, 2001, p. 237-242Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 6.
    Kus, Hulya
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment.
    Nygren, Kjell
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, Ämnesavdelningen för byggnadskvalitet.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, Ämnesavdelningen för byggnadskvalitet.
    In-use performance of rendered autoclaved aerated concrete walls by long-term moisture monitoring2004In: Building and Environment, ISSN 0360-1323, E-ISSN 1873-684X, Vol. 39, no 6, p. 677-687Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The importance of long-term performance and durability of building materials and components has received increasing consideration with regard to a sustainable built environment. Degradation due to exposure to environment conditions, particularly driving rain, play a significant role in the service life of porous materials used in external wall components. Microenvironment monitoring data are presented in this paper to show how different surface coatings can contribute to moisture performance of external walls made of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). Renderings modifed with hydrophobic products on AAC substrate prove to have less wetting and better drying properties than unmodified renderings according to the performance assessment based on the amount and duration of moisture measured in the material.

  • 7.
    Kus, Hülya
    et al.
    stanbul Technical University , Faculty of Architecture, Turkey.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental engineering.
    Sjöström, Christer
    Building Science, KTH, Stockholm.
    Durability assessment of external renderings on AAC based on 10-year long-term monitoring data2013In: Third International Conference  on  Sustainable construction Materials and Technologies: Conference proceedings / [ed] Peter Claisse, 2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Long-term performance and durability of external walls made of rendered autoclaved aerated concrete was investigated within a research project, based on continuous monitoring of temperature and moisture in the materials employed in the weathering test conducted in Gavle, Sweden. The details of natural exposure test set-up and preliminary measurement and experiment results were published elsewhere. Among the external rendering systems applied on AAC wall panels, a variety of coatings including inorganic and organic coatings with and without hydrophobic agents were tested. Together with the surface and bulk temperatures and moisture contents of the tested materials, microclimate parameters were also continuously measured. In this paper, monitoring data collected during 10 years of natural exposure are examined, and some results, particularly on moisture performance of external rendering systems, are presented and briefly discussed. 

  • 8.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, Ämnesavdelningen för byggnadskvalitet.
    Gästgiveri kollar fukt och innemiljö2004In: Husbyggaren, ISSN 0018-7968, no 6, p. 44-45Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    Byggnaden Stora Vall på Kungsbäcksområdet i Gävle har utrustats med sensorer, mätutrustning för luftfuktighet och annan modern informationsteknik. Detta för att fungera som en testanläggning. Hittills har dock intresset för att utnyttja anläggningen varit svagt.

  • 9.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, Ämnesavdelningen för inomhusmiljö.
    Hampberedning med tornadoteknik: En förstudie2009Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Möjligheterna att bereda hampa med tornadoteknik har studerats. Företaget Airgrinder AB i Skelleftehamn har en pilotanläggning som utnyttjats för att testköra hampa som skördats vid olika tillfällen under året. Tekniken innebär att hampan både sönderdelas och torkar under inverkan av den kraftiga luftström som pressas genom en speciellt utformad cyklon. Hampans fibrer passerar relativt opåverkade medan resten av stjälken samt eventuella blad och jordrester pulveriseras. Fibrerna kan därefter sållas fram och tillvaratas separat medan resten kan användas som t ex bränsle.

    För tornadotekniken spelar det ingen roll när på året hampan skördas. Separeringstekniken fungerar lika bra för fuktig höstskördad hampa som för torr vårskördad hampa. Fiberkvaliteten beror av skördetillfället och den återfinns givetvis även i slutprodukten. Kapaciteten för processen är däremot starkt beroende av det ingående materialets fukthalt. Detta innebär att hampa med hög fukthalt kräver en längre uppehållstid i tornadon än vad ett torrare material gör.

    Fibermaterialets egenskaper gör det lämpligt att användas som värmeisolering och provningar visar att egenskaperna blir lika bra som för andra cellulosabaserade isoleringsmaterial. Fibrerna kan även med fördel användas som armering i olika typer av kompositmaterial. För gips åstadkoms en förbättring av böjdraghållfastheten med 33% tack vare en tillsats av mindre än 0.5 vikt-% av tornadohampan. Liknande förbättringar är att räkna med även för andra kompositer med matriser av betong, plast och trä.

