hig.sePublications
Change search
Refine search result
1234567 1 - 50 of 530
CiteExportLink to result list
Permanent link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • harvard-cite-them-right
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • sv-SE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • de-DE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Rows per page
  • 5
  • 10
  • 20
  • 50
  • 100
  • 250
Sort
  • Standard (Relevance)
  • Author A-Ö
  • Author Ö-A
  • Title A-Ö
  • Title Ö-A
  • Publication type A-Ö
  • Publication type Ö-A
  • Issued (Oldest first)
  • Issued (Newest first)
  • Created (Oldest first)
  • Created (Newest first)
  • Last updated (Oldest first)
  • Last updated (Newest first)
  • Disputation date (earliest first)
  • Disputation date (latest first)
  • Standard (Relevance)
  • Author A-Ö
  • Author Ö-A
  • Title A-Ö
  • Title Ö-A
  • Publication type A-Ö
  • Publication type Ö-A
  • Issued (Oldest first)
  • Issued (Newest first)
  • Created (Oldest first)
  • Created (Newest first)
  • Last updated (Oldest first)
  • Last updated (Newest first)
  • Disputation date (earliest first)
  • Disputation date (latest first)
Select
The maximal number of hits you can export is 250. When you want to export more records please use the Create feeds function.
  • 1.
    Aalbers, Anouschka
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Öberg, Linn
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Agil Kravprioritering: En kvalitativ studie om prioriteringsprocesser inom agil mjukvaruutveckling hos Monitor ERP System AB2021Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Prioritizing requirements is one of the most important and influential steps in the creation of a software product. The process is iterative; it takes place during the entire agile software development. Through prioritizing requirements, it is decided which requirements are to be developed, in which order, and why. 

    The aim of this study is to investigate how companies that design software prioritize requirements and to identify which prioritization methods they might use during this process. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding for why a well-balanced prioritization is important, which specific prioritization factors give value to a product, as well as identifying how these factors are related to the result. The purpose is also to investigate the difficulties that exist in a prioritization process, and to create an overview of some of the most used prioritization methods in agile software development. 

    This study is conducted in collaboration with the software company Monitor ERP in order to analyze the company's prioritization processes used to develop their business management system Monitor. The method used is a qualitative study that consists of observations of meetings about prioritization processes, and semi-structured interviews. Processing of collected material was done by organizing, analyzing, and compiling results according to concepts and categories that emerged from the literature study. The results documents work processes, common goals, prioritization aspects and challenges in the requirements prioritization at Monitor ERP. 

    A well-balanced prioritization proved to be important to be able to deliver the right functionality on time and to be able to provide dependable estimates of development, which in turn leads to customers gaining confidence in both the product and the company. A number of prioritization factors that give value to the Monitor software were identified, many of which contribute to increasing customer satisfaction and product quality. Monitor ERP does not use any specific prioritization methods, but the development philosophy Minimum Viable Product is used as a basis for their prioritization choices. During the prioritization process, challenges such as limited resources, unpredictable tasks, difficulties with time estimation, and a challenge in balancing customer value and customer focus were experienced.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Agil_Kravprioritering_Aalbers_Öberg
  • 2.
    Abad, Shayan
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Gholamy, Hassan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Evaluation of machine learning models for classifying malicious URLs2023Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Millions of new websites are created daily, making it challenging to determine which ones are safe. Cybersecurity involves protecting companies and users from cyberattacks. Cybercriminals exploit various methods, including phishing attacks, to trick users into revealing sensitive information. In Australia alone, there were over 74,000 reported phishing attacks in 2022, resulting in a financial loss of over $24 million. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are effective tools in various domains, such as cancer detection, financial fraud detection, and chatbot development. Machine learning models, such as Random Forest and Support Vector Machines, are commonly used for classification tasks. With the rise of cybercrime, it is crucial to use machine learning to identify both known and new malicious URLs. The purpose of the study is to compare different instance selection methods and machine learning models for classifying malicious URLs.

    In this study, a dataset containing approximately 650,000 URLs from Kaggle was used. The dataset consisted of four categories: phishing, defacement, malware, and benign URLs. Three datasets, each consisting of around 170,000 URLs, were generated using instance selection methods (DRLSH, BPLSH, and random selection) implemented in MATLAB. Machine learning models, including SVM, DT, KNNs, and RF, were employed. The study applied these instance selection methods to a dataset of malicious URLs, trained the machine learning models on the resulting datasets, and evaluated their performance using 16 features and one output feature.

    In the process of hyperparameter tuning, the training dataset was used to train four models with different hyperparameter settings. Bayesian optimization was employed to find the best hyperparameters for each model. The classification process was then conducted, and the results were compared. The study found that the random instance selection method outperformed the other two methods, BPLSH and DRLSH, in terms of both accuracy and elapsed time for data selection. The lower accuracies achieved by the DRLSH and BPLSH methods may be attributed to the imbalanced dataset, which led to poor sample selection.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Evaluation of machine learning models for classifying malicious URLs
  • 3.
    Abad, Shayan
    et al.
    Department of Computer and Geo-Spatial Sciences, University of Gävle, 801 76 Gävle, Sweden.
    Gholamy, Hassan
    Department of Computer and Geo-Spatial Sciences, University of Gävle, 801 76 Gävle, Sweden.
    Aslani, Mohammad
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Classification of Malicious URLs Using Machine Learning2023In: Sensors, E-ISSN 1424-8220, Vol. 23, no 18, article id 7760Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Amid the rapid proliferation of thousands of new websites daily, distinguishing safe ones from potentially harmful ones has become an increasingly complex task. These websites often collect user data, and, without adequate cybersecurity measures such as the efficient detection and classification of malicious URLs, users’ sensitive information could be compromised. This study aims to develop models based on machine learning algorithms for the efficient identification and classification of malicious URLs, contributing to enhanced cybersecurity. Within this context, this study leverages support vector machines (SVMs), random forests (RFs), decision trees (DTs), and k-nearest neighbors (KNNs) in combination with Bayesian optimization to accurately classify URLs. To improve computational efficiency, instance selection methods are employed, including data reduction based on locality-sensitive hashing (DRLSH), border point extraction based on locality-sensitive hashing (BPLSH), and random selection. The results show the effectiveness of RFs in delivering high precision, recall, and F1 scores, with SVMs also providing competitive performance at the expense of increased training time. The results also emphasize the substantial impact of the instance selection method on the performance of these models, indicating its significance in the machine learning pipeline for malicious URL classification

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 4.
    Abdi, Joan
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences. Joan Abdi.
    Joel, Johansson
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Georeferering av ortofoto med UAV: En jämförelsestudie mellan direkt och indirekt georeferering2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    UAV (Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle) has revolutionized the creation of orthophotos with its contribution to increased safety, lower costs and more effective ways when making orthophotos. The traditional aerial photogrammetry with airplanes and placement of flight signals has been the standard method for years. To fly with UAV instead of an airplane is cheaper and saves time, however, the placement and measurements of flight signals is still time consuming and therefore expensive. The company DJI has developed a new UAV called Phantom 4 RTK that supports satellite based technology for direct georeferercing.

    This study compared two different measuring methods when producing orthophotos with UAV: direct georeferencing with NRTK (Network Real Time Kinematic) and indirect georeferencing when using different number of Ground Control Points (GCP). The study was conducted at the University of Gävle over an area of eight hectares. An investigation of the deviation in plane and height resulted in acceptable units based on the guidelines that were followed in HMK – Ortofoto and the controls that were followed from SIS- TS 21144:2016.

    The RMS value in plane for the indirect georeferencing method is 0,0102 m. For the direct georeferencing method the RMS value in plane when using ground control points is between 0,0132 and 0,0148 m. At last the RMS value for the direct georeferencing method without ground control points is 0,0136m. The RMS value in height is between the intervals 0,008-0,025 m.

    The data presented in this study show that an accepted quality in the orthophotos can be acquired based on the RMS values in plane and height for every georeferencing that was tested. After accomplished controls and evaluation the results show that the different georeferencing methods doesn´t differantiate too much from each other based on their quality. However, the direct georeferencing method with ground control points is more effective from a time perspective.

    Phantom 4 RTK is new on the market and more research is necessary in order to understand the potential of this technology and its posibility to integrate into society. More research is recquired for the direct georeferencing method in order to evaluate the quality of orthophotos.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 5.
    Abdulkadir, Hassan Bisri
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences.
    Undersökning av användbarheten hos ett tidsrapporteringssystem2022Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In our everyday life, we as users encounter many different interfaces, therefore it is of great importance that they work well and have clear instructions for how to use them, i.e., that they have a good usability. Through the increased digitization, people today can work or study remotely, which is something that has been of great help recently during the covid pandemic. Since remote work and education has become common, it is important that we can also do our usability tests remotely.

    The purpose of this work is to investigate the usability of the time reporting system Tidig and to compare different test tools to see which tool is best suited for future usability tests on Tidig. The tests will be of the type URUT (Unmoderated Remote Usability Testing), which means that usability tests are unmoderated and done remotely for easier data collection. With the given data the result is expected to give a better picture of the usability of time reporting systems for future improvement work as well as which tool should be used in future usability tests.

