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  • 1.
    Bellman, Lina
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet, Fakulteten för humanvetenskap, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik. (CER).
    Gebert Persson, Sabine
    Mittuniversitetet, Fakulteten för humanvetenskap, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik. (CER).
    Kulander, Maria
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Lind, Hans
    KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi.
    Boende för äldre: en studie av 10 kommuner2015Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Andelen äldre personer i det svenska samhället ökar. I Sverige finns boendeformer som på olika sätt är anpassade efter äldres behov. Hur utbudet av dessa för äldre individer anpassade boendeformer ser ut och vilken information kommuner ger till äldre kan ses som viktiga för att förstå om äldre väljer att bo kvar eller flytta.  I denna rapport kartläggs hur nuvarande utbud av de tre boendeformerna vård- och omsorgsboende, trygghetsbostäder och seniorbostäder ser ut på bostadsmarknaden vad gäller den äldre befolkningen i tio utvalda kommuner. I rapporten ligger tonvikten på kommunala företrädares uppfattningar och på kommunernas planer. För att få en större förståelse görs jämförelser med siffror från samtliga kommuner hämtade från Boverkets Bostadsmarknadsenkät (2014). Denna rapport är den första delen av en större studie som syftar till att undersöka push- och pullfaktorer som påverkar äldres val av boende. Av kartläggningen framgår att bostadsutbudet i de olika kommunerna skiljer sig åt, där vissa har bostadsöverskott medan andra har bostadsunderskott men där majoriteten av kommunerna erbjuder de tre olika boendeformerna. I storstadsregionen och i de större städerna finns ett utbud av samtliga tre boendeformer medan flera av glesbygdskommunerna saknar trygghetsbostäder. Rådgivning i de flesta kommuner är reaktiv snarare än proaktiv. I rapporten väcks frågan om hur vi ska se på boendet för de äldsta.                      

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  • 2.
    Collentine, Dennis
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics. Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Futter, M. N.
    Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Realising the potential of natural water retention measures in catchment flood management: Trade-offs and matching interests2018In: Journal of Flood Risk Management, E-ISSN 1753-318X, Vol. 11, no 1 (SI), p. 76-84Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Natural water retention measures (NWRM) are a multifunctional form of green infrastructure that can play an important role in catchment-scale flood risk management. While green infrastructure based on natural processes is increasingly recognised as being complementary to traditional flood control strategies based on grey infrastructure in urban areas, there are a number of outstanding challenges with their widespread uptake. At a catchment scale, it is widely accepted that NWRM in upstream areas based on the concept of ’keeping the rain where it falls’ can help reduce the risk of downstream flooding by enhancing or restoring natural hydrological processes including interception, evapotranspiration, infiltration, and ponding. However, both the magnitude of flood risk reduction and the institutional structures needed for widespread uptake of NWRM are inadequately understood. Implementing NWRM can involve trade-offs, especially in agricultural areas. Measures based on drainage management and short rotation forestry may help ’keep the rain where it falls’ but can result in foregone farm income. To identify situations where the implementation of NWRM may be warranted, an improved understanding of the likely reductions in downstream urban flood risk, the required institutional structures for risk management and transfer, and mutually acceptable farm compensation schemes are all needed.

  • 3.
    Collentine, Dennis
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Johnsson, Holger
    Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Crop discharge permits for reduction of nitrogen loads to the Baltic Sea2012In: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, ISSN 1093-474X, E-ISSN 1752-1688, Vol. 48, no 1, p. 24-31Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Current international agreements call for a significant reduction of nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea. In one of the signatory countries, Sweden, regulatory authorities have concluded that new measures will be needed to meet national reduction targets. This article evaluates the effect of one possible new measure for reducing nitrogen loads, introducing mandatory discharge permits for crop cultivation as one component of a proposed discharge permit system. Using the framework of the proposed system, expected net load reductions and permit prices are calculated for three crop permit scenarios in a catchment in Southern Sweden. In addition, gross leaching is calculated for a larger region to study the potential for reducing net loads. The article concludes that while permitting reduces loading, achieving reduction targets will require additional measures beyond the scenarios studied.

