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  • 1.
    Gudmundsson, Kjartan
    et al.
    School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, KTH.
    Sjöström, Christer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Trinius, Wolfram
    Twumasi, Ebenezer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Durable and robust vacuum insulation technology for buildings2011In: XII DBMC: 12th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components (Vol. 4) / [ed] Michael A. Lacasse, Vasco Peixoto de Freitas, Helena Corvacho, Porto: FEUP Edições , 2011, , p. 8Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) provide unprecedented opportunities for obtaining excellent thermal insulation with light and slender constructions. This article discusses the performance over time of VIPs, and the possibilities to overcome the current problems related to fragility and limited durability. Aerogels are together with fumed silica among the most competitive core materials for VIP's. The use of classical aerogels, as produced in autoclaves is, however, limited due to the high production costs. The fumed silica on the other hand requires vacuum levels that are difficult to maintain with the currently available vacuum envelopes. A material with comparatively smaller pores will on the other hand allow obtaining low thermal conductivity at higher pressure (less vacuum) and will therefore reduce the pressure difference over the envelope. There is therefore much to be gained by reducing the pore size. New cost and performance efficient silica aerogels offers opportunities to enhance the properties of the panels by customizing the pore structure and pore size distribution. Building technologies and how the panels are applied in a manner that improves the structural, thermal and hygroscopic performances of vacuum insulated constructions have been studied and are discussed.

  • 2.
    Hallberg, Daniel
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Stojanovic, Bojan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Akander, Jan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Building engineering.
    Status, needs and possibilities for service life prediction and estimation of district heating distribution networks2012In: Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, ISSN 1573-2479, E-ISSN 1744-8980, Vol. 8, no 1, p. 41-54Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An optimised and proactive maintenance strategy aims to maximise the economical profit, minimise environmental impacts and keep the risk of failure to a low level. Implementation of such strategy in the context of district heating requires efforts and abilities for predicting future performances and estimating service life of district heating components. A literature review on failures (damages and performance reductions) occurring on district heating pipes, reveals that failures in district heating pipes are mainly leaks due to corrosion or mechanical impacts and reduced thermal insulation performance: leaks being the more serious damage type. A feasible service life estimation method for this type of damage is the Factor Method. Since the application of this method within the context of DH pipes has not been found in other publications, this paper focuses on describing the method and discusses the possibilities on how to apply it in two specific cases with respect to leakage: service life estimation of repaired district heating pipe sections (i.e. maintenance of district heating network) and of district heating pipes in new or extended district heating networks. A particular attention is paid on which modifying factors to consider and how to quantify them.

  • 3.
    Hallberg, Daniel
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Tarandi, V.
    On the use of open bim and 4D visualisation in a predictive life cycle management system for construction works2011In: Electronic Journal of Information Technology in Construction, ISSN 1403-6835, Vol. 16, p. 445-466Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Construction works are in periodical need of performance upgrade such as maintenance, repair and rehabilitation (MR&R). Facility managers are responsible to fulfil this need during the whole life cycle of the construction works in a manner that maximises the economical profit, minimises the environmental impact and keeps the risk of failure at a low level. A prerequisite for efficient facility management (FM) is long-term planning of MR&R actions. This requires management of a large amount of information, a process that includes gathering, storing, processing and presentation of data. With the development of open Building Information Models (open BIM) and standardisation of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) new possibilities of efficient management of FM information have emerged. Due to its parametric and object-oriented approach, the open BIM-concept rationalises the information management and makes it more cost effective. This paper discusses how open BIM, with the aid of IFC, and Product Life Cycle Support (PLCS) may facilitate the implementation of a predictive Life cycle Management System (LMS) and by that improve the feasibility for adopting long-term and dynamic maintenance strategy in the FM process. A case study on the use of a commercial BIM-based design tool as information repository and media to present life cycle information within the context of the LMS concept on a hospital building is also presented. The case study shows that the build-up of the information becomes simpler, more clear and efficient compared to a traditional database solution, as it is done with parametric objects. However, the basic BIM can not serve for all LMS functions. There is still need for development of a BIM integrated LMS solution that may support prediction of life cycle performance and maintenance needs. Such a solution needs to be communicative to any open BIM software and thus has to be built upon open standards for exchange of building information, e.g. the IFC standard, and life cycle oriented standards like PLCS. Additional focus is put on 4D simulation and visualisation. Simulation and visualisation of long-term performance of buildings is of crucial importance when improving the feasibility for adopting a long-term and dynamic maintenance strategy in the FM process. © 2011 The authors.