    The results of the usability tests have shown that the time reporting system Tidig has a high usability. During the usability tests, the participants did not have a major difficulty in solving most of the tasks. The questions that were asked showed that the participants were satisfied with the system but would like small improvements to be made on certain parts of the time reporting system. The comparison of the tools shows that the tool best suited for future usability tests on Tidig is the Loop11 test tool. Loop11 offers a variety of functions to collect quantitative and qualitative data, the test tool also provides statistics on tasks, questions and the questionnaires.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 6.
    Ageborn, Elisabeth
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Cardenström, Caroline
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Acceptans hos närboende vid etablering av bygdeväg: En fallstudie av Sundsvall- och Timrå kommun2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In the case of infrastructure projects, the authority should inform the nearby residents about what is happening in their area. Research shows that anchoring and trust are created when dialogues are applied in the planning process. These democratic processes are important to satisfy the interests of the public. The social aspect of a sustainable development is strengthened by allowing the public to participate in society's development, which in turn leads to greater equality. Changes create different reactions and communication has a significant role in the link between the public and authority, since information flows can contribute to less irritations and misunderstandings. An authority like the Swedish Traffic Authority not only has to deal with the public when establishing infrastructure projects, but also systems for planning processes, legislation, and financial frameworks. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the Traffic authority goes about giving out information to nearby residents in the planning process of new infrastructure and how the distribution of information affects the nearby residents' acceptance of the infrastructure project.

    A case study is carried out over two “2minus1” rural roads in Sundsvall and Timrå municipalities. For methods, questionnaires and interviews are used in studies, with the aim of collecting qualitative and quantitative data. Two methods are used to be able to verify results, as well as to get an overall picture of how the process works when establishing a “2minus1” road. Web-based questionnaires were sent to nearby residents at the two “2minus1” road, several interviews of nearby residents were conducted during site visits, and interviews were conducted with employees at the Swedish Traffic Authority who have expertise in establishing “2minus1” roads.

    The results of the interviews with the Swedish Traffic authority showed that there is no elaborate process for how they should distribute information to nearby residents when establishing a “2minus1” roads. This is because the “2minus1” roads are a new type of road and only a few of them have been established in Sweden. The results of the study indicate that information has a great importance for the acceptance of nearby residents. Acceptance is affected by when the information is distributed and whether the content of the information is adapted to the target group. By providing information on how the “2minus1” roads should be used and providing an understanding of the benefits of a “2minus1” roads, it contributes to greater acceptance by residents. Acceptance is a complex subject that can depend on many different factors. Acceptance is not only impact by information, but it can also depend on personal preferences.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 7.
    Agha Karimi, Armin
    et al.
    KTH.
    Bagherbandi, Mohammad
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences. KTH.
    Huremuz, Milan
    KTH.
    Multidecadal sea level variability in the Baltic sea and its impact on acceleration estimations2021In: Frontiers in Marine Science, E-ISSN 2296-7745, Vol. 8, article id 702512Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Multidecadal sea level variation in the Baltic Sea is investigated from 1900 to 2020 deploying satellite and in situ datasets. As a part of this investigation, nearly 30 years of satellite altimetry data are used to compare with tide gauge data in terms of linear trend. This, in turn, leads to validation of the regional uplift model developed for the Fennoscandia. The role of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in multidecadal variations of the Baltic Sea is also analyzed. Although NAO impacts the Baltic Sea level on seasonal to decadal time scales according to previous studies, it is not a pronounced factor in the multidecadal variations. The acceleration in the sea level rise of the basin is reported as statistically insignificant in recent studies or even decelerating in an investigation of the early 1990s. It is shown that the reason for these results relates to the global warming hiatus in the 1950s−1970s, which can be seen in all eight tide gauges used for this study. To account for the slowdown period, the acceleration in the basin is investigated by fitting linear trends to time spans of six to seven decades, which include the hiatus. These results imply that the sea level rise is accelerated in the Baltic Sea during the period 1900–2020.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 8.
    Ahmed, Husain
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Bajo, Hozan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Improved U-Net architecture for Crack Detection in Sand Moulds2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The detection of cracks in sand moulds has long been a challenge for both safety and maintenance purposes. Traditional image processing techniques have been employed to identify and quantify these defects but have often proven to be inefficient, labour-intensive, and time-consuming. To address this issue, we sought to develop a more effective approach using deep learning techniques, specifically semantic segmentation. We initially examined three different architectures—U-Net, SegNet, and DeepCrack—to evaluate their performance in crack detection. Through testing and comparison, U-Net emerged as the most suitable choice for our project. To further enhance the model's accuracy, we combined U-Net with VGG-19, VGG-16, and ResNet architectures. However, these combinations did not yield the expected improvements in performance. Consequently, we introduced a new layer to the U-Net architecture, which significantly increased its accuracy and F1 score, making it more efficient for crack detection. Throughout the project, we conducted extensive comparisons between models to better understand the effects of various techniques such as batch normalization and dropout. To evaluate and compare the performance of the different models, we employed the loss function, accuracy, Adam optimizer, and F1 score as evaluation metrics. Some tables and figures explain the differences between models by using image comparison and evaluation metrics comparison; to show which model is better than the other. The conducted evaluations revealed that the U-Net architecture, when enhanced with an extra layer, proved superior to other models, demonstrating the highest scores and accuracy. This architecture has shown itself to be the most effective model for crack detection, thereby laying the foundation for a more cost-efficient and trustworthy approach to detecting and monitoring structural deficiencies.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 9.
    Ahonen-Jonnarth, Ulla
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    Andersson, Hanna
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    Bökman, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    How do people aggregate value? An experiment with relative importance of criteria and relative goodness of alternatives as inputs2022In: Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, ISSN 1057-9214, E-ISSN 1099-1360, Vol. 29, no 3-4, p. 259-273Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The concept of importance of criteria is used as a central element in several decision making contexts, specifically in value aggregation, e.g. as an input to decision support tools. For example, in the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) decision makers are asked to estimate how much more important one criterion is than another. However, it is not clear how people understand aggregation models based on importance of criteria in decision making situations. The purpose of this descriptive study is to investigate if people find an aggregation model in simple value aggregation tasks which remind of the way AHP elicits the input. Further, the purpose is to investigate if people's tendency to find a model depends on their cognitive abilities. In an exploratory laboratory experiment, participants assessed which of two alternatives is the best, based on information about the importance of two criteria and how good the two alternatives are compared to each other with respect to these criteria. The results confirm that people are willing to use importance of criteria and goodness of alternatives as input in value aggregations and show three main models for aggregation. More participants with higher numeracy applied a clear model compared to those with lower numeracy. None of the identified models was one of AHP's models but one of them reminded of one of the ways input can be aggregated in the AHP. The three models identified in the experiment are based on lexicographic order, multiplication and a combination of multiplication and addition. How the results could be used in a prescriptive context is discussed in the paper.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 10.
    Ahonen-Jonnarth, Ulla
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    Elmqvist, Åsa Katarina
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    Hjelmblom, Magnus
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    Multi-criteria reasoning models for value aggregation in wind power permit application assessment2023In: Renewable Energy Focus, ISSN 1755-0084, Vol. 45, p. 210-219Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Assessment of an application for wind power establishment is a multi-criteria problem including the coreproblem: whether to grant permission or not. In Sweden, County Administrative Boards decide the outcomes of these kinds of applications. Five permit officers were interviewed to investigate the difficultiesand the type of value aggregation in this work, and to test reasoning models as possible decision supporttools. The commonly used type of aggregation was condition-based aggregation. Aggregation based onvalue differences, which means weighing together aspects for and against the wind power establishment,was considered difficult to apply by the respondents. Most of them agreed that some of the aspects thatspeak against granting permission could be aggregated but that aggregation of all aspects would be harddue to differences between aspects. In addition, the value of the main aspect that speaks for permission,climate friendly energy supply, is very difficult to estimate. Thus, aggregation based on value differencesis a difficult question and how it could be performed is discussed in the paper. If policymakers wish tomake it possible to take both positive and negative aspects into consideration and to discuss thetrade-offs transparently, the investigated method can be a way forward.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 11.
    Al-Asadi, Yousif
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences.
    Streit, Jennifer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences.
    Identifiering av UNO-kort: En jämförelse av bildigenkänningstekniker2023Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Engaging in the social game of UNO represents a form of social interaction aimed atpromoting enjoyment. Each UNO card deck consists of five different colors (blue,red, green, yellow and joker) and various symbols. However participating in such agame can be frustrating for individuals with color vision impairment. Since a substantial portion of the game relies on accurately identifying the color of each card.The overall purpose of this research is to develop a prototype for object recognitionof UNO cards to support individuals with color vision impairment. This thesis involves comparing object recognition methods, namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Template Matching (TM). Each method will be compared with respect to color and symbol recognition both separately and combined.  

    The development of such a prototype will be through creating and training two different CNN models, where the first model focuses on solely symbol recognitionwhile the other model incorporates both color and symbol recognition. These models will be trained though an algorithm called YOLOv5 which is considered state-ofthe-art (SOTA) with fast execution. At the same time, two models of TM inspiredmethods, hue template test and binary template test, will be developed with thehelp of OpenCV and by creating templates for the cards. Each template will be usedas a way to compare the detected card in order to classify it. Additionally, the KNearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm, a machine learning algorithm, will be developed specifically to identify the color of the cards. Finally a comparative analysis ofthese methods will be conducted by evaluating performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall and latency. The comparison will be carried out in betweeneach method using a confusion matrix for color and symbol in respective models.