  • 4.
    Collentine, Dennis
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Johnsson, Holger
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Evaluating the effect of climate variation on the cost efficiency of a crop permit policy in Southern Sweden2012Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 5.
    Collentine, Dennis
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Johnsson, Holger
    Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Evaluating the effect of climate variation on the cost efficiency of a crop permit policy in Southern Sweden2013In: Journal of Water and Climate, ISSN 2040-2244, Vol. 4, no 2, p. 110-117Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Current international agreements call for a significant reduction of nitrogen loads to the Baltic Sea. New measures to reduce nitrogen loads from the agricultural sector and an increased focus on cost efficiency will be needed to meet reduction targets. For policy design and evaluation it is important to understand the impact of weather on the efficiency of abatement measures. One new proposed policy is the use of crop permits based on weather normalized average leaching. This paper describes the use of the Spearman method to determine the efficiency of this policy with annual weather variation. The conclusion is that the values of the Spearman correlation coefficients in the study indicate that using average leaching for the individual crops on specific soil types for calculating crop permit requirements is an efficient policy. The Spearman method is demonstrated to be a simple useful tool for evaluating the impact of weather and is recommended for use in new studies.

  • 6.
    Collentine, Dennis
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Johnsson, Holger
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Larsson, Peter
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Markensten, Hampus
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Wallin, Mats
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Developing catchment level measures to reduce eutrophication: The crop rotation coefficient calculator in the DSS FyrisCOST2011Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 7.
    Collentine, Dennis
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Johnsson, Holger
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Larsson, Peter
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Markensten, Hampus
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Wallin, Mats
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Development of cost effective nitrogen management strategies: Scenario evaluation with the DSS FyrisCOST2011Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 8.
    Collentine, Dennis
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Johnsson, Holger
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Markensten, Hampus
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Larsson, Peter
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Wallin, Mats
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Development of cost effective nitrogen management strategies: Scenario evaluation with the DSS FyrisCOST2012Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 9.
    Collentine, Dennis
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Johnsson, Holger
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Markensten, Hampus
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Persson, Kristian
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Larsson, Peter
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    The comparative cost efficiency of three buffer zone programs to reduce phosphorus losses in a small Swedish catchment2013Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Collentine, Dennis
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Johnsson, Holger
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Persson, Kristian
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Markensten, Hampus
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Larsson, Peter
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    The comparative cost efficiency of three buffer zone programs to reduce phosphorus losses in a small Swedish catchment2013Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 11.
    Collentine, Dennis
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Kreuger, Jenny
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Surry, Yves
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Zehaie, Ficre
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Jarvis, Nick
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Evaluating the Environmental and Economic Impact of Taxes on Pesticides: Case Study of a Tax on Toxicity2011Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Regulation of pesticides has often followed a command and control approach. However, economic instruments allow for environmental goals to be used for targeting as well as provide users (farmers) with flexibility in their response. The primary environmental effects of concern from the use of plant pesticides are related to the toxic effects on non-targeted organisms in environmental media. This paper describes a methodology for ex ante evaluation of policy alternatives for reducing the impact on the aquatic environment from pesticide use.

    The proposed methodology consists of several components. It uses the Pesticide Toxicity Index (PTI) for defining an environmental goal and for evaluation of the environmental effect of policy alternatives, a field based model MACRO-DB for describing the impact of crop management programs and agricultural land use on concentrations of active compounds from pesticide use and the use of economic modelling to determine the effect on farm income from alternative tax schemes. The paper presents an application of this method using empirical data from a small agricultural catchment in Southern Sweden and compares the economic and environmental effects of a differentiated tax on the most toxic class of pesticides and a flat tax on all pesticides. On average the costs of reducing environmental impacts by one unit of PTI were estimated to be €1 009 for the flat tax and €71,5 for the differentiated tax.