    En investeringskalkyl utvärderad enligt nettonuvärdesmetoden har genomförts för en anläggning som kan betjäna en odling på ungefär 250 ha. Investeringskostnaden för en anläggning bestående av tornsilos med volymen 2000 m3 samt en tornado från Airgrinder AB uppskattats till 7 MSEK. Lönsamheten bestäms av en mängd olika faktorer där skördens storlek per hektar är särskilt betydelsefull. Även andelen fibrer i förhållande till andelen skävor samt fukthalten i det ingående materialet är viktiga parametrar i kalkylen. I slutänden spelar priset på fibrer och även skävor en avgörande roll. Mindre genomslag på investeringens lönsamhet har allt som förknippas med odling och skörd, löner, energipriser och underhållskostnader. Utnyttjande av spillvärme samt andra samkörningsmöjligheter med intilliggande industrier förbättrar kapaciteten hos anläggningen markant och därmed även lönsamheten.

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  • 10.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, Ämnesavdelningen för inomhusmiljö.
    Lösullsisolering med hampa2009In: Bygg och Teknik, ISSN 0281-658X, E-ISSN 2002-8350, no 5, p. 28-32Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Lösullsisolering gjord av hampfiber varken tillverkas eller säljs som en kommersiell produkt i Sverige idag. Möjligheterna är emellertid goda att på olika sätt få igång en inhemsk lokal produktion. Beredning av fibrerna med tornadoteknik kan vara ett sätt att åstadkomma ett utgångsmaterial lämpligt för bl a lösull. Försök visar att lösullsprodukter av hampfiber går att åstadkomma med egenskaper som är likvärdiga de hos träbaserad cellulosaisolering.

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  • 11.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, Ämnesavdelningen för inomhusmiljö.
    Produktion av RME i Hedesunda: En förstudie2009Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Möjligheterna att förlägga en mindre tillverkningsenhet för biodiesel eller rapsmetylester (RME) i Hedesunda har studerats. En länsöverskridande enkät har skickats till alla registrerade lantbruk som ligger inom 50 km från Hedesunda. Enkäten har pejlat vilka olika typer av produktionsinriktningar som bedrivs, vilka resurser som finns tillgängliga i form av maskiner, torkar och lagringsutrymmen, samt till sist även vilket intresse som finns för oljeväxtodling och förädling av frö till bl a RME. Av de ca 1 400 utskick som gjordes inkom ca 180 svar. Enkätsvaren visar att det finns ett tillräckligt intresse, att arealerna räcker till och även att de nödvändiga maskinella resurserna och lagringsmöjligheterna är på plats. Däremot är intresset förhållande lågt hos lantbrukarna för att själva medverka i förädlingen från frö till rapsolja och sedan till RME.

    För att se hur storleken på en eventuell anläggning kan påverka lönsamheten har tre olika koncept för RME-tillverkning jämförts. För att tillverka ca 1 000 m3 RME per år behövs odling på ca 1 500 ha i det aktuella området. Norrköpingsföretaget Ageratec tillverkar en i hög grad automatiserad processor som kan tillverka dessa kvantiteter per år. Ett mindre investeringstungt alternativ är en halvautomatisk processor från EuroFuelTech i Storbritannien vilken kan tillverka 400 liter på ca 1.5 timmar. Den kan förväntas producera ca 500 m3 per år. Till sist har ett mycket enkelt och manuellt alternativ valts som innebär att omförestringen görs vid rumstemperatur och med hjälp av billiga och lättillgängliga komponenter såsom tankar och pumpar. Detta alternativ kan med en förhållandevis liten arbetsinsats ge runt 250 mper år. Alla tre alternativen är lönsamma enligt den utgångskalkyl som gjorts enligt nettonuvärdesmetoden för rimliga ingångsvärden på olika parametrar såsom fröpris, oljehalter, priser på RME, frökaka och glycerol, etc. Det behövs dock inte så särskilt stora avvikelser för att lönsamheten ska försvinna. Den allra viktigaste faktorn är fröpriset som utgör ca 90 % av de totala kostnaderna för RME-tillverkningen. Försäljningspriset på både RME och frökaka är avgörande för lönsamheten.