    The study’s findings revealed that the model combining CNN and KNN demonstrated the best performance during the validation of the different models. Furthermore, the study shows that template tests are faster to implement than CNN due tothe training that a neural network requires. Moreover, the execution time showsthat there is a difference between the different models, where CNN achieved thehighest performance.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Identifiering av UNO-kort - En jämförelse av bildigenkänningstekniker
  • 12.
    Alfredsson, Anders
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences. frastructure, Geodata Division, Lantmäteriet , Gävle , Sweden.
    Ågren, Jonas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences. Department of Geodetic Infrastructure, Geodata Division, Lantmäteriet , SE-80182 Gävle , Sweden.
    A first step towards a national realisation of the international height reference system in Sweden with a comparison to RH 20002023In: Journal of Geodetic Science, ISSN 2081-9919, E-ISSN 2081-9943, Vol. 13, no 1, article id 20220156Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The International Height Reference System (IHRS) was defined by the International Association of Geodesy in 2015. Since then, the international geodetic community has been working on the specification and establishment of its realisation, the International Height Reference Frame (IHRF). This frame will primarily be realised by geopotential numbers (or physical heights) in a sparse global reference network. In Sweden, only one such global station is planned. Regional and national realisations (or densifications) computed in accordance with the IHRS definition are needed to enable the best possible unification of height datums. The main purpose of this article is to make a case study for Sweden regarding the national realisation of IHRS and to investigate in what way preliminary IHRF differs from the current Swedish levelling-based realisation of the European Vertical Reference System, RH 2000. The two different quasigeoid models that we consider best over Sweden at the present time are used to compute the preliminary IHRS realisations in the study. The realisations are compared to each other and to RH 2000. It is shown that a very significant part of the difference to RH 2000 is due to the different postglacial land uplift epochs, permanent tide concepts, and zero levels. The standard deviation for the difference between one of the preliminary national IHRS realisations and RH 2000 is reduced from 75.5 to 19.2 mm after correction of the postglacial land uplift and permanent tide effects. The corresponding mean differences are –208.5 and –454.7 mm, respectively. The magnitude of the mean difference thus increases when the corrections in question are applied.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 13.
    Alfredsson, Anders
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences. Department of Geodetic Infrastructure, Geodata Division, Lantmäteriet, Gävle, Sweden.
    Ågren, Jonas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences. Department of Geodetic Infrastructure, Geodata Division, Lantmäteriet, Gävle, Sweden.
    Olsson, Per-Anders
    Department of Geodetic Infrastructure, Geodata Division, Lantmäteriet, Gävle, Sweden.
    A Comparison of Pointwise and Levelling Assisted Regional Realisations of IHRS with a Case Study over Sweden2023In: International Association of Geodesy Symposia / [ed] Jeffrey T Freymueller, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, 2023Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The International Height Reference System (IHRS) was defined by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) in 2015. The global International Height Reference Frame (IHRF) should provide access to the IHRS in a broad sense. To provide high accuracy local access, regional (or national) realisations will also be needed. This study aims at evaluating different approaches to compute a denser regional realisation of IHRS in case a high accuracy levelling network is available. Using Sweden as a case study region, a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and geoid based pointwise realisation is compared with three types of levelling assisted realisations. The latter are made by applying least squares adjustments of the precise levelling observations with fixed potential value(s) from either the global IHRF station in Sweden or the pointwise potentials of a larger number of stations. It is concluded that making a minimum constraint adjustment with one station fixed is not the best option. It is favourable to fix a reasonable number of pointwise stations at an internal distance over which the relative uncertainty of levelling is significantly lower than the relative uncertainty of the pointwise solution. The investigation is made using levelling data from the third precise levelling of Sweden, the NKG2015 quasigeoid model and the NKG2016LU postglacial land uplift model.

  • 14. Allah Tavakoli, Yahya
    et al.
    Amin, Hadi
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Bagheri, Hamidreza
    Bagherbandi, Mohammad
    On an approach to surface mass change detection from satellite gravimetry, a case study of barystatic sea-level, ice-sheet mass and basin mass changes2022In: Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 15.
    Almstedt, Åsa
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Peterson, Niclas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Lägesosäkerhet vid nätverks-RTK-mätning med inbyggd lutningskompensator: en undersökning av Leica GS18 T2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    A recently introduced GNSS instrument on the market is Leica GS18 T with tilt compensation, based on GNSS/Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) integration, with no need to centre the survey pole with the GNSS instrument over the target point being measured. Besides making surveying faster, the tilt compensation technique enables measuring of hidden points where the use of conventional GNSS measuring normally is not possible without more time-consuming methods. The instrument also has advanced GNSS signal tracking which makes surveying in challenging environments possible.

    In this study, the Leica GS18 T has on behalf of Lantmäteriet been tested through studying the measurement uncertainty in network RTK measurement with tilted survey pole in three different situations: with the survey pole tilted in various degrees in both favourable and challenging survey environments; with tilt towards north, east, south and west to test if the tilt direction would affect the result; and for surveying of building corners as a possible field of application. In the latter case, the result was compared with what can be achieved with the conventional hidden point method using intersection of distances. The analysis of the measurement uncertainty was based on calculations of standard uncertainty, RMS (Root Mean Square) and mean deviation.

    The measurement uncertainty from the first part of the test was on cm-level horizontally, both in favourable and challenging survey environments, and in height on mm-level in favourable survey environment and on cm-level in challenging survey environment. Further, the results indicate that the tilt direction affects measurement uncertainty. The reason for this is not clarified and needs further investigation. The measurements of building corners resulted in a mean deviation of approximately 12 mm when the survey pole was tilted 30°. The hidden point method using intersection of distances generally resulted in lower mean deviation, even though the difference is relatively small (4 mm at best). To summarize, Leica GS18 T seems to be well suited for measuring with tilt in detailed surveying, at least if the requirements of position uncertainty is on cm-level.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 16.
    Alvesköld, Jakob
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Expropriativ lagstiftning för solcellsanläggningar: Ett sätt att bidra till ökad energiproduktion2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this paper is to examine the pros and cons of compulsory acquisition of rooftop space for mass upscaling of solar panels. It attempts to find what uses a legal tool for compulsory acquisition could bring to society, as well as what the cost of such a tool would mean for each landowner. By looking at existing law it is also the hope of the writer to establish whether there is already a functioning way to accomplish this kind of mass development of rooftop-mounted solar panels. While it is not included in the paper to describe what a potential new piece of law would look like, it concludes that if Sweden was to implement a way to accomplish a mass development of this kind, it should be done by creating a separate act to limit how and by whom the compulsory acquisition can be performed. 

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 17.
    Amin, Hadi
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Study on the Earth’s Surface Mass Variations using Satellite Gravimetry Observations2022Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Our complex planet is continuously undergoing temporal and spatial changes. In this context, ongoing processes in the Earth subsystems (geosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere) cause changes in the gravity field of the Earth across a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. Accordingly, by both spatially and temporally tracing our planet’s ever-changing gravity field, scientists can better constrain the underlying processes contributing to such dynamic changes of mass distribution within the Earth system. Monitoring the Earth’s gravity field and its temporal variations is essential, among others, for tracking disasters and specifying land areas with a high risk of flooding, earthquakes, and droughts, movements of tectonic plates, and providing accurate positioning through satellite positioning technology. On short-term timescales, temporal variations in the Earth’s gravity field are mainly caused by the movement of water in its various forms. Accordingly, sea-level variations and ice-sheet and glacier changes, which are known as critical indicators of global warming and climate change, can be accurately monitored by tracking the Earth’s gravity field changes. Since there is a close link between water redistribution and the Earth’s energy cycle, climate system, food security, human and ecosystem health, energy generation, economic and societal development, and climate extremes (droughts and floods), it is essential to accurately monitor water mass exchange between the Earth system components. Among all observational techniques, satellite gravimetry has provided an integrated global view of ongoing processes within the Earth system. The current generation of satellite gravimetry missions (the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission and its successor, GRACE Follow-On) has dramatically revolutionized our understanding of dynamic processes in the Earth’s surface and, consequently, has significantly improved our understanding of the Earth’s climate system. By considering different aspects of studying the Earth’s gravity field, this thesis brings new insights to the determination and analysis of the mass change in the Earth system. First, by studying the shortcomings of the common techniques of estimating the geoid potential, a new approach is examined that simultaneously estimates the geoid potential, W0, and the geometrical parameters of the reference Mean Earth Ellipsoid (MEE). In this regard, as the geoid needs to be considered as a static equipotential surface, the sensitivity of the estimations to the time dependent Earth’s gravity field changes is studied. Secondly, relying on the GRACE monthly gravity fields and the complementary observational techniques, and by pushing the limit of GRACE, mass redistribution over land and ocean is investigated. Within the ocean, satellite altimetry and Argo products are utilized along with the GRACE monthly solutions for quantifying the global barystatic sea-level change and assessing the closure of the global mean sea level budget. Over land, a region with relatively high temporal mass change (oil and water extraction) is chosen in which by taking advantage of having in-situ observations and hydrological models, the ability of GRACE products in quantifying the changes in groundwater storage is studied. In this frame, for both the ocean and land studies, different aspects of the processing of GRACE monthly gravity fields are investigated and GRACE inherent errors are addressed appropriately to arrive at reliable and accurate estimates of the Earth’s surface mass change. As the final contribution in this thesis, a rigorous analytical model for detecting surface mass change from the time-variable gravity solutions is proposed and examined in different case studies of surface mass change. Since the launch of the GRACE twin satellites, the GRACE(-FO) time-varying gravity fields are conventionally converted into the surface mass change using a spherical analytical model that approximates the Earth by a sphere. More recently, the analytical mass change detection model has been improved by considering an ellipsoid as the shape of the Earth, which improved the previous estimations of surface mass change, especially over high latitudes with relatively large mass change signals. However, by taking into account the real shape of the Earth and considering more realistic assumptions, a new analytical solution for the problem of surface mass change detection from the time-varying gravity fields is proposed in this thesis. It is shown that the simplistic spherical and ellipsoidal geometries are no longer tenable and the new model surpasses the common spherical approach and its ellipsoidal version.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
    Download (jpg)
    presentationsbild
  • 18.
    Amin, Hadi
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Bagherbandi, Mohammad
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Sjöberg, Lars E.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Evaluation of the Closure of Global Mean Sea Level Rise Budget over January 2005 to August 20162019Conference paper (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    Sea level changes over time because of water mass exchange among the oceans and continents, ice sheets, and atmosphere. It fluctuates also due to variations of seawater salinity and temperature known as the steric contributor. GRACE-based Stokes coefficients provide a valuable source of information, about the water mass exchange as the main contributor to the Earth’s gravity field changes, within decadal scales. Moreover, measuring seawater temperature and salinity at different layers of ocean depth, Argo floats help to model the steric component of Global Mean Sea Level. In this study, we evaluate the Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL) budget closure using satellite altimetry, GRACE, and Argo products. Hereof, considering the most recent released GRACE monthly products (RL06), we examine an iterative remove-restore method to minimize the effect of artifact leaked large signal from ice sheets and land hydrology. In addition, the effect of errors and biases in geophysical model corrections, such as GIA, on the GMSL budget closure is estimated. Moreover, we quantify the influence of spatial and decorrelation filtering of GRACE data on the GMSL budget closure. In terms of the monthly fluctuations of sea level, our results confirm that closing the GMSL budget is highly dependent on the choice of the spatial averaging filter. In addition, comparing the trends and variations for both the global mean sea level time series and those estimated for mass and steric components, we find that spatial averaging functions play a significant role in the sea level budget closure.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 19.
    Amin, Hadi
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Bagherbandi, Mohammad
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences. KTH.
    Sjöberg, Lars E.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences. KTH.
    Quantifying barystatic sea-level change from satellite altimetry, GRACE and Argo observations over 2005–20162020In: Advances in Space Research, ISSN 0273-1177, E-ISSN 1879-1948, Vol. 65, no 8, p. 1922-1940Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Time-varying spherical harmonic coefficients determined from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data provide a valuable source of information about the water mass exchange that is the main contributor to the Earth’s gravity field changes within a period of less than several hundred years. Moreover, by measuring seawater temperature and salinity at different layers of ocean depth, Argo floats help to measure the steric component of global mean sea level (GMSL). In this study, we quantify the rate of barystatic sea-level change using both GRACE RL05 and RL06 monthly gravity field models and compare the results with estimates achieved from a GMSL budget closure approach. Our satellite altimetry-based results show a trend of 3.90 ± 0.14 mm yr−1 for the GMSL rise. About 35% or 1.29 ± 0.07 mm yr−1 of this rate is caused by the thermosteric contribution, while the remainder is mainly due to the barystatic contribution. Our results confirm that the choice of decorrelation filters does not play a significant role in quantifying the global barystatic sea-level change, and spatial filtering may not be needed. GRACE RL05 and RL06 solutions result in the barystatic sea-level change trends of 2.19 ± 0.13 mm yr−1 and 2.25 ± 0.16 mm yr−1, respectively. Accordingly, the residual trend, defined as the difference between the altimetry-derived GMSL and sum of the steric and barystatic components, amounts to 0.51 ± 0.51 and 0.45 ± 0.44 mm yr−1 for RL05 and RL06-based barystatic sea-level changes, respectively, over January 2005 to December 2016. The exclusion of the halosteric component results in a lower residual trend of about 0.36 ± 0.46 mm yr−1 over the same period, which suggests a sea-level budget closed within the uncertainty. This could be a confirmation on a high level of salinity bias particularly after about 2015. Moreover, considering the assumption that the GRACE-based barystatic component includes all mass change signals, the rather large residual trend could be attributed to an additional contribution from the deep ocean, where salinity and temperature cannot be monitored by the current observing systems. The errors from various sources, including the model-based Glacial Isostatic Adjustment signal, independent estimation of geocenter motion that are not quantified in the GRACE solutions, as well as the uncertainty of the second degree of zonal spherical harmonic coefficients, are other possible contributors to the residual trend.