  • 12.
    Collentine, Dennis
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Meacham, Megan
    Comparative analysis of transaction costs for three alternative programs to reduce the discharge of nutrients to the Baltic Sea from wastewater treatment plants2011Report (Other academic)
  • 13.
    Collentine, Dennis
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Zehaie, Ficre
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Surry, Yves
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Kreuger, Jenny
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Jarvis, Nick
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Evaluating the Environmental and Economic Impact of Taxes on Pesticides: Case Study of a Tax on Toxicity2010Report (Other academic)
  • 14.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    et al.
    Ratio Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Praski-Ståhlgren, Ulrika
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    Department of Economics, Dalarna University, Borlänge; Swedish Retail Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Do high taxes lock-in capital gains? Evidence from a dual income tax system2010In: Public Choice, ISSN 0048-5829, E-ISSN 1573-7101, Vol. 145, no 1, p. 25-38Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this paper is to study whether investors' willingness to realize capital gains falls when the marginal tax rate on capital gains is raised. We use a rich register-based panel data set covering almost 8% of the Swedish population. The results indicate that a 10% increase in capital gains tax rate reduces the number of realizations of capital gains with 8.7% and the realized amount, given the decision to realize, with 1.9%. In addition, we find that wealthy individuals seem to respond more to changes in capital gains tax rates than less-wealthy.

  • 15.
    Eckersten, Henrik
    et al.
    Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Bolinder, Martin
    Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Johnsson, Holger
    Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Kätterer, Thomas
    Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Mårtensson, Kristina
    Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Collentine, Dennis
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics. Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Tidåker, Pernilla
    Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Marstorp, Håkan
    Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Nitrogen leaching and soil organic carbon sequestration of a Barley crop with improved N use efficiency - A regional case study2017In: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica - Section B, ISSN 0906-4710, E-ISSN 1651-1913, Vol. 67, no 7, p. 615-627Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The potential of modified spring barley crops with improved nitrogen (N) use efficiency to reduce nitrogen (N) leaching and to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) storage was assessed at the regional scale. This was done using simulation model applications designed for reporting according to the Helcom (Helsinki Commission) and Kyoto protocols. Using model simulations based on modified crops N dynamics and SOC were assessed for three agro-ecological regions (latitudes ranging 55°20′–60°40′ N) in Sweden over a 20-year period. The modified N use properties of spring barley were implemented in the SOILNDB model (simulating soil C, N, water and heat, and plant N dynamics) by changing the parameters for root N uptake efficiency and plant N demand within a range given by previous model applications to different crops. A doubling of the daily N uptake efficiency and increased N demand (by ca 30%) reduced N leaching by 24%–31%, increased plant N content by 9%–12%, depending on region. The effects of the modified crop on SOC was simulated with the ICBM model, resulting in an increased SOC content (0–25 cm depth) by 57–79 kg C ha−1 y−1. The results suggest that a modified crop might reduce N leaching from spring barley area, in a range similar to the targets of relevant environmental protection directives, a result which held more in the northern than southern regions. The simulated SOC increase on a hectare basis was highest for the central region and least for the most northern region. For the total agricultural area the share of spring barley area was small and more crops would need to be modified to reach the emission reduction targets.

  • 16.
    Eckersten, Henrik
    et al.
    Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Marstorp, Håkan
    Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Collentine, Dennis
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics. Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Johnsson, Holger
    Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Kätterer, Thomas
    Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Ecosystem C and N dynamics affected by a modified spring barley trait with increased nitrogen use - a simulation case study2018In: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica - Section B, ISSN 0906-4710, E-ISSN 1651-1913, Vol. 68, no 3, p. 230-242Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To what extent might a crop with increased plant N uptake efficiency and/or N demand increase plant biomass and soil carbon storage, decrease N leaching, and reduce the need for N fertilisation? This was assessed for a fertilised sandy loam site in central Sweden cultivated with spring barley for a four year period using a process based crop and soil simulation model (SOILN) calibrated to fit observations of field experiments with non-modified crops. Crop properties were changed in accordance with previous model applications to other crops with higher N uptake and utilisation efficiencies, to resemble potential effects of breeding. For the modified crops a doubling of daily uptake efficiency of soil mineral N and/or increase of radiation use efficiency by 30%, increased plant biomass by 3%-30%, decreased N leaching by 1%-30% and increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content by 1-12 g C m-2 year-1. The larger changes were mainly due to increased uptake efficiency. Fertilisation of the modified spring barley crop could be reduced while still producing the same plant biomass as the non-modified crop. The plant biomass to N leaching ratio of the modified crops increased. The simulated changes in plant biomass and SOC were sensitive to weather conditions suggesting that in situ experiments would need to cover a large range of weather conditions to evaluate the performance of new crop traits under climatic variability. The study suggests a strong need that field experiments are accompanied with model applications, when exploring the potential of the modified crops under variable conditions.