    Även ett flertal faktorer i omvärlden påverkar lönsamheten för småskalig RME-produktion. Priset på vanlig diesel har i allmänhet varit lägre än RME-priset under flera år. Därtill kommer att skattesystemet medger återbetalning av större delen av koldioxidskatten för lantbrukare och andra yrkesmässiga bränsleanvändare. Det finns därför inget incitament att själva använda den RME som eventuellt produceras. För att det ska kännas angeläget att odla raps och tillverka RME krävs att bränslepriserna är mer likartade.

    En annan mycket viktig omständighet som bestämmer det pris som går att sätta på biodieseln är möjligheterna att få avsättning för frökakan och till ett pris som är rimligt. Om man inte kan finna en lösning på detta så går det knappast att få lönsamhet för småskalig RME-tillverkning för bränsleändamål. För andra produkter än bränsle, t ex lösningsmedel till färger och lacker, kan det finnas en gynnsammare prisbild för RME och andra metylestrar.

    Ett samarbete mellan Gefleortens Mejeriförening och de oljeväxtodlare som finns i samma geografiska område skulle kunna ge en bra grund för att få avsättning för såväl RME som frökaka. Detta har dock inte närmare utretts inom ramen för denna förstudie.

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  • 12.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, Ämnesavdelningen för byggnadskvalitet.
    Sensory surveillance of historic wooden buildings2002In: European timber buildings as an expression of technological and technical cultures: Proceedings of Culture 2000 project: Finnish and Portuguese actions, Paris: Elsevier SAS , 2002, p. 149-157Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Continuous surveillance of critical parts and locations in buildings using various sensor techniques should be an essential part of future building diagnostic and maintenance systems. Up until now, such ambitions have been confined to relatively few buildings world wide, mainly inhibited by the difficulties and costs of the installation, particularly in existing buildings. Recent advances in the field of information technology (IT) have highlighted the possibility of making building monitoring and control systems conceivable to a larger group of users. Novel sensors and measurement techniques enable monitoring of almost any part of a building in terms of moisture content, relative humidity, temperature, ventilation, etc. Local networks, communicating over any physical media, e.g. twisted pair, power lines or even wireless, connect the various measurement nodes together. On-line processing and evaluation of relevant data can provide the user with almost instant information on the status of buildings via the Internet or other modes of telecommunication. The paper reviews and exemplifies the experience of the Centre in the area of building monitoring in general and of historic buildings in particular. Ideas and speculations about future development of web-based maintenance systems for historic buildings will be discussed.

  • 13.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, Ämnesavdelningen för byggnadskvalitet.
    Slutrapport IndustriHampa-X2006Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    Projektet IndustriHampa-X har syftat till att initiera odling och förädling av industrihampa i Gävleborgs län under 2005 och 2006. Projektet har utgjort ett första steg i en utveckling som på sikt syftar till att vända den negativa trenden inom lantbruket och bidra till en ökad optimism, en ökad självförsörjningsgrad av råvaror och energi samt en ökad lokal förädling av och avsättning för lantbrukets produkter. Hampan är endast en gröda bland många som bedöms få stor efterfrågan i framtiden och som bör ingå i växtföljden i framtidens jordbruk, antingen det är konventionellt eller ekologiskt.

    Under 2005 odlades hampa på totalt 58 ha i Gävleborgs län. Ca 12 ha har odlats med fröhampa medan resten har odlats med fiber-/energihampa. Under 2006 har totalt ca 43 ha odlats varav 16 ha med fröhampa.

    För odlingsåret 2005 samarbetade projektet med Råsjö torv/SÅBI. Genom detta samarbete kunde den ekonomiska risken för lantbrukarna minimeras och därmed ge dem en möjlighet att på ett smidigt sätt odla och på nära håll bekanta sig med hampan. Arrangemanget innebar även att lantbrukaren fick fritt utsäde, ett köpekontrakt för att kunna bli berättigad till gårdsstödet samt, inte minst, att få skörden bärgad.