  • 4.
    Stojanovic, Bojan
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Akander, Jan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Building engineering.
    Build-up and long-term performance test of a full-scale solar-assisted heat pump system for residential heating in Nordic climatic conditions2010In: Applied Thermal Engineering, ISSN 1359-4311, E-ISSN 1873-5606, Vol. 30, no 2-3, p. 188-195Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the build-up and long-term performance test of a full-scale Solar-Assisted Heat Pump System (SAHPS) for residential heating in Nordic climatic conditions. This particular SAHPS was developed within the EU project ENDCHOUSING, by predominantly using components and techniques that are available on the market. The analysis primarily focuses on system performance, with emphasis on Heat Pump (HP) and total system Seasonal Performance Factor (SPF), based on long-term and full-scale operation. Analysis shows that despite unfavourable building conditions, for low energy use and utilisation of a SAHPS, the system was successfully in full operation (for about 2 years) fulfilling heating requirements. Data processing of the series representing the full year period of 2007(February)-2008(February), presented a HP and total SAHPS performance of. SPF(HP) = 2.85 and SPF(SAHPS) = 2.09. The authors argue that with an optimised SAHPS control and operation strategy, additional use of circulation pumps and energy (electricity) could be vastly reduced, hence attaining a SPF(SAHPS) value that is in parity with the SPF(HP). As the Nordic (Swedish) Endohousing SAHPS has not yet been properly optimised/designed and installed in an appropriate house, the SPFHP = 2.85 is considered satisfactory.

  • 5.
    Stojanovic, Bojan
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Hallberg, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Akander, Jan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Building engineering.
    A steady state thermal duct model derived by fin-theory approach and applied on an unglazed solar collector2010In: Solar Energy, ISSN 0038-092X, E-ISSN 1471-1257, Vol. 84, no 10, p. 1838-1851Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the thermal modelling of an unglazed solar collector (USC) flat panel, with the aim of producing a detailed yet swift thermal steady-state model. The model is analytical, one-dimensional (ID) and derived by a fin-theory approach. It represents the thermal performance of an arbitrary duct with applied boundary conditions equal to those of a flat panel collector. The derived model is meant to be used for efficient optimisation and design of USC flat panels (or similar applications), as well as detailed thermal analysis of temperature fields and heat transfer distributions/variations at steady-state conditions; without requiring a large amount of computational power and time. Detailed surface temperatures are necessary features for durability studies of the surface coating, hence the effect of coating degradation on USC and system performance. The model accuracy and proficiency has been benchmarked against a detailed three-dimensional Finite Difference Model (3D FDM) and two simpler ID analytical models. Results from the benchmarking test show that the fin-theory model has excellent capabilities of calculating energy performances and fluid temperature profiles, as well as detailed material temperature fields and heat transfer distributions/variations (at steady-state conditions), while still being suitable for component analysis in junction to system simulations as the model is analytical. The accuracy of the model is high in comparison to the 3D FDM (the prime benchmark), as long as the fin-theory assumption prevails (no 'or negligible' temperature gradient in the fin perpendicularly to the fin length). Comparison with the other models also shows that when the USC duct material has a high thermal conductivity, the cross-sectional material temperature adopts an isothermal state (for the assessed USC duct geometry), which makes the ID isothermal model valid. When the USC duct material has a low thermal conductivity, the heat transfer course of events adopts a 1D heat flow that reassembles the conditions of the 1D simple model (for the assessed USC duct geometry); ID heat flow through the top and bottom fins/sheets as the duct wall reassembles a state of adiabatic condition.