  • 17.
    Gebert Persson, Sabine
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet, Fakulteten för humanvetenskap, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik. (CER).
    Bellman, Lina
    Mittuniversitetet, Fakulteten för humanvetenskap, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik. (CER).
    Kulander, Maria
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Lind, Hans
    KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi.
    Vad påverkar äldres val av boendeform: Slutrapport2015Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med projektet har varit att belysa vilka push- respektive pullfaktorer som inverkar på äldres val av boende. För att få en förståelse för den kontext som kan påverka push- och pullfaktorer undersöktes även kommuners utbud av och information om bostäder för äldre. Utbudet av och information om seniorbostäder, trygghetsbostäder och vård- och omsorgsboende skiljer sig mellan kommuner och en samstämmighet kring synen på bostadsformer saknas. Detta återspeglas även i den kunskap som finns bland 55-84 åringar kring olika bostadsformer. Det finns vissa skillnader i hur pull- och push- faktorer påverkar vid olika åldrar men skillnaderna var mindre än förväntat.

  • 18.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Landström, Mats
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Sörqvist, Patrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies.
    Averaging bias in firm acquisition processes2022In: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, ISSN 2214-8043, E-ISSN 2214-8051, Vol. 96, article id 101809Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When a firm acquires 100% of the shares in another firm and finances this acquisition with available funds, the debt level and return on equity of the two firms in combination goes up (under certain conditions). In three experiments, we empirically demonstrate that individuals intuitively think these variables become lower after the acquisition, contrary to what is actually the case. The findings stress the role of psychological processes in business valuation and accounting and are consistent with an averaging account of judgment under uncertainty. On this view, people's judgments of objects in combination are biased toward the average rather than the sum of the objects’ individual characteristics. The experiments also show that informing the participants of the accurate evaluations removes the bias. The third experiment reinforced these results by replicating the same pattern with a sample of “high-accounting literacy” participants who all reported formal university training in accounting. One takeaway of the study is that, in acquisition settings, investors potentially could base their assessment of firm value on false premises which in turn (at least in the short run) leads to a higher level of asset mispricing and a less efficient capital market.

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    Averaging bias in firm acquisition processes
  • 19.
    Kulander, Maria
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics. KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Fastigheter och byggande, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi.
    Do the elderly move at the right time?2013Licentiate thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    For many years the policy in Sweden has been to help the elderly to stay in their current homes as long as possible. Is this a good policy for the elderly and is this a good policy from a welfare perspective? The study focused on two aspects of the moving pattern for the elderly. Are the household staying in their current home because it is optimal from the household’s point of view or because there is some kind of transaction cost? Is the optimal solution for the household also the best option for the society as a whole concerning moving chains for all age categories?

    This study was carried out in Gävle, a medium sized city of approximately 70 000 inhabitants about 100 km north of Stockholm. The housing market is in general in equilibrium and the prices are about the average for the Swedish housing market which makes Gävle an interesting case. Gävle has also a tradition of researchers active within the housing sector. As an introduction to the main questionnaire study a pilot study was carried out during 2011 focusing on managers and persons living at nursing home in Gävle. The questions were focusing on transaction costs that may arise while moving when you are older. Five managers were interviewed and 18 persons living at different nursing homes.

    As an alternative to moving to some kind of elderly living, the elderly can get various kinds of home service for a reduced fee. This means that it is important to separate the question “is the elderly moving to a smaller dwelling (downsizing) at the "right" time?” and the question “are they moving to some kind of elderly living at the "right" time?” As the pilot study showed that the decision to move to elderly living in the form of nursing home often is made by social authorities the focus was shifted to those considering downsizing within the ordinary housing sector. In total 1000 questionnaires was sent out to households in the age group 65-85 year within the ordinary housing sector, out of which 660 answered.