    Skördearbetet blev starkt försenat på grund av den snörika och långa vintern, vilket gjorde att utfallet blev sämre än förväntat. På större arealer (> 3 ha) blev skörden ca 4 ton per ha, medan den på mindre fält kunde variera kraftigt, från 0.7 till 5.8 ton per ha. Förseningen av skörden gjorde även att det mesta av den odlade hamparealen tråkigt nog hamnade i träda under 2006.

    Skörd av fröhampa genomfördes enligt planerna i slutet av september 2005 och blev mycket lyckosam med mer än 1 ton torkade frön per ha. Försök med utfodring av bl a mjölkkor visar preliminärt att hampfrökakan mycket väl kan ersätta t ex sojamjöl som kraftfoder.

    Fiberberedningsförsök har genomförts eller är på väg att genomföras med stjälkar som skördats vid olika tidpunkter under hösten 2005. Avsikten har varit att visa om det finns möjligheter att förenkla skördearbetet och hanteringen av stjälkarna så att den traditionella rötningen på fälten kan undvikas och ersättas av ett optimalt val av skördetidpunkt samt införande av artificiell torkning.

    Hampan som energigröda har ännu inte utvärderats i stor skala med det skördade materialet som tagits on hand av Neova (f d Råsjö torv/SÅBI). Däremot har laboratorietester enligt gängse standarder på området genomförts. Dessa visar att hampan i allt väsentligt är ett mycket bra bränsle som i olika former och utföranden skulle kunna ingå i lokalproducerade bränslen lämpliga för allt från pelletpannor i villor till större system där typiskt ett närvärmeverk skulle kunna vara mottagare av bränslet i lämplig form.

    Projektet har även försökt att få ett grepp om vilka befintliga industrier som skulle kunna bli mottagare och förädlare av hampans olika råvaror men även av andra grödor som kan finna sig väl tillrätta i en växtföljd där hampan ingår. Den mest intressanta tillämpningen vore antagligen olika former av isolermaterial för byggindustrin. Odling av oljeväxter har även kommit i ropet på senare tid och är kanske främst relaterad till möjligheterna att ersätta fossilt dieselbränsle med rapsmetylester eller t o m ren rapsolja utan omförestring. Lämpliga siloanläggningar att utgå ifrån finns i både Österfärnebo och Kungsgården.

    Projektet har även inhämtat kunskaper och erfarenheter från andra projekt och verksamheter i Sverige och utomlands. Dessa kontakter är mycket värdefulla inför fortsättningen av de olika aktiviteter som planeras på hampområdet under kommande år.

    Glädjande nog har samhällsutvecklingen i stort vid upprepade tillfällen bara under det gångna året visat att de strävanden som projektet IndustriHampa-X ger uttryck för i allt väsentligt ligger rätt i tiden. Förhoppningen är därför att ett antal av länets nyckelaktörer inom energi, restproduktshantering, fiberindustri mm tillsammans med länets lantbrukare ska kunna finna hållbara lösningar på de utvecklingsmöjligheter som står till buds. Detta kommer med nödvändighet att handla om att verka för ökad småskalighet och ökad grad av lokal förädling och försäljning av lantbruksrelaterade produkter och tjänster till det omgivande samhället. Denna utveckling kommer även att understödjas av de skeenden som står för dörren med bl a höjda energipriser och minskande tillgång på fossila råvaror.

  • 14.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, Ämnesavdelningen för byggnadskvalitet.
    Surface Moisture and Time of Wetness Measurements2002In: Service Life Prediction: Methodology and Metrologies, Washington, DC: American Chemical Society , 2002, p. 23-36Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Surface moisture plays an important role in the deterioration of building surfaces. The extent and duration of surface moisture is generally impossible to predict from meteorological data. The limitations of the ISO 9223 standard for estimating the time of wetness (TOW; RH>80%, T>0°C) is evident in climates with sub-zero temperatures, in environments with significant deposition of pollutants and salt, and in situations where the exchange of radiation between building surfaces and the surrounding environment creates large temperature differences. Consequently, direct measurement of TOW is essential, e.g. using the WETCORR method. This method is suitable for measurements of surface moisture and TOW on building materials in general. The actual sensor consists of an inert electrolytic cell with Au/Au-electrodes combined with a Pt-1000 surface temperature-sensing element.