  • 6.
    Twumasi Afriyie, Ebenezer
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental engineering.
    Sjöström, Christer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Forslund, Mikael
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Preparation and characterization of double metal-silica sorbent for gas filtration2013In: Adsorption, ISSN 0929-5607, E-ISSN 1572-8757, Vol. 19, no 1, p. 49-61Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the preparation of a porous (Mg, Ca) silicate structure, which could be employed as sorbent filter media. The sorbents have been prepared using sodium silicate precipitated with various ratios of magnesium and calcium salts. The sorbents obtained were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen physisorption isotherm. Further, the applicability and performance of the sorbent impregnate with potassium hydroxide for removal of sulphur dioxide (SO2) has been demonstrated. From the isotherms, specific surface area, pore diameter and volume of pores were estimated. Results show that the chemical composition and textural properties of the resultant sorbents were highly dependent on Mg/Ca molar ratio. It was found that sorbents made with 68 mol% Mg and 32 mol% Ca (PSS-MgCa-68/32); and 75 mol% Mg and 25 mol% Ca (PSS-MgCa-75/25) exhibited even higher specific surface area and pore volume than the sorbents containing a single metal. The Mg/Ca-silica sorbents obtained contains interconnected bimodal porosity with large portions being mesopores of varied sizes. The pore size distribution (PSD) results further indicate that PSS-MgCa-68/32 sorbent exhibits wide PSD of interconnected pores in the size range of 1 to 32 nm while PSS-MgCa-50/50 and PSS-MgCa-75/25 exhibits narrow PSD of 1 to 5 nm. Using SO2 as model contaminate gas, it was shown that the dynamic adsorption performance of the PSS-MgCa-sorbents impregnated with 8 wt% KOH exhibits SO2 uptake, with impregnated PSS-MgCa-68/32 showing better performance. This shows that the materials prepared can be used as adsorbent for gas filtration.

  • 7.
    Twumasi Afriyie, Ebenezer
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental engineering.
    Sjöström, Christer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Forslund, Mikael
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Textural and hydrogen sulphide adsorption behaviour of double metal-silca modified with potassium permanganate2013In: Journal of porous materials, ISSN 1380-2224, E-ISSN 1573-4854, Vol. 20, no 3, p. 447-455Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A new MgCa–silica material with bimodal pore size is impregnated with KMnO4 for dynamic adsorption of H2S. The MgCa–silica was synthesized using sodium silicate and calcium and magnesium salts as precipitating agents. The KMnO4 impregnation onto MgCa–silica was obtained through either direct addition into MgCa–silica wet coagulum or doping of dried MgCa–silica pellets into KMnO4 solution. These chemisorbents were characterized by nitrogen physisorption, spectrophotometer, microscopy and dynamic H2S adsorption test setup similar to ASHRAE standard I45.I. The results show that impregnation route and KMnO4 wt% cause a reduction of surface area and total pore volume. The decrease in pore volume was slightly more in chemisorbents obtained via post doping compared to direct impregnation. Regardless of pore volume reduction the pore size range, 1–32 nm, was as in the parent MgCa–silica with micro and meso-pore diameter centered at 1.4 and 5.4 nm respectively. Thus obtained chemisorbents have their pore entrances neither blocked nor shifted. The MgCa–silica/KMnO4 chemisorbents exhibits good H2S uptake performance. The chemisorbent with 11.4 wt% KMnO4 and obtained via direct impregnation possesses the highest uptake capacity. The lowest capacity was observed for chemisorbent with 8 wt% KMnO4 and made by direct impregnation. The variations in uptake capacity are likely due to impregnation route, the KMnO4 content and its location in the pore system. The results suggest that the MgCa–silica/KMnO4chemisorbents can remove H2S from indoor air at room temperature.