    The study has only covered the information aspect to a minor extent, but if a person is satisfied with their current situation, as most households were, it should be lack of incentives rather than lack of information that is that prohibits the move, except for the oldest categories. Concerning the tax system, the study does not indicate that this is something that prohibits the elderly from moving, but this conclusion may depend on the price level of dwellings and it is therefore hard to generalize. Even if the tax system is not a problem, the concern for the monthly expenses is more of a problem. The monthly expenses may increase while downsizing because this may mean a newer and therefore more expensive dwelling. As the social network decreases with age and the health may deteriorate it may be possible to influence especially single-person households over 80 year that live in 3-5 room. Here direct subsidies to downsize and help to find better alternatives – like in U.K - might help elderly to go through with a move.

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    FULLTEXT01
  • 20.
    Kulander, Maria
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Does the choice of living depend on where you live?2019In: Book of proceedings: 8th Malmö Real Estate Research Conference / [ed] Peter Palm, 2019Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    For many years, it has been policy in Sweden to help elderly people remain in their current homes for as long as possible. Earlier research has been performed in the USA (Gibler and Clements III, 2011) and in China (Jia and Heath, 2016), but these questions remain understudied in Sweden. Kulander (2018) showed a model of the demand for adapted houses that was designed and tested on data gathered in Gävle in 2012. The method uses a binary choice model with stated preference data. In this article, we would like to test this model on a more general basis to see whether the result is the same no matter if the respondents live in an urban or rural area. An argument is that urban areas have a higher population density and thus higher taxes, higher demands on property and greater spread in the demography. This could be set in relation to the more rural areas characterized by low population density where the younger generation move to urban areas where the jobs are, which in turn creates supply of properties higher than the demand. In order to capture the pattern of the life cycle in housing, data for this paper has been gathered in Stockholm, Vallentuna, Uppsala, Sundsvall, Vansbro, Sollefteå, Torsby, Ragunda and Överkalix during 2015. From 7000 questionnaires that has been sent responses from about 40 % persons was received. Data indicate a difference between rural and urban areas as expected.

  • 21.
    Kulander, Maria
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Moving later in life – preferences and opportunity2018In: International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, ISSN 1753-8270, E-ISSN 1753-8289, Vol. 11, no 5, p. 852-874Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose

    Statistics from Eurostat show that several European countries have an increasing proportion of elderly people, making their housing situation of increasing interest. For many years, it has been policy in Sweden to help elderly people remain in their current homes for as long as possible. This paper aims to find reasons why people want to move at different stages in life and investigate whether the pattern follows the life cycle in housing. Earlier research has been performed in the USA (Gibler and Clements III, 2011) and in China (Jia and Heath, 2016), but these questions remain understudied in Sweden.

    Design/methodology/approach

    A model of the demand for adapted houses is designed and tested on data gathered in Gävle in 2012. The method uses a binary choice model with stated preference data.

    Findings

    The results of this study show that earlier preferences and age determine the future living situation, but that senior living (rental or condominium) is most popular as a future home.

    Practical implications

    Not everyone has the economic resources to move according to their preferences; reasons include high monthly costs and taxes. Changes in the tax system may produce better moving chains and increase the supply of affordable housing.

    Originality/value

    The model in this paper could guide future studies within the area.

  • 22.
    Kulander, Maria
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Why do the elderly move – and where?2016In: 5th Real Estate Research Workshop - Abstracts, 2016, p. 6-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In several countries in the world an increasing proportion of the population is 65 years or older, something that makes the housing situation for the elderly gaining more and more interest. For many years it has been a policy in Sweden to help elderly to stay at their current home as long as possible, often with the help of home care in different ways and at different levels. This may be a good policy for younger elderly that is active, but not for elderly that has reached a certain age and are less active as it may be a hindrance to someone that really wants to move. Is the preference towards moving different depending on your current living situation, and does the reason for moving differ depending on which group you belong to? The purpose of this article is to find reasons why people want to move at different stages in life, and if the pattern follows the life cycle in housing. Sweden is of interest because it is a country with relatively low expected self-financing when elderly care is needed compared to the average of EU-27. Also little research has been made in Sweden so far in this field. The result of the article is that different current housing may lead to different preferences of the future living situations, but that senior living – either as a rental living or a condominium – is most popular as a future home. A problem is however that not everyone has the economic resources to move according to their preferences due to for example high monthly costs and taxes. Data is used from a survey gathered in Gävle, Sweden 2012.