  • 20.
    Amin, Hadi
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Sjöberg, Lars
    Division of Geodesy and satellite positioning, KTH.
    Bagherbandi, Mohammad
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    A global vertical datum defined by the conventional geoid potential and the Earth ellipsoid parameters2019In: Journal of Geodesy, ISSN 0949-7714, E-ISSN 1432-1394, Vol. 93, no 10, p. 1943-1961Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The geoid, according to the classical Gauss–Listing definition, is, among infinite equipotential surfaces of the Earth’s gravity field, the equipotential surface that in a least squares sense best fits the undisturbed mean sea level. This equipotential surface, except for its zero-degree harmonic, can be characterized using the Earth’s global gravity models (GGM). Although, nowadays, satellite altimetry technique provides the absolute geoid height over oceans that can be used to calibrate the unknown zero-degree harmonic of the gravimetric geoid models, this technique cannot be utilized to estimate the geometric parameters of the mean Earth ellipsoid (MEE). The main objective of this study is to perform a joint estimation of W0, which defines the zero datum of vertical coordinates, and the MEE parameters relying on a new approach and on the newest gravity field, mean sea surface and mean dynamic topography models. As our approach utilizes both satellite altimetry observations and a GGM model, we consider different aspects of the input data to evaluate the sensitivity of our estimations to the input data. Unlike previous studies, our results show that it is not sufficient to use only the satellite-component of a quasi-stationary GGM to estimate W0. In addition, our results confirm a high sensitivity of the applied approach to the altimetry-based geoid heights, i.e., mean sea surface and mean dynamic topography models. Moreover, as W0 should be considered a quasi-stationary parameter, we quantify the effect of time-dependent Earth’s gravity field changes as well as the time-dependent sea level changes on the estimation of W0. Our computations resulted in the geoid potential W0 = 62636848.102 ± 0.004 m2 s−2 and the semi-major and minor axes of the MEE, a = 6378137.678 ± 0.0003 m and b = 6356752.964 ± 0.0005 m, which are 0.678 and 0.650 m larger than those axes of GRS80 reference ellipsoid, respectively. Moreover, a new estimation for the geocentric gravitational constant was obtained as GM = (398600460.55 ± 0.03) × 106 m3 s−2.

  • 21.
    Amin, Hadi
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Sjöberg, Lars E.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Bagherbandi, Mohammad
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    A global vertical datum defined by the conventional geoid potential and the Earth ellipsoid parameters2020Conference paper (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    According to the classical Gauss–Listing definition, the geoid is the equipotential surface of the Earth’s gravity field that in a least-squares sense best fits the undisturbed mean sea level. This equipotential surface, except for its zero-degree harmonic, can be characterized using the Earth’s Global Gravity Models (GGM). Although nowadays, the satellite altimetry technique provides the absolute geoid height over oceans that can be used to calibrate the unknown zero-degree harmonic of the gravimetric geoid models, this technique cannot be utilized to estimate the geometric parameters of the Mean Earth Ellipsoid (MEE). In this study, we perform joint estimation of W0, which defines the zero datum of vertical coordinates, and the MEE parameters relying on a new approach and on the newest gravity field, mean sea surface, and mean dynamic topography models. As our approach utilizes both satellite altimetry observations and a GGM model, we consider different aspects of the input data to evaluate the sensitivity of our estimations to the input data. Unlike previous studies, our results show that it is not sufficient to use only the satellite componentof a quasi-stationary GGM to estimate W0. In addition, our results confirm a high sensitivity of the applied approach to the altimetry-based geoid heights, i.e. mean sea surface and mean dynamic topography models. Moreover, as W0 should be considered a quasi-stationary parameter, we quantify the effect of time-dependent Earth’s gravity field changes as well as the time-dependent sea-level changes on the estimation of W0. Our computations resulted in the geoid potential W0 = 62636848.102 ± 0.004 m2s-2 and the semi-major and –minor axes of the MEE,a = 6378137.678 ± 0.0003 m and b = 6356752.964 ± 0.0005 m, which are 0.678 and 0.650 m larger than those axes of the GRS80 reference ellipsoid, respectively. Moreover, a new estimation for the geocentric gravitational constant was obtained as GM = (398600460.55 ± 0.03) × 106 m3s-2.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 22.
    Andersson, Claes
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Generering och testning av geografiskt data inom GIS2021Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Enhetstestning mot databaser inriktade mot geografiska informationssystem kan vara ett komplicerat arbete att utföra. Det innebär både att ha tillgång till användbart data samt att använda verktyg för att utföra dessa tester på. Denna studie har undersökt hur data bestående av ytor kan genereras och hur verktyg inriktade på enhetstestning mot databaser kan användas för att uppnå en förbättrad arbetsmetodik för enhetstestning mot databaser. Arbetet har resulterat i förslag på metoder som kan användas för att generera geografiska data. En applikation har utvecklats för att generera dessa data. Dessutom har en metod för att genomföra enhetstester mot en postgreSQL databas, baserad på verktyget pgTAP, presenterats. Föreslagna metoder kan möjliggöra en förbättring av arbetsmetodiken vid enhetstestning mot databasermen det finns fortfarande många förbättringar att utforska.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 23.
    Andersson, Daniel
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Troeng, Axel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Laddinfrastruktur inom gemensamhetsanläggningar: Beslut i strid mot anläggningens ändamål2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The electrification of the transport sector is dependent on the establishment of new charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. In order to achieve Sweden’s environmental goals, the government has commissioned Lantmäteriet to chart the obstacles of establishing charging infrastructure within joint facilities. During the charting, Lantmäteriet has observed the fact that joint property associations that manage joint facilities for garage and parking purposes receive government grants for charging infrastructure, even though the joint facility does not include charging infrastructure. This paper aims to investigate how joint property associations manage permit issues and agreements regarding charging infrastructure, when charging infrastructure is not included in the joint facility. This paper also examines if these issues are taken into account in the grant processing by Naturvårdsverket. The aim of this paper is to generate new knowledge that can be used in Lantmäteriet’s work. The study has been carried out through interviews with joint property associations and through communication with representatives from Naturvårdsverket. The results show that it is common for joint property associations to set up charging infrastructure contrary to the purpose of the facility. Furthermore, it is stated that ignorance and the fact that the associations consciously make decisions against the purpose of the facility due to time and cost causes, are the main reasons for the establishment. The authors also state that Naturvårdsverket and Lantmäteriet have different views on when and how charging infrastructure can be considered a part of a joint property. Furthermore, it is concluded that inconsistent legislation makes it difficult for ordinary people who administer joint property associations to comply with current laws and regulations.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 24.
    Andersson, Elias
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Dokumentation av en trafikolycka med handhållen laserskanning och UAS-fotogrammetri: En utvärdering av punktmolnens lägesosäkerhet och visuella kvalitet2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In the event of a traffic accident, it is often important to restore the site to its normal condition as fast as possible. Occasionally, the accident scene must be documented so that the cause of the accident can be investigated at a later stage. Traditionally, this work has been performed by taking pictures of the site and measuring different distances. Lately, terrestrial laser scanning has also become a reliable alternative. With that said, it is possible that photogrammetry and other types of laser scanning also could be utilized to achieve similar results.   