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  • 15.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, Ämnesavdelningen för byggnadskvalitet.
    The wooden churches of Chiloé2001In: Wooden handwork/wooden carpentry: European restoration sites: Proceedings of Culture 2000 project: Italian action / [ed] C. Bertolini Cestari, Paris: Elsevier SAS , 2001, p. 111-115Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    16 churches out of about 60 representing the so-called Chiloé School of Wooden Religious Architecture were inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List in October 2000. The article launches the initial project ideas in relation to the need of achieving a more profound understanding and knowledge of these churches, both as physical buildings including their technical status, need of maintenance, etc, and their socio-cultural importance to the local community.

  • 16.
    Norberg, Peter
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, Ämnesavdelningen för byggnadskvalitet.
    Krigsvoll, Guri
    Gumucio, Juan Carlos
    Maintaining the traditional churches of Chiloé2004In: Interaction between science, technology and architecture in timber construction: Proceedings of Culture 2000 project: Greek, Norwegian and Italian actions, Paris: Elsevier SAS , 2004, p. 405-421Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The 16 churches of Chiloé in southern Chile, recently inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List, represent the only example in Latin America of a rare form of ecclesiastical wooden architecture. They were built on the initiative of the Jesuit Peripatetic Mission in the 17th and 18th centuries and bear testimony to a successful fusion of indigenous and European culture and technical expertise. Most of these churches are in immediate need of restoration and maintenance. The present paper summarises experience and impressions acquired by the authors during a trip made to Chile in June 2002. The purpose of the trip was to establish contacts with people and organisations that are linked to the care and maintenance of the traditional wooden churches of Chiloé. In this context it has been of mutual interest to find out in what possible ways Scandinavian resources and know-how could be utilised and implemented in the process of restoring and maintaining these churches. The recently developed Maintenance Management System (MMS), capable of structuring condition surveys and assessments, as well as being an aid to plan and follow up conservation and maintenance work, might prove a suitable and elaborate alternative to traditional systems of building management and documentation. In addition, a brief description is presented of various tasks identified that could tentatively be the basis for mutual exchange of know-how, culture and traditions as well as of researchers, students and other resources, between the partners in Chile and in Sweden and Norway. These tasks address issues linked to aspects of both the physical maintenance of these churches and of their socio-cultural significance today and in the future.

  • 17.
    Norberg, Peter
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment.
    Lindahl, Lars G
    Abrahamsson, Jörgen
    University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment.
    En metod för framställning av agglomerat av utfällt silikamaterial, ett mikroporöst material innefattande sådan agglomerat och användning därav2007Patent (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Föreliggande uppfinning avser en metod att producera ett material som innefattar agglomererade partiklar av utfälld kiseldioxid, innefattande framställning av en lösning av åtminstone ett metallsalt (M), där metalljonen/-jonerna är tvåvärd(a) eller flervärd(a). En lösning av alkalimetall (M) silikat med ett molförhållande SiO2/M2O om 0.5 - 100 framställs. Lösningarna blandas och blandningen omrörs, och ett koagel tillåts bildas. Koaglet uppsamlas och behandlas för att tillhandahålla ett material som har en torrsubstans om >15, företrädesvis >97%. Ett material som kan erhållas med processen tillhandahålles också.