  • 23.
    Kulander, Maria
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Wilhelmsson, Mats
    Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.
    What determines the supply of housing for the elderly, and how is it related to the spread of COVID-19?2022In: Journal of Aging and Environment, ISSN 2689-2618, Vol. 36, no 4, p. 357-380Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As in many other countries, the population of Sweden is getting older. This means that the number of older people in society will increase in absolute numbers and relative terms. Consequently, the need for elderly housing will increase, and the cost of these investments will be high. The following study aims to perform a quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of the number and size of housing units for the elderly in Sweden in 2013-2018. The number of elderly housing units per capita is not evenly distributed, and a large part of the explanation is, of course, that the number of older people is not evenly distributed between municipalities. Nevertheless, we can also state that the municipality?s income level and tax base, as well as the geographical size and degree of urbanization, play a role. If the municipality has a surplus or deficit in the supply of special housing for the elderly, it does not correlate with the distribution of COVID-19 cases.

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  • 24.
    Kulander, Maria
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Wilhelmsson, Mats
    KTH, Fastighetsekonomi och finans.
    What determines the supply of housing for the elderly, and how is it related to the spread of Covid-19 and future demographic changes?2020Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    As in many other countries, the population in Sweden is getting older. It means that the number of older people in society increases in absolute numbers and relative terms. Consequently, this will mean that the need for elderly housing will increase and the cost of these investments will be high. The following study aims to quantitatively analyse the spatial distribution of the number and size of housing for the elderly in Sweden over 2013-2018. The number of elderly housing per capita is not evenly distributed, and a large part of the explanation is, of course, that the number of older people is not evenly distributed between municipalities. Nevertheless, we can also state that the municipality's income level and tax base, as well as the geographical size and degree of urbanisation, play a role. If the municipality has a surplus or deficit in the supply of special housing for the elderly, it has no correlation with the distribution of Covid-19 cases or with the forecast number of older people in the future.

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  • 25.
    Landström, Mats
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics. Umeå universitet, Högskolan Dalarna.
    Determinants and Effects of Central Bank Independence Reforms2013Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis consists of four empirically oriented papers on central bank independence (CBI) reforms.   

    Paper [1] is an investigation of why politicians around the world have chosen to give up power to independent central banks, thereby reducing their ability to control the economy. A new data-set, including the possible occurrence of CBI-reforms in 132 countries during 1980-2005, was collected. Politicians in non-OECD countries were more likely to delegate power to independent central banks if their country had been characterized by high variability in inflation and if they faced a high probability of being replaced. No such effects were found for OECD countries.   

    Paper [2], using a difference-in-difference approach, studies whether CBI reform matters for inflation performance. The analysis is based on a dataset including the possible occurrence of CBI-reforms in 132 countries during the period of 1980-2005. CBI reform is found to have contributed to bringing down inflation in high-inflation countries, but it seems unrelated to inflation performance in low-inflation countries.   

    Paper [3] investigates whether CBI-reforms are important in reducing inflation and maintaining price stability, using a random-effects random-coefficients model to account for heterogeneity in the effects of CBI-reforms on inflation. CBI-reforms are found to have reduced inflation on average by 3.31 percent, but the effect is only present when countries with historically high inflation rates are included in the sample. Countries with more modest inflation rates have achieved low inflation without institutional reforms that grant central banks more independence, thus undermining the time-inconsistency theory case for CBI. There is furthermore no evidence that CBI-reforms have contributed to lower inflation variability   

    Paper [4] studies the relationship between CBI and a suggested trade-off between price variability and output variability using data on CBI-levels, and data the on implementation dates of CBI-reforms. The results question the existence of such a trade-off, but indicate that there may still be potential gains in stabilization policy from CBI-reforms.