    The aim of this study is to investigate how handheld laser scanning and UAS photogrammetry can be used to document a traffic accident. This is achieved by examining the positional uncertainty and visual quality of the point clouds. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are explored, for instance in terms of time consumption and costs, in order to finally come to a conclusion of which method is best suited for documenting a traffic accident.

    A traffic accident with two involved cars was staged and initially laser scanned with the handheld laser scanner Leica BLK2GO. Thereafter, pictures were collected with the unmanned aerial vehicle Leica Aibot followed by the creation of a reference point cloud with the terrestrial laser scanner Leica C10. By comparing the coordinates of control points in the reference point cloud with the coordinates of the corresponding control points in the two other point clouds, their positional uncertainty could be determined.

    The results of the study show that both the point cloud produced by the handheld laser scanner and UAS photogrammetry have a positional uncertainty (standard uncertainty) of 0.019 m. Both methods are applicable for documenting a traffic accident but compared to terrestrial laser scanning, the point clouds are deficient in different ways. BLK2GO produces a relatively dark point cloud and dark objects are reproduced worse than lighter objects. In the point cloud produced by Leica Aibot, there were noticeable cavities in the bodies of the cars. Handheld laser scanning is a time-efficient method while UAS photogrammetry can be performed at a lower cost.

    In conclusion, it is not possible to arrive at an unambiguous conclusion with regards to which method that is best suited for documenting a traffic accident. The choice depends on the prevailing circumstances at the accident scene.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 25.
    Andersson, Hanna
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    Tradeoffs between self and environment in environmental judgment and decision making2021Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    One of the greatest challenges of today is to change our behavior to act more pro-environmentally to reduce global warming. We need to make sacrifices for the environment, e.g., use a means of transportation that take a longer time but causes less CO2 emission. The present thesis aims to study different factors (intrinsic, extrinsic motivational, and extrinsic motivational-neutral information) that influence us when making tradeoffs between self and environment. Paper I examined how an anchor (a reference price) and an ecolabel influence price judgments. It was found that both a judgment of an objective fact (product price) and a subjective preference (willingness to pay for the product) were affected by an anchor. An eco-label resulted in higher judgments of objective facts. People with higher environmental concern were more affected by an anchor when stating their willingness to pay than their low concern counterparts. In Paper II and Paper III, an interaction between a high anchor and a normative message that put the emissions into context was found when making a tradeoff between CO2 emissions and travel time for a flight (Paper II) or a car journey (Paper III). People with higher concern for the environment gave a longer travel time when they received a high anchor (Paper II and Paper III) or no anchor (Paper III). Paper IV investigated how a survey measuring environmental concern can be divided to different indices and how they predict answers in a tradeoff task. The result suggests that a two-factor structure divided into ecocentric and anthropocentric concern is a possible alternative and that people scoring higher on any of the environmental concern indices were willing to travel for a longer time. Taken together, the results show that normative messages, anchors, and concern for the environment are factors that can influence and interact when people make tradeoffs between self and environment in environmental judgment and decision making.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
    Download (jpg)
    presentationsbild
  • 26.
    Andersson, Hanna
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    Ahonen-Jonnarth, Ulla
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    Holmgren, Mattias
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Environmental Science.
    Marsh, John E.
    University of Central Lancashire, UK; Luleå University of Technology.
    Wallhagen, Marita
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Environmental Science.
    Bökman, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    What influences people’s tradeoff decisions between CO2 emissions and travel time? An experiment with anchors and normative messages2021In: Frontiers in Psychology, E-ISSN 1664-1078, Vol. 12, article id 702398Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    One of the today’s greatest challenges is to adjust our behavior so that we can avoid a major climate disaster. To do so, we must make sacrifices for the sake of the environment. The study reported here investigates how anchors (extrinsic motivational-free information) and normative messages (extrinsic motivational information) influence people’s tradeoffs between travel time and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the context of car travel and whether any interactions with environmental concern (an intrinsic motivational factor) can be observed. In this study, people received either a CO2, health or no normative message together with either a high anchor, a low anchor, or no anchor. People that received both a high anchor and a CO2 emission normative message were willing to travel for a longer time than those that only received a high anchor. If a low anchor was presented, no differences in willingness to travel for a longer time were found between the three different conditions of normative message groups, i.e., CO2 normative message, health normative message, or no normative message. People with higher concern for the environment were found to be willing to travel for a longer time than those with lower concern for the environment. Further, this effect was strongest when a high anchor was presented. These results suggest that anchors and normative messages are among the many factors that can influence people’s tradeoffs between CO2 emission and travel time, and that various factors may have to be combined to increase their influence over pro-environmental behavior and decisions.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 27.
    Andersson, Hanna
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    Bökman, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    Environmental concern: Structure and use for prediction of a tradeoff between CO2 emissions and travel timeManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 28.
    Andersson, Hanna
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    Bökman, Fredrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    Wallhagen, Marita
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Environmental Science.
    Holmgren, Mattias
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Environmental Science.
    Sörqvist, Patrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Business and Economic Studies.
    Ahonen-Jonnarth, Ulla
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    Anchoring effect in judgments of objective fact and subjective preference2021In: Food Quality and Preference, ISSN 0950-3293, E-ISSN 1873-6343, Vol. 88, article id 104102Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The way by which various sources of external information interact in their effects on judgment is rarely investigated. Here, we report two experiments that examine how two sources of external information—an anchor (a reference price) and an eco-label—influence judgments of an objective fact (product price) and a subjective preference (willingness-to-pay for the product). Participants’ price judgments were drawn in the direction of the anchor point, whereas the eco-label resulted in higher judgments of objective fact (Experiment 1) but did not influence subjective preference (Experiment 2). Interestingly, the eco-label seemed to strengthen the effect of the high anchor in judgments of objective fact. Further, participants with higher environmental concern answered a higher price on the subjective preference questions when they received a high anchor, as well as a lower price when they received a low anchor in comparison to the low environmental concern group. This study demonstrates that various external information sources can strengthen each other’s effects on consumer belief about products, while the effects are weaker for consumers’ preferences. The implications of the results for decision making are discussed.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 29.
    Andersson, Hanna
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Decision, Risk and Policy Analysis.
    Holmgren, Mattias
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Environmental Science.
    Sörqvist, Patrik
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Environmental Science. Luleå Tekniska Universitet.
    Threadgold, Emma
    University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
    Beaman, Philip
    University of Reading, Reading, UK.
    Ball, Linden
    University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
    Marsh, John E.
    University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK, Luleå Tekniska Universitet.
    The negative footprint illusion is exacerbated by the numerosity of environment-friendly additions: unveiling the underpinning mechanisms2024In: Journal of Cognitive Psychology, ISSN 2044-5911, E-ISSN 2044-592XArticle in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The addition of environmentally friendly items to conventional items sometimes leads people to believe that the carbon footprint of the entire set decreases rather than increases. This negative footprint illusion is supposedly underpinned by an averaging bias: people base environmental impact estimates not on the total impact of items but on their average. Here, we found that the illusion’s magnitude increased with the addition of a greater number of “green” items when the number of conventional items remained constant (Studies 1 and 2), supporting the averaging-bias account. We challenged this account by testing what happens when the number of items in the conventional and “green” categories vary while holding the ratio between the two categories constant (Study 3). At odds with the averaging-bias account, the magnitude of the illusion increased as the category size increased, revealing a category-size bias, and raising questions about the interplay between these biases in the illusion.

  • 30.
    Andersson, Kjell
    et al.
    School for Forest Management, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture.
    Angelstam, Per
    School for Forest Management, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture / Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences.
    Brandt, S. Anders
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Axelsson, Robert
    County Administrative Board Västmanland.
    Bax, Gerhard
    Limited GIS skills hamper spatial planning for green infrastructures in Sweden2022In: Geografiska Notiser, ISSN 0016-724X, Vol. 80, no 1, p. 16-35Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The term green infrastructure captures the need to conserve biodiversity and to sustain landscapes’ different ecosystem services. Maintaining green infrastructures through protected areas, management and landscape restoration requires knowledge in geography, spatial data about biophysical, anthropogenic and immaterial values, spatial comprehensive planning, and thus geographical information systems (GIS). To understand land use planning practices and planning education regarding GIS in Sweden we interviewed 43 planners and reviewed 20 planning education programmes. All planners used GIS to look at data but did not carry out spatial analyses of land covers. BSc programmes included more GIS than MSc programmes but very few taught analyses for spatial planning. As key spatial planning actors, municipalities’ barriers and bridges for improved GIS use for collaborative learning about green infrastructures are discussed. A concluding section presents examples of how GIS can support spatial planning for green infrastructures.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Limited-GIS-skills-hamper-spatial-planning
  • 31.
    Andersson, Leo
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences.
    Lägets betydelse för värdet på småhus och tomtmark vid skidanläggningar2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study is to find out if vicinity to alpine ski resorts affect the transfer prices of properties. The study should also describe and analyse whether the taxation level of singel-family house properties close to a ski resort should be managed through value area divisions. The study is written on behalf of Lantmäteriet.