  • 8.
    Twumasi, Ebenezer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science. KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Byggvetenskap, Byggnadsmaterial.
    Molecular filtration: the study of adsorbents2011Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Adsorbent materials for gas purification have been studied and developed for application in many areas. It is known that a single adsorbent may not adequately control multiple contaminants. Therefore, the development of adsorbent materials has accelerated over the past two decades, and is today an area attracting a lot of attention. In view of the global environmental movement for clean air, the development of improved sorbents will help address new challenges that cannot efficiently be met with the generic sorbents that are presently commercially available. On the other hand, the utilization of these new sorbents for specific applications within the area of molecular filtration remains largely unexplored. This thesis presents a synthesis of new sorbent materials, and the characterization and application of these materials for molecular filtration. Commercial adsorbents have been used for benchmarking for the pore properties, the applicability, and the performance of these new adsorbents. A double metal-silica adsorbent has been synthesized. The preparation procedure is based on the use of sodium silicate coagulated with various ratios of magnesium and calcium salts which yields micro-meso porous structures in the resulting material. The results show that molar ratios of Mg/Ca influence the pore parameters as well as the structure and morphology. The bimodal pore size can be tailored by controlling the Mg/Ca ratio. The effect of thermal treatment on pore parameters of these adsorbents has been investigated. The results show that heat treatment had a notable effect on the pore parameters, and that the pore structure was thermally stable even at 600°C.

     A synthesis method has also been developed for the preparation of carbon-silica composites. The method involves a number of routes, which can be summarised as addition of activated carbon particles to (I) the paste, (II) the salt solution, or (III) with the sodium silicate solution. In route II and III the activated carbon is present also before coagulation. The routes presented here leads to carbon-silica composites possessing high micro porosity, meso porosity as well as large surface areas. The increase in micro porosity and surface areas was linear with carbon content. The results shows further that pore size distribution may be tailored based on the route of addition of the carbon particles. Following route I and III a wide pore size (1-30nm) was obtained where as by route II a narrow pore size (1-4nm) was observed. KOH or KMnO4 modified MgCa adsorbent varieties were also prepared. The impregnationwas performed by either a direct synthesis or post-synthesis procedure. Potassium hydroxide and potassium permanganate have been chosen as impregnate chemicals. Results revealed that theimpregnate amount significantly affected both the structural and the gas adsorption characteristics of the impregnated MgCa adsorbents. The properties of double- metal adsorbents, impregnated adsorbents and carbon-silica composites were characterized by various methods (X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis, and nitrogen adsorption at 77K) to study the material structure and morphology, thermal stability, ignition temperature and porous parameters with regard to surface area, pore size, pore size distribution and porosity volume, which is important for optimizing their use in many practical application. The up-take performance of adsorbents for dynamic adsorption of SO2, H2S and toluene was performed in a system similar to the setup usedin ASHRAE 145.1. Finally the applicability and performance of the impregnated modified MgCa-silica adsorbents and composites have been evaluated for H2S, SO2 and toluene adsorption and compared to some commercial adsorbent materials. Results revealed that a potassium permanganate modified MgCa-adsorbent has a H2S adsorption capacity in the range of 0.08-3.19 wt % at 50% efficiency, and that the uptake capacity was relative to the amount of potassiumpermanganate loading. Moreover, KOH modified MgCa-adsorbent shows highest SO2 adsorption capacity (1.7 wt %) which is 3.47 times higher than commercial alumina impregnate with potassium permanganate (0.49 wt %). Carbon-silica composites on the other hand shows adsorption of toluene and high adsorption capacity was obtained when carbon content was 45 wt %. The results further shows that a composite with 45 wt % carbon and obtained via route I present the highest toluene adsorption capacity ( 27.6 wt % relative to carbon content) at 0% efficiency. The large uptake capacity of this composite was attributed to the presence of high microporosity volume and a wide (1-30nm) bimodal pore system consisting of extensive mesopore channels (2-30nm) as well as large surface area. These capacity values of carbon-silica composites are competitive to results obtained for commercial coconut based carbon (31 wt %), and better than commercial alumina-carbon composite.