  • 26.
    Landström, Mats
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Do Central Bank Independence Reforms Matter for Inflation Performance?2011In: International Journal of Banking, Accounting and Finance, ISSN 1755-3830, E-ISSN 1755-3849, Vol. 3, no 4, p. 320-335Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A difference-in-difference approach was used to investigate whether central bank independence (CBI) reforms matter for inflation, based on a novel dataset including the possible occurrence of such reforms in 132 countries during the period 1980 to 2005. CBI-reforms are found to have contributed to bringing down high inflation rates where those existed, but they seem unrelated to performance in low-inflation countries

  • 27.
    Landström, Mats
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Skatteplanering ur ett nationalekonomiskt perspektiv2018In: Rättsliga och ekonomiska reflektioner över internationell skatteplanering / [ed] Lind, Y., Uppsala: Iustus förlag, 2018, 1, p. 44-59Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 28.
    Lövblad, Mikael
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Business administration.
    Bantekas, Apostolos
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    What Do You Expect?: The Effect of Psychological Contracts on Affective Commitment in Industrial Marketing Relationships2010In: Journal of Relationship Marketing, ISSN 1533-2667, E-ISSN 1533-2675, Vol. 9, no 3, p. 161-178Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Affective relationship commitment has in several studies been identified as a crucial factor in the longevity of business relationships. In this article, it is argued that affective commitment should be researched on the individual level rather than the organizational level and that relevant psychological processes need to be incorporated into theory in order to increase understanding regarding the dynamics of this aspect of relationship commitment. The psychological contract, a construct derived from organizational psychology, is tested as an antecedent to affective commitment in relationships between buyers and sellers in the market for industrial supplies in Sweden. The findings indicate that the relational orientation of the psychological contract, as well as the evaluation of the same, has explanatory value when related to affective commitment in business-to-business relationships.

  • 29.
    Rezagholi, Mahmoud
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Demands for multidimensional information on the work environment: a methodological framework for regular studies2019In: Work: A journal of Prevention, Assessment and rehabilitation, ISSN 1051-9815, E-ISSN 1875-9270, Vol. 63, no 1, p. 9-20Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Development of methodologies for making economic decisions on designing work environment studies is a theoretical challenge for researchers in occupational health sciences. There are well-defined tools available in the relevant literature for analysis of cost-efficiency associated with the assessment of an occupational exposure of interest. However, these analytical tools are not appropriate for holistic studies of the work environment as a multidimensional reality.

    OBJECTIVE: This article introduces an appropriate methodology for designing cross-sectional comprehensive studies of the work environment, in order to optimize the production of information on the psychosocial, ergonomic, and physical dimensions of the work environment in regular studies.

    METHODS: The employment of a translog cost-utility function is suggested as a suitable way to provide cost-minimized designs for regular studies which are aimed at providing or developing multidimensional information systems of the work environment.

    RESULTS: The translog cost-utility function is not subject to predetermined restrictions, but has a flexibility property allowing it to be transformed to any specification that is adaptable to the specific work environmental characteristics and research requirements.

    CONCLUSION: The translog cost-utility function is an appropriate econometric model for optimizing the production of multidimensional information on occupational exposures in regular cross-sectional workplace studies.

  • 30.
    Rezagholi, Mahmoud
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Deriving cost-efficient strategies for observational assessments of postural loads2014In: Occupational Medicine & Health Affairs, E-ISSN 2329-6879, Vol. 2, article id 174Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Studies aimed at optimizing resource allocation between different sampling stages are characterized by both simplicity and incompleteness in optimization and economic analysis. The aim of this study was therefore to completely resolve the allocation problem for a fourstage measurement strategy devoted to observational assessment of work-related postural loads with the precision of the mean estimate considered as ‘output’. The derived demand functions for inputs to the four stages were used to derive functions for the minimized cost and the maximized precision of the measurement strategy. The application of the theoretical results to a working posture assessment study led to increased cost efficiency of the measurement strategy investigated in the study. Under the additional constraint that the optimal values must be integers, optimization of this measurement strategy would result in either a 12% reduction in cost or a 7% increase in precision.

  • 31.
    Rezagholi, Mahmoud
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Marginal socio-economic effects of an employer's efforts to improve the work environment2018In: Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, ISSN 2052-4374, Vol. 30, no 1Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background

    Workplace health promotion (WHP) strongly requires the employer’s efforts to improve the psychosocial, ergonomic, and physical environments of the workplace. There are many studies discussing the socio-economic advantage of WHP intervention programmes and thus the internal and external factors motivating employers to implement and integrate such programmes. However, the socio-economic impacts of the employer’s multifactorial efforts to improve the work environment need to be adequately assessed.