    In Sweden, the land is divided into various large properties. Each property is unique, which means that they have different values. The most important factor for the property’s tax assessment value is its geographical location. If the property is far from the community with poor communications to a nearby city, it probably has a low property value. If the property on the other hand has good communications, close to shops, schools and access to municipal water and sewage, it probably has a higher property value. In order to investigate this, two local price surveys on two alpine ski resorts has been done, Björnrike and Lofsdalen in the municipality of Härjedalen. Data on sales has been collected for each area, which has been analysed and processed into the result of this study. Interviews have also been done in the study.

    The study shows that there is a connection between family-house properties that have ski-in/ski-out location and the tax assessment value. Properties that have this location are sold for a higher purchase price than the properties that do not have a ski-in/ski-out location. This study has only investigated how the ski-in/ski-out location affects the market value of properties in Björnrike and Lofsdalen. However, real estate agents from various alpine ski resorts in Sweden agree that the sales prices are higher for properties and condominiums with a ski-in/ski-out location.

    In Björnrike, the value difference is not significant enough in order to be managed through value area divisions. In Lofsdalen, on the other hand, family-house properties with ski-in/ski-out location should be handled with separate value area divisions. One suggestion that this study has resulted in, and which is reported in the discussion, is that family-house properties at alpine ski resorts could be handled in different location classes in relation to the ski slope and the ski lift. Based on the location class, the family-houses would then be assessed differently. The closer to the ski slope the property is located, the higher the location factor the property will have, which affects the tax assessment value.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 32.
    Andersson Skått, Kristian
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Bergkvist, Kristoffer
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Småhusfastigheters värdeförändring vid större infrastrukturprojekt: En studie av ombyggnationen E4 Sundsvall2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Infrastructure investments is a large part of the regional development in Sweden, researchers in the subject agrees that investment in infrastructure generate increased economic development, one thing they still share a disagreement in which calculating methods are suitable. Are there any winners or losers in infrastructure projects, for example, smaller cities in the countryside where highways have previously passed, have they benefited from a quicker and easier commuting to the city, or have they been adversely affected when the highway has been given a new stretch?

    This research report focuses in one of the largest infrastructure investments in northern Sweden, European road 4 (E4) through Sundsvall. The research, combined with location-based sales comparison method and local analyzes, will show what effect market values will have on the houses real estate’s and what influence the road construction might have regarding to the values of the properties.

    The results of these studies are shown trough the average changes in property prices in the areas of Njurundabommen, Nedre Haga/Skönsberg, Nolby/Kvissleby and Västbo. However, the result was shown to have too few transactions, which is common in local level sales analyzes. This generates uncertainty in the result, meaning that the values can be large in relation to the actual sales development. The uncertainty was minimized in the results by merging two similar areas, which finally gave a result that indicates that the areas in the study had a more negative development towards Sundsvall and Sweden, since the area received a new infrastructure in the form of the E4 Sundsvall.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 33.
    Andrejev, Christian
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Ask, Jesper
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Utbyggnad av väg och järnväg: Principer för hantering av markåtkomst och ersättning2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Fungerande infrastruktur är viktigt för att samhället ska fungera. Det är därför också viktigt att Trafikverket och kommuner får tillgång till mark för utbyggnad av bland annat vägar och järnvägar. Samtidigt görs ett intrångi någons enskilda äganderätt. Markåtkomst för dessa ändamål kan ske med en frivillig överenskommelse mellan parterna men i vissa fall tvingas Trafikverket och kommuner att tvångsvis förvärva marken.

    Syftet med arbetet är att ta reda på om Trafikverket och kommuner har några särskilda principer för markåtkomst gällande utbyggnad av vägar och järnvägar, samt försöka ta reda på hur fastighetsägare behandlas i en sådan process. Målet är att kunna bidra med ett bättre underlag för både Trafikverket och kommuner vad gäller deras riktlinjer för markåtkomst. För att besvara frågeställningarna i studien har intervjuer med ett antal kommuner samt sakkunniga inom Trafikverket genomförts.

    Resultatet visade att det finns riktlinjer för hur själva markåtkomsten ska hanteras men ingen respondent ansåg att de hade några riktlinjer för hur en fastighetsägare ska behandlas i processen. Den största skillnaden mellan Trafikverket och kommunerna var att kommunerna nästan aldrig använder tillfälliga nyttjanderätter i detaljplanplanen utan förlitar sig på frivilliga överenskommelser ifall de behöver tillgång till mark, medan Trafikverket använder sig utav tillfälliga nyttjanderätter i väg- och järnvägsplan i större utsträckning. I slutsatsen framgår det att den främsta faktorn för att nå en överenskommelse är tidig kontakt med fastighetsägare där det är viktigt att visa förståelse för dennes situation. Många respondenter var också enade om att det är viktigt att hela tiden hålla fastighetsägare informerade om vad som ska ske och hur deras fastighet kommer att påverkas. Trots att det inte finns fastställda riktlinjer för hur en fastighetsägare ska behandlas verkar de flesta ändå utgå från liknande ”principer”. 

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 34.
    Andrée, Martin
    et al.
    Sandviken kommun.
    Larsson, Karolina
    Stockholms stad.
    Paasch, Jesper M.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Paulsson, Jenny
    Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH).
    Seipel, Stefan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Smarta plan-, bygg- och förvaltningsprocesser över hela livscykeln: AP3 Visualisering av 3D-fastigheter2020Report (Other academic)
    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 35.
    Antman, Robert
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Eriksson-Asp, Ivan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Anläggningsförrättningar av kommunalt förvaltade enskilda vägar: Väghållningens påverkan vid övergång från kommunal till enskild förvaltning2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study is a bachelor thesis at the Study Programme in Land Management with financial/legal orientation at the University of Gävle. 

    Municipalities in Sweden are voluntarily responsible for road maintenance and financing of private roads, even though the actual responsibility is imposed on the property owners. One of the reasons behind these occurrences is the mergers of the municipalities that took place in the sixties and seventies, which made the remaining municipalities take over the management of the private roads. Over the decades, municipalities may decide to return these voluntarily managed private roads to the property owners. The returning of these private roads to the property owners is done through facility procedures to secure a long-lasting road maintenance. 

    The aim of this study is to investigate these types of facility procedures that have occurred in reference to transitions from municipal to private management of private roads. The objective is to create a base of knowledge that the Swedish municipalities and cadastral authorities can use when working with these kinds of phenomenon. To reach the aim and objective, interviews have been done with five experts in the field and with five joint property management associations. These interviews provide valuable information from both experts and property owners. Five cadastral dossiers have been analysed to give a deeper understanding of the cadastral process and to supplement the interviews. 

    The study shows that the road maintenance, in the analysed and the interviewed cases, often gets better when a private road’s management transfers from municipal to private. The property owners sometimes remain frustrated after the ending of the cadastral process, but this frustration has not been shown to affect the road maintenance in a negative way. In order to achieve a smooth cadastral process that leads to an appropriate management, the municipalities should assist the property owners with the application. As a starting point, the State cadastral authority should handle these types of cases to achieve better objectivity and neutrality, even though there is a municipal cadastral authority available. It is at last important that the cadastral process include communication, dialogue and clarity, and by doing so making the property owners aware of the situation.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 36.
    Apostolou, Anastasia
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences.
    Finansiell riskperception: En studie om mäns och kvinnors riskperception vid finansiella investeringar2022Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Risk perception can be defined as people’s interpretation and subjective assessment of risk. The perception of risk is a crucial factor that is believed to impact people when taking financial decisions. Previous research shows clear differences between men’s and women’s risk taking in financial decision. Men are in general portrayed as more risk taking and not viewing risk as something problematic, whilst women are not as positive towards risk. The purpose with this study is to gain understanding of how risk perception differs between men and women when taking financial decisions, and to examine if there are any differences in men’s and women’s perception of risk throughout five dimensions of financial risk perception. To answer the study’s formulated research questions, a quantitative study in the form of questionnaire has been carried out. Collected data have been analyzed through a descriptive data analysis and t-tests. The results of this study are in line with previous research and indicate that women perceive financial risk as significantly higher than what men do. On the other hand, the study did not provide a clear result regarding differences between the genders’ risk perception in the five dimensions of financial risk perception. However, the study showed that women perceived the significant negative consequences for financial investments as significantly larger than men. This result can also be considered to be in line with previous research. Due to this, the result of the study can be seen as having contributed with further empirical support to previous scientific research regarding the differences between men and women’s risk perception when making investment decisions.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 37.
    Arvidsson, Magnus
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Loveere Pettersson, Tobias
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Utvärdering av mätosäkerhet i höjd för UAS med LiDAR2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Digital terrain models (DTMs) are a commonly used tool in planning various development projects within the state, municipalities, and the private sector. In planning for road and rail construction, the Swedish technical specification SIS-TS21144:2016 is often used as a document for controlling the production process of DTMs. Given that new technology opens the possibilities for faster, more efficient, and climate-smart data collection, this study aims to evaluate Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) with Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) from YellowScan and to evaluate the measurement uncertainty in height. In this study, the results of the study are compared with class 2 SIS-TS 21144:2016 for the flight heights 50 m and 80 m and the scanning angles 0 (in nadir), 10, 20 and 40 degrees. The site of the study is located just southwest of Gävle in a closed gravel pit with both hard packed and slightly looser substrates. The size of the study area was limited to 200 x 300 m, equivalent to 6 hectares. With Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) equipment, two control points were measured with Network-RTK (Real Time Kinematic). Subsequently, a control network of eight points was created. A total of 26 control grids were measured for comparisons of collected LiDAR data. The data collection was carried out with the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) GeoDrone X4L equipped with LiDAR Scanner YellowScan Surveyor with an integrated Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) from Applanix. Together, these units formed an UAS that could be remotely controlled and communicate its position. All processing was performed in software from Terrasolid, based on data from the flight route that was first processed in YellowScan CloudStation. The points were classified to distinguish ground points used in the generation of the DTM. An adjustment of the point cloud was made with the intention of raising ground level points to reduce the noise present in the data. The control grids could then be compared to the DTM and analysed. The results of the study show that YellowScan Surveyor achieves a Root Mean Square (RMS) in height of 0,024 m at 50 meters flight altitude, which equals 0,047m expanded measurement uncertainty (2 sigma level, 95 %). Even at 80 meters, relatively low uncertainty is achieved with an RMS of 0,040 m. The results of the study indicate that the influence of measurements at a wider scanning angle is not the only factor that deteriorates the results.   