  • 18.
    Twumasi Afriyie, Ebenezer
    et al.
    Kungliga tekniska högskolan (KTH).
    Karami, Peyman
    Kungliga tekniska högskolan (KTH).
    Norberg, Peter
    Kungliga tekniska högskolan (KTH).
    Gudmundsson, Kjartan
    Kungliga tekniska högskolan (KTH).
    Textural and thermal conductivity properties of a low density mesoporous silica material2014In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 75, p. 210-215Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, the pore structure, tapped density and thermal conductivity properties of a new type of nanoporous silica material have been studied. We have applied nitrogen physisorption, high resolution scanning microscopy and Transient Plane Source thermal conductivity measurements to investigate these properties. The new mesoporous silica SNP have large BET surface area, 400–439 m2 g−1 and possess high porosity in the range of 95–97%. The results further show pore diameter centred at 43 nm or 47 nm for the two materials studied. Tapped densities as low as 0.077 g/cm3 have so far been obtained and the thermal conductivity of these materials has been measured to 0.0284 and 0.0294 W (m K)−1 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The effects of tapped density, pore size diameter and particle morphology on thermal conductivity are discussed.

  • 19.
    Twumasi Afriyie, Ebenezer
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental engineering.
    Sjöström, Christer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Forslund, Mikael
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Preparation and characterization of double metal-silica sorbent for gas filtration2013In: Adsorption, ISSN 0929-5607, E-ISSN 1572-8757, Vol. 19, no 1, p. 49-61Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the preparation of a porous (Mg, Ca) silicate structure, which could be employed as sorbent filter media. The sorbents have been prepared using sodium silicate precipitated with various ratios of magnesium and calcium salts. The sorbents obtained were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen physisorption isotherm. Further, the applicability and performance of the sorbent impregnate with potassium hydroxide for removal of sulphur dioxide (SO2) has been demonstrated. From the isotherms, specific surface area, pore diameter and volume of pores were estimated. Results show that the chemical composition and textural properties of the resultant sorbents were highly dependent on Mg/Ca molar ratio. It was found that sorbents made with 68 mol% Mg and 32 mol% Ca (PSS-MgCa-68/32); and 75 mol% Mg and 25 mol% Ca (PSS-MgCa-75/25) exhibited even higher specific surface area and pore volume than the sorbents containing a single metal. The Mg/Ca-silica sorbents obtained contains interconnected bimodal porosity with large portions being mesopores of varied sizes. The pore size distribution (PSD) results further indicate that PSS-MgCa-68/32 sorbent exhibits wide PSD of interconnected pores in the size range of 1 to 32 nm while PSS-MgCa-50/50 and PSS-MgCa-75/25 exhibits narrow PSD of 1 to 5 nm. Using SO2 as model contaminate gas, it was shown that the dynamic adsorption performance of the PSS-MgCa-sorbents impregnated with 8 wt% KOH exhibits SO2 uptake, with impregnated PSS-MgCa-68/32 showing better performance. This shows that the materials prepared can be used as adsorbent for gas filtration.

  • 20.
    Twumasi Afriyie, Ebenezer
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental engineering.
    Sjöström, Christer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Forslund, Mikael
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Textural and hydrogen sulphide adsorption behaviour of double metal-silca modified with potassium permanganate2013In: Journal of porous materials, ISSN 1380-2224, E-ISSN 1573-4854, Vol. 20, no 3, p. 447-455Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A new MgCa–silica material with bimodal pore size is impregnated with KMnO4 for dynamic adsorption of H2S. The MgCa–silica was synthesized using sodium silicate and calcium and magnesium salts as precipitating agents. The KMnO4 impregnation onto MgCa–silica was obtained through either direct addition into MgCa–silica wet coagulum or doping of dried MgCa–silica pellets into KMnO4 solution. These chemisorbents were characterized by nitrogen physisorption, spectrophotometer, microscopy and dynamic H2S adsorption test setup similar to ASHRAE standard I45.I. The results show that impregnation route and KMnO4 wt% cause a reduction of surface area and total pore volume. The decrease in pore volume was slightly more in chemisorbents obtained via post doping compared to direct impregnation. Regardless of pore volume reduction the pore size range, 1–32 nm, was as in the parent MgCa–silica with micro and meso-pore diameter centered at 1.4 and 5.4 nm respectively. Thus obtained chemisorbents have their pore entrances neither blocked nor shifted. The MgCa–silica/KMnO4 chemisorbents exhibits good H2S uptake performance. The chemisorbent with 11.4 wt% KMnO4 and obtained via direct impregnation possesses the highest uptake capacity. The lowest capacity was observed for chemisorbent with 8 wt% KMnO4 and made by direct impregnation. The variations in uptake capacity are likely due to impregnation route, the KMnO4 content and its location in the pore system. The results suggest that the MgCa–silica/KMnO4chemisorbents can remove H2S from indoor air at room temperature.