    Methods

    Data were collected from Swedish company Sandvik Materials Technology (SMT) through a work environment survey in April 2014. Different regression equations were analysed to assess marginal effects of the employer’s efforts on overall labour effectiveness (OLE), informal work impairments (IWI), lost working hours (LWH), and labour productivity loss (LPL) in terms of money.

    Results

    The employer’s multifactorial efforts resulted in increasing OLE, decreasing IWI and illness-related LWH, and cost savings in terms of decreasing LPL.

    Conclusion

    Environmental factors at the workplace are the important determinant factor for OLE, and the latter is where socio-economic impacts of the employer’s efforts primarily manifest.

  • 32.
    Rezagholi, Mahmoud
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    The economic cost of fatal workplace accidents in Sweden: A methodology for long-term decision analysis2023In: Work: A journal of Prevention, Assessment and rehabilitation, ISSN 1051-9815, E-ISSN 1875-9270, Vol. 75, no 1, p. 74-84Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND:The few studies attempting to estimate costs of fatal accidents at workplaces suffer from poor or obscure applied methodologies. As the costs are often limited for the exposed company/industry in the short run, economic decisions about investments to improve the safety and security of workplaces are moreover not made at the societal level nor within an appropriate time frame. In a social economic decision, the total potential productivity lost over time due to a fatal accident is considered regardless of who pays what compensation to the families involved.

    OBJECTIVE:This study introduces a methodology appropriate for making long-term economic decisions at the societal level to prevent accidents in Swedish workplaces.

    METHODS:The introduced methodology, which is based on the human capital approach, is used to assess potential productivity losses associated with the accidents.

    RESULTS:The empirical findings show that, over the period 2008–2019, Swedish society could have gained more than 8.5 billion Swedish crowns by preventing accidents at Swedish workplaces.

    CONCLUSION:The objective achieved as the economic cost of fatal workplace accidents assessed from a long-term societal perspective. Effective preventive measures in the workplace make thus an incredible contribution to society in the form of increased national income, sustainable welfare and economic development.

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  • 33.
    Rezagholi, Mahmoud
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Occupational health science. University of Gävle, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research.
    Bantekas, Apostolos
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Making Economic Social Decisions for Improving Occupational Health: A Predictive Cost-Benefit Analysis2015In: Occupational Medicine & Health Affairs, E-ISSN 2329-6879, Vol. 3, no 6, article id 225Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The few studies attempting to estimate costs of work-related disorders suffer from poor applied methodologies. Further, as the costs are often limited to the company, decisions about investment in improving the work environment are made at the company level. However, economic decisions on changing work environments and improving occupational health need to be made at the societal level. In an economic social decision, all direct and indirect costs imposed on society by work-related disorders are considered, regardless of who pays which cost. This study introduces and demonstrates a methodology appropriate for economic decisions at the societal level for preventing work-related disorders and promoting occupational health in the workplace. The methodology uses the concept of human capital in assessing productivity loss associated with the disorders. The empirical results show that Swedish society could have gained up to 442 855 537 SEK by preventing work-related disorders at the Swedish company Sandvik Materials Technology during 2014, 87% of which would have been captured by the company.

  • 34.
    Rezagholi, Mahmoud
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Bantekas, Apostolos
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies, Economics.
    Optimizing the fraction of expensive direct measurements in an exposure assessment study2014In: International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research, ISSN 1929-6029, Vol. 3, no 1, p. 44-54Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When designing studies to assess occupational and environmental exposures, one persistent decision problem is the selection between two technical methods, where one is expensive but efficient and the other is cheap but inefficient. While a few studies have attempted to determine the relatively more cost-efficient design between two technical methods, no successful study has optimized the fraction of the expensive efficient technical method in a combined technique intended for long-run exposure assessment studies. The purpose of this study was therefore to optimize the fraction of the expensive efficient measurements by resolving a precision-requiring cost minimization problem. For an indefinite total number of measurements, the total cost of a working posture assessment study was minimized by performing only direct measurements. However, for a definite total number of measurements, the use of combined techniques in assessing the posture could be optimal, depending on the constraints placed on the precision and on the research budget.

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