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 38.
    Askar, Afnan
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Badra, Ayysha
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Residents’ perception of safety in a vulnerable neighborhood: A case study from Andersberg, Gävle, Sweden2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Feeling safe is important for residents in their neighborhoods, but how do residents living in an area rumored to be unsafe perceive safety? This case study examined the perceived safety in a vulnerable area (Swedish: Utsatt område) in Gävle, Sweden. These vulnerable neighborhoods fall under the Swedish million housing program that consist of residential areas with large and high resident buildings that are often densified. This study aimed to examine the residents’ perception of safety in a neighborhood with the same conditions, in addition to evaluate crime prevention in the area using crime prevention through environmental design principles. territoriality, natural surveillance, activity support and access control. The aim of this study was achieved by using the following methods: CPTED inventory, safety walks and a survey. The safety walk was conducted with residents of the area. The inventory showed that crime prevention in the area is considered low, however, the results from safety walk suggest that the residents perceive the area as moderately safe. This study provides some suggestions in order to provide better crime prevention and better perception of safety in the area.Examples among the suggestions were to better the lighting and create more pedestrian crossovers on the car-based roads to decrease possible barrier effects. 

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 39.
    Aslani, Mohammad
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Computational and spatial analyses of rooftops for urban solar energy planning2022Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In cities where land availability is limited, rooftop photovoltaic panels (RPVs) offer high potential for satisfying concentrated urban energy demand by using only rooftop areas. However, accurate estimation of RPVs potential in relation to their spatial distribution is indispensable for successful energy planning. Classification, plane segmentation, and spatial analysis are three important aspects in this context. Classification enables extracting rooftops and allows for estimating solar energy potential based on existing training samples. Plane segmentation helps to characterize rooftops by extracting their planar patches. Additionally, spatial analyses enable the identification of rooftop utilizable areas for placing RPVs. This dissertation aims to address some issues associated with these three aspects, particularly (a) training support vector machines (SVMs) in large datasets, (b) plane segmentation of rooftops, and (c) identification of utilizable areas for RPVs. SVMs are among the most potent classifiers and have a solid theoretical foundation. However, they have high time complexity in their training phase, making them inapplicable in large datasets. Two new instance selection methods were proposed to accelerate the training phase of SVMs. The methods are based on locality-sensitive hashing and are capable of handling large datasets. As an application, they were incorporated into a rooftop extraction procedure, followed by plane segmentation. Plane segmentation of rooftops for the purpose of solar energy potential estimation should have a low risk of overlooking superstructures, which play an essential role in the placement of RPVs. Two new methods for plane segmentation in high-resolution digital surface models were thus developed. They have an acceptable level of accuracy and can successfully extract planar segments by considering superstructures. Not all areas of planar segments are utilizable for mounting RPVs, and some factors may further limit their useability. Two spatial methods for identifying RPV-utilizable areas were developed in this realm. They scrutinize extracted planar segments by considering panel installation regulations, solar irradiation, roof geometry, and occlusion, which are necessary for a realistic assessment of RPVs potential. All six proposed methods in this thesis were thoroughly evaluated, and the experimental results show that they can successfully achieve the objectives for which they were designed.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
    Download (jpg)
    presentationsbild
  • 40.
    Aslani, Mohammad
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Seipel, Stefan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science. Uppsala universitet.
    A fast instance selection method for support vector machines in building extraction2020In: Applied Soft Computing, ISSN 1568-4946, E-ISSN 1872-9681, Vol. 97, no B, article id 106716Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Training support vector machines (SVMs) for pixel-based feature extraction purposes from aerial images requires selecting representative pixels (instances) as a training dataset. In this research, locality-sensitive hashing (LSH) is adopted for developing a new instance selection method which is referred to as DR.LSH. The intuition of DR.LSH rests on rapidly finding similar and redundant training samples and excluding them from the original dataset. The simple idea of this method alongside its linear computational complexity make it expeditious in coping with massive training data (millions of pixels). DR.LSH is benchmarked against two recently proposed methods on a dataset for building extraction with 23,750,000 samples obtained from the fusion of aerial images and point clouds. The results reveal that DR.LSH outperforms them in terms of both preservation rate and maintaining the generalization ability (classification loss). The source code of DR.LSH can be found in https://github.com/mohaslani/DR.LSH.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 41.
    Aslani, Mohammad
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Seipel, Stefan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science. Uppsala universitet.
    A Spatially Detailed Approach to the Assessment of Rooftop Solar Energy Potential based on LiDAR Data2022In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management - GISTAM, ScitePress , 2022, p. 56-63Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Rooftop solar energy has long been regarded as a promising solution to cities’ growing energy demand and environmental problems. A reliable estimate of rooftop solar energy facilitates the deployment of photovoltaics and helps formulate renewable-related policies. This reliable estimate underpins the necessity of accurately pinpointing the areas utilizable for mounting photovoltaics. The size, shape, and superstructures of rooftops as well as shadow effects are the important factors that have a considerable impact on utilizable areas. In this study, the utilizable areas and solar energy potential of rooftops are estimated by considering the mentioned factors using a three-step methodology. The first step involves training PointNet++, a deep network for object detection in point clouds, to recognize rooftops in LiDAR data. Second, planar segments of rooftops are extracted using clustering. Finally, areas that receive sufficient solar irradiation, have an appropriate size, and fulfill photovoltaic installation requirements are identified using morphological operations and predefined thresholds. The obtained results show high accuracy for rooftop extraction (93%) and plane segmentation (99%). Moreover, the spatially detailed analysis indicates that 17% of rooftop areas are usable for photovoltaics.

  • 42.
    Aslani, Mohammad
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Seipel, Stefan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science. Uppsala universitet.
    Automatic identification of utilizable rooftop areas in digital surface models for photovoltaics potential assessment2022In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 306, article id 118033Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The considerable potential of rooftop photovoltaics (RPVs) for alleviating the high energy demand of cities has made them a proven technology in local energy networks. Identification of rooftop areas suitable for installing RPVs is of importance for energy planning. Having these suitable areas referred to as utilizable areas greatly assists in a reliable estimate of RPVs energy production. Within such a context, this research aims to propose a spatially detailed methodology that involves (a) automatic extraction of buildings footprint, (b) automatic segmentation of roof faces, and (c) automatic identification of utilizable areas of roof faces for solar infrastructure installation. Specifically, the innovations of this work are a new method for roof face segmentation and a new method for the identification of utilizable rooftop areas. The proposed methodology only requires digital surface models (DSMs) as input, and it is independent of other auxiliary spatial data to become more functional. A part of downtown Gothenburg composed of vegetation and high-rise buildings with complex shapes was selected to demonstrate the methodology performance. According to the experimental results, the proposed methodology has a high success rate in building extraction (about 95% correctness and completeness) and roof face segmentation (about 85% completeness and correctness). Additionally, the results suggest that the effects of roof occlusions and roof superstructures are satisfactorily considered in the identification of utilizable rooftop areas. Thus, the methodology is practically effective and relevant for the detailed RPVs assessments in arbitrary urban regions where only DSMs are accessible.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 43.
    Aslani, Mohammad
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Seipel, Stefan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science. Uppsala universitet.
    Efficient and decision boundary aware instance selection for support vector machines2021In: Information Sciences, ISSN 0020-0255, E-ISSN 1872-6291, Vol. 577, p. 579-598Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Support vector machines (SVMs) are powerful classifiers that have high computational complexity in the training phase, which can limit their applicability to large datasets. An effective approach to address this limitation is to select a small subset of the most representative training samples such that desirable results can be obtained. In this study, a novel instance selection method called border point extraction based on locality-sensitive hashing (BPLSH) is designed. BPLSH preserves instances that are near the decision boundaries and eliminates nonessential ones. The performance of BPLSH is benchmarked against four approaches on different classification problems. The experimental results indicate that BPLSH outperforms the other methods in terms of classification accuracy, preservation rate, and execution time. The source code of BPLSH can be found in https://github.com/mohaslani/BPLSH. 