  • 21.
    Twumasi, Ebenezer
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Forslund, Mikael
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Sjöström, Christer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Textural and adsorption properties of a carbon-silica composite adsorbent for air filtration2010In: World Journal of Engineering, ISSN 1708-5284, Vol. 7, no 2, p. 227-228Article in journal (Other academic)
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    fulltext
  • 22.
    Twumasi, Ebenezer
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Forslund, Mikael
    Materials Technology KTH Reserch School.
    Sjöström, Christer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Carbon–silica composites prepared by the precipitation method: Effect of the synthesis parameters on textural characteristics and toluene dynamic adsorption2012In: Journal of porous materials, ISSN 1380-2224, E-ISSN 1573-4854, Vol. 19, no 3, p. 333-343Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Three synthesis routes are presented here that leads to carbon–silica composites. These were characterized by nitrogen physisorption, by thermogravimetric analysis and by dynamic toluene adsorption test similar to Ashrae standard I45.1. The carbon–silica composites possess high microporosity and mesoporosity as well as large surface areas. Furthermore, the control of the microporosity as well as pore size distribution is possible because they depend on the amount of carbon used and of the synthesis route. Following routes I and III a wide micro-mesoporous pore size (1–32 nm) was obtained where as by route II narrow micro-mesoporous pore size (1–4 nm) was observed. In addition, pore diameters center in the range of 1.13–1.17 nm was observed when carbon content was 32 or 45 wt%. The dynamic adsorption of toluene was evaluated for carbon–silica composites obtained by three preparation routes at two different carbon contents, 32 and 45 wt%. The results showed that a composite with 45 wt% carbon content and obtained via preparation route I gave the highest toluene adsorption capacity (27.6 wt% relative to carbon content). The large uptake capacity of this composite was attributed to the presence of high microporosity volume and a wide (1–32 nm) bimodal pore system consisting of extensive mesopore channels (2–32 nm) as well as large surface area. These capacity values of carbon–silica composites are by weight relative to carbon content and are competitive to, results obtained for commercial coconut activated carbon (31.1 wt%) and significantly better than a commercial alumina-carbon composite(9.5 wt%) at 0% efficiency.

  • 23.
    Twumasi, Ebenezer
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Sjöström, Christer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Tailored Precipitated Silica Adsorbents for the Built Environment2011In: XII DBMC: 12th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components (Vol. 4): Michael A. Lacasse, Vasco Peixoto de Freitas, Helena Corvacho, Porto: FEUP Edições , 2011, , p. 8Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The paper provides a review of the synthesis and adsorptive properties of a novel class of precipitated silica materials. To enhance or tailor the adsorption efficiency, various trapping chemicals (potassium hydroxide, potassium permanganate) or co-adsorbents (coconut activated carbon) are incorporated in the structure of the substrate material. Further, it discusses the applicability and performance over time of the material as adsorbents for removal of hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide and toluene contaminants which are potentially hazardous to sensitive equipment and more importantly, human health. Chemical substances in the air are an unavoidable by-product of most human endeavours within industry and transportation. The need for adsorbents to combat Airborne Molecular Contamination (AMC) follows from the continued intensification of the global environmental movement as well as the rapid industrialisation of developing countries. The removal performance of modified precipitated silica adsorbent shows that the new adsorbent can be tailored to remove low concentrations of sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and toluene contaminants at indoor environment conditions. The results further shows that the new precipitated silica adsorbent impregnated with 8 wt% KOH shows better performance than commercial alumina impregnated with 8 wt% KMnO4.The adsorbent material may find interesting and efficient uses as passive sinks for pollutants incorporated into more traditional building products such as acoustic baffles or as ingredients in various coatings. The filter material is environmentally friendly and consists of benign chemicals that are abundant worldwide. Performance over time aspects, re-use and recycling of exhausted filter materials are key issues addressed.

1 - 23 of 23
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