  • 9.
    Twumasi, Ebenezer
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Forslund, Mikael
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Sjöström, Christer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Textural and adsorption properties of a carbon-silica composite adsorbent for air filtration2010In: World Journal of Engineering, ISSN 1708-5284, Vol. 7, no 2, p. 227-228Article in journal (Other academic)
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  • 10.
    Twumasi, Ebenezer
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Forslund, Mikael
    Materials Technology KTH Reserch School.
    Sjöström, Christer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Carbon–silica composites prepared by the precipitation method: Effect of the synthesis parameters on textural characteristics and toluene dynamic adsorption2012In: Journal of porous materials, ISSN 1380-2224, E-ISSN 1573-4854, Vol. 19, no 3, p. 333-343Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Three synthesis routes are presented here that leads to carbon–silica composites. These were characterized by nitrogen physisorption, by thermogravimetric analysis and by dynamic toluene adsorption test similar to Ashrae standard I45.1. The carbon–silica composites possess high microporosity and mesoporosity as well as large surface areas. Furthermore, the control of the microporosity as well as pore size distribution is possible because they depend on the amount of carbon used and of the synthesis route. Following routes I and III a wide micro-mesoporous pore size (1–32 nm) was obtained where as by route II narrow micro-mesoporous pore size (1–4 nm) was observed. In addition, pore diameters center in the range of 1.13–1.17 nm was observed when carbon content was 32 or 45 wt%. The dynamic adsorption of toluene was evaluated for carbon–silica composites obtained by three preparation routes at two different carbon contents, 32 and 45 wt%. The results showed that a composite with 45 wt% carbon content and obtained via preparation route I gave the highest toluene adsorption capacity (27.6 wt% relative to carbon content). The large uptake capacity of this composite was attributed to the presence of high microporosity volume and a wide (1–32 nm) bimodal pore system consisting of extensive mesopore channels (2–32 nm) as well as large surface area. These capacity values of carbon–silica composites are by weight relative to carbon content and are competitive to, results obtained for commercial coconut activated carbon (31.1 wt%) and significantly better than a commercial alumina-carbon composite(9.5 wt%) at 0% efficiency.

  • 11.
    Twumasi, Ebenezer
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Norberg, Peter
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Sjöström, Christer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Buildning science - material science.
    Tailored Precipitated Silica Adsorbents for the Built Environment2011In: XII DBMC: 12th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components (Vol. 4): Michael A. Lacasse, Vasco Peixoto de Freitas, Helena Corvacho, Porto: FEUP Edições , 2011, , p. 8Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The paper provides a review of the synthesis and adsorptive properties of a novel class of precipitated silica materials. To enhance or tailor the adsorption efficiency, various trapping chemicals (potassium hydroxide, potassium permanganate) or co-adsorbents (coconut activated carbon) are incorporated in the structure of the substrate material. Further, it discusses the applicability and performance over time of the material as adsorbents for removal of hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide and toluene contaminants which are potentially hazardous to sensitive equipment and more importantly, human health. Chemical substances in the air are an unavoidable by-product of most human endeavours within industry and transportation. The need for adsorbents to combat Airborne Molecular Contamination (AMC) follows from the continued intensification of the global environmental movement as well as the rapid industrialisation of developing countries. The removal performance of modified precipitated silica adsorbent shows that the new adsorbent can be tailored to remove low concentrations of sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and toluene contaminants at indoor environment conditions. The results further shows that the new precipitated silica adsorbent impregnated with 8 wt% KOH shows better performance than commercial alumina impregnated with 8 wt% KMnO4.The adsorbent material may find interesting and efficient uses as passive sinks for pollutants incorporated into more traditional building products such as acoustic baffles or as ingredients in various coatings. The filter material is environmentally friendly and consists of benign chemicals that are abundant worldwide. Performance over time aspects, re-use and recycling of exhausted filter materials are key issues addressed.

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