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 44.
    Aslani, Mohammad
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Seipel, Stefan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science. Uppsala universitet.
    Rooftop segmentation and optimization of photovoltaic panel layouts in digital surface models2023In: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, ISSN 0198-9715, E-ISSN 1873-7587, Vol. 105, article id 102026Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Rooftop photovoltaic panels (RPVs) are being increasingly used in urban areas as a promising means of achieving energy sustainability. Determining proper layouts of RPVs that make the best use of rooftop areas is of importance as they have a considerable impact on the RPVs performance in efficiently producing energy. In this study, a new spatial methodology for automatically determining the proper layouts of RPVs is proposed. It aims to both extract planar rooftop segments and identify feasible layouts with the highest number of RPVs in highly irradiated areas. It leverages digital surface models (DSMs) to consider roof shapes and occlusions in placing RPVs. The innovations of the work are twofold: (a) a new method for plane segmentation, and (b) a new method for optimally placing RPVs based on metaheuristic optimization, which best utilizes the limited rooftop areas. The proposed methodology is evaluated on two test sites that differ in urban morphology, building size, and spatial resolution. The results show that the plane segmentation method can accurately extract planar segments, achieving 88.7% and 99.5% precision in the test sites. In addition, the results indicate that complex rooftops are adequately handled for placing RPVs, and overestimation of solar energy potential is avoided if detailed analysis based on panel placement is employed.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 45.
    Aslani, Mohammad
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Seipel, Stefan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Solar Energy Assessment: From Rooftop Extraction to Identifying Utilizable Areas2023In: Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management, 7th International Conference, GISTAM 2021, Virtual Event, April 23–25, 2021, and 8th International Conference, GISTAM 2022, Virtual Event, April 27-29, 2022, Revised Selected Papers / [ed] Grueau, C., Laurini, R., Ragia, L., Springer , 2023, p. 102-115Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Rooftop photovoltaics have been acknowledged as a critical component in cities’ efforts to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels and move towards energy sustainability. Identifying rooftop areas suitable for installing rooftop photovoltaics-referred to as utilizable areas-is essential for effective energy planning and developing policies related to renewable energies. Utilizable areas are greatly affected by the size, shape, superstructures of rooftops, and shadow effects. This study estimates utilizable areas and solar energy potential of rooftops by considering the mentioned factors. First, rooftops are extracted from LiDAR data by training PointNet++, a neural network architecture for processing 3D point clouds. The second step involves extracting planar segments of rooftops using a combination of clustering and region growing. Finally, utilizable areas of planar segments are identified by removing areas that do not have a suitable size and do not receive sufficient solar irradiation. Additionally, in this step, areas reserved for accessibility to photovoltaics are removed. According to the experimental results, the methods have a high success rate in rooftop extraction, plane segmentation, and, consequently, estimating utilizable areas for photovoltaics.

  • 46.
    Asp, Axel
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Johansson, Anton
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Barnkonventionens roll i planeringsprocessen: En studie över svenska kommuners implementering av Barnkonventionen2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study is to investigate and provide a picture of how Swedish municipalities are working to implement the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in their planning process. The study was conductedby sending out a survey to all 290 municipalities in Sweden in order to get an idea of the methods and approaches used by municipalities. The survey resulted in 123 answers which the result of the study then was based on. It was also investigated which of three perspectives on children by the definition of the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (The Children’s perspective, The Children’s rights perspective, and the Child perspective) Swedish municipalities use to give children more influence and participation in their planning process. The study also investigated whether there is a possible difference in the work of municipalities depending on their population size, and its causes. Chi-square tests were used to analyze the municipalities' responses to the questionnaire and to find possible correlations between variables such as the size of the municipality's population and their answers to the questionnaire questions. A possible correlation would show that there is a difference based on the population of the municipality and their progress to implement the CRC. The responses of the municipalities will also be categorized using a UNICEF participation model, in which the municipalities are placed at different levels in the model based on the level of participation by children in the planning process. The results show that Swedish municipalities have made different progress and are working in different ways with the implementation of the CRC. Analyses based on the available data reveal a number of associations between the size of the municipalities' populations and the way in which children's participation in the planning process is handled. Larger municipalities in terms of population give children a more participatory role in their planning, which were shown by the higher level of percentage of child participation in more populated municipalities. While smaller municipalities in terms of population use methods, such as workshops, that give children a greater opportunity to express their views and opinions in a meaningful way. The study shows that the majority of the participating municipalities meet the minimum requirements of the participation model, but there is room for improvement in the approach to children as an important asset in spatial planning. If more municipalities choose to use the Child perspective, municipalities can have an approach that gives children a greater chance to be involved and have their opinions heard, which would then be used as a basis for decisions.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 47.
    Asplund, Adam
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Resiliens i stadsutveckling: En kvalitativ jämförelse mellan teori och kommunal planering2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    We face a number of uncertainties, challenges and risks, known and unknown, many of which are linked to global changes. Urban development must be planned to become sustainable in the long term despite future changes and to succeed, planning must handle uncertainties. The current view of sustainability has resulted in a planning ideal that strives for sustainability as a vision of an ideal structure and design. The research on resilience question this by asking how something static can be sustainable in the face of uncertainties and future changes. The work towards sustainability must focus on increasing the capacity of cities to be resilient. Cities which are resilient have the capacity to adapt to future changes while retaining the same function, structure and identity.

    Näringen is an existing industrial area in Gävle which has been designated suitable for a larger urban development exploitation project. The study aims to investigate how resilience is incorporated into the planning and development process of Näringen. The study compared Gävle municipality's intentions and ambitions for the development of Näringen in relation to theoretical principles for increased resilience in urban environment. The comparison between theory and practice was done through a qualitative content analysis of policy documents and interviews with two officials.

    The findings show that the intentions and ambitions of Gävle municipality in some ways are in line with the principles for increased resilience in cities but miss important aspects within the principles. The municipality strives for novel and innovative ways of planning which the principles for resilience can contribute with. One problem which can lead to reduced sustainability and resilience is that socio-economic prerequisites and conditions are prioritized over natural geographical ones.

    Implementation of the principles in municipal planning is not easily achieved in all situations because the principles in some respects overlap depending on the scale. Gävle Municipality's view of sustainability is also not in line with the approach that the research of resilience advocates, that we all live and operate in complex social-ecological systems. Resilience deals with complex theories and attempts to implement resilience principles without an understanding for the complexity of systems can lead to an unsuccessful outcome. The resilience principle adaptive planning holds the potential for continuous learning about social-ecological systems and is considered the principle that should be prioritized in planning for sustainability through resilience.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 48.
    Astner, Frida
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Ohlsson, Mathilda
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.
    Kajplats för permanentboende på vatten: Vilken lagstiftning tillämpas vid upplåtelsen för boendeformen?2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    To live on a house boat is a housing form that still is establishing on the housing market, but the regulations about this are almost non-existent. You cannot find any legislation regarding living on the water today and there are doubts about what applies for grants of house boats at a berth. The rules about establishment of house boats falls between the “plan- och bygglagen” and the rules of the harbor, which makes it difficult to say which one of the grant agreement that is the most applicable for the property owner and the person who wants to live on the water. To get answers the questions in this thesis interviews were performed with different parties and different cadastral procedures were analyzed regarding water properties. The interviews were completed by phone interviews with a semi structured method and with a few respondents the questions were put through email. In this thesis a few different respondents were asked to answer the questions, this to see different perspectives of the grant of berth. The different respondents that answered the questions were a few contract managers, usufructuary, a real estate agent, a lawyer, a company which produce house boats and a cadastral surveyor. The analysis of the cadastral procedures gave a deeper understanding how property formation on water can be done. The respondents in this thesis perceived the Swedish law as incomplete as the authors of this thesis regarding living on the water. The results show that the law can be applied in different ways depending on which type of housing form it is. The study shows that the best solutions for floating houses should be property formation, that will make the house real property and will make financing of the house possible. When house boats, which are formed like ships, the study shows that the best solutions for this housing form is to apply ground lease in general with the longest grant as possible, which is 25 years. To have ground lease in general as a solution makes it hard for the house boat owners to get a loan.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 49.
    Aula, Lara
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.
    Improvement of Optical Character Recognition on Scanned Historical Documents Using Image Processing2021Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    As an effort to improve accessibility to historical documents, digitization of historical archives has been an ongoing process at many institutions since the origination of Optical Character Recognition. The old, scanned documents can contain deteriorations acquired over time or caused by old printing methods. Common visual attributes seen on the documents are variations in style and font, broken characters, ink intensity, noise levels and damage caused by folding or ripping and more. Many of these attributes are disfavoring for modern Optical Character Recognition tools and can lead to failed character recognition. This study approaches stated problem by using image processing methods to improve the result of character recognition. Furthermore, common image quality characteristics of scanned historical documents with unidentifiable text are analyzed. The Optical Character Recognition tool used to conduct this research was the open-source Tesseract software. Image processing methods like Gaussian lowpass filtering, Otsu’s optimum thresholding method and morphological operations were used to prepare the historical documents for Tesseract. Using the Precision and Recall classification method, the OCR output was evaluated, and it was seen that the recall improved by 63 percentage points and the precision by 18 percentage points. This shows that using image pre-processing methods as an approach to increase the readability of historical documents for Optical Character Recognition tools is effective. Further it was seen that common characteristics that are especially disadvantageous for Tesseract are font deviations, occurrence of non-belonging objects, character fading, broken characters, and Poisson noise.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 50.
    B Carlsson, Carolin
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences.
    Aggregering av indikatorer och aspekter inom BRP+2019Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    BRP+ is a framework created to measure Swedish regional development from a quality of life and sustainability perspective. BRP + is compiled of several thematic areas which respectively include numerous aspects and indicators. To study how the regions have developed over time BRP+ uses an index year five years back in time as reference point. The first BRP+ composite index was released in 2018. This thesis is a decision-analytic review of the aggregation of aspects and indicators in BRP+. Focus lies on how the increase or decrease within one indicator corresponds to the increase or decrease within another indicator and the consequences of changing the reference year used when assessing development over time. This review has been limited to study the thematic area of Civic Engagement and Democratic Participation. The results show that the construction of BRP+ in conjunction with a change of reference year for assessing development over time has an impact on how the increase or decrease within one indicator is valued in relation to the increase or decrease within another indicator and leads to a rank reversal issue. Therefore, decision-makers may find a somewhat limited support from BRP+.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Aggregering av indikatorer och aspekter inom BRP+
    Download (zip)
    Aggregering av indikatorer och aspekter inom BRP+ Addendum (zipped excel)
1234567 1 - 50 of 530
CiteExportLink to result list
Permanent link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • harvard-cite-them-right
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • sv-SE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • de-DE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf