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Transitional patterns when leaving care – Care leavers’ agency in a longitudinal perspective
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Criminology, Social Work.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1155-7416
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Criminology, Social Work.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9985-1432
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Criminology, Social Work.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0295-898x
2020 (English)In: Children and youth services review, ISSN 0190-7409, E-ISSN 1873-7765, Vol. 118, article id 105486Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Based on three waves of semi-structured interviews, this longitudinal qualitative study aims to understand the transition from out-of-home care (OHC; foster care, residential care) to independent adulthood, for a group of Swedish care leavers aged 16–20 years (n = 14). What are the main patterns in their transition process? How is agency reflected in these processes? The first interview (T1) was conducted when they were all still in OHC but on the verge of leaving, the second (T2) when the majority had left care and the third (T3) when they had been out for some time. Average time from T1 to T3 was 21 months, ranging from 17 to 28 months. By directed content analysis and an abductive approach, three transitional patterns were identified: From care to societal insiders, From care to societal outsiders and From care to societal in-betweeners. These patterns were connected to different dimensions of agency. Agency with long-term goals was shown to be connected to a stable transition from care, facilitating the emerging identification as independent “insiders” of society. Agency oriented towards the short term instead seemed to be connected to unstable transitions with a growing perception of being left as “outsiders” of society. Shuttling between those agentic positions, trying to apply long-term agency but experiencing the need for instant and pragmatic decisions, implied a halted transition “in-between” OHC and independent adulthood. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier , 2020. Vol. 118, article id 105486
Keywords [en]
Agency, Leaving care, Longitudinal studies, Transition, Young people
National Category
Social Work
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-34075DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105486ISI: 000580051200117Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85091672294OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-34075DiVA, id: diva2:1474233
Available from: 2020-10-08 Created: 2020-10-08 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Att lämna en placering i samhällsvård: En studie om ungas övergång från samhällsvård till vuxenliv
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Att lämna en placering i samhällsvård: En studie om ungas övergång från samhällsvård till vuxenliv
2022 (Swedish)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The focus in this thesis is young peoples’ (aged 17–20) experiences of leaving out-of-home care (OHC) and making the transition into adulthood. Prior research shows care leavers as a vulnerable group making the transition to adulthood at younger age, in shorter duration and with less support than their peers. The overarching aim is to gain knowledge of how young care leavers experience and handle their transition from OHC to adulthood, and how their experiences and strategies change over time. The study design is longitudinal with three waves of interviews: when still in care (T1), 6–11 months later when most of them had left care (T2) and another 10–19 months later (T3). Article I focuses the informants’ (n=15) expectations for their future and how these are changing over time (T1–T2). The participants’ short term expectations are characterized by worries (T1) and ambivalence (T2) – their long-term expectations are more optimistic (both T1 and T2) and tend to be guided by normative developmental patterns. The aim of article II is to study care leavers’ (n=20) strategies for handling adversities during their OHC transition. The results show that the participants over time (T1–T2) develop externally oriented strategies by navigating towards available resources, and internally oriented reflexive strategies for re-negotiating the meaning of their earlier experiences. Departing from an agency perspective article III focuses care leavers’ (n=14) transitional patterns of leaving care (T1–T3). Three patterns are identified: one stable long-term future oriented, one unstable short-term future oriented and one ambivalent pattern shuttling between long- and short-term future orientations. The aim in article IV is to study occupational trajectories, i.e. care leavers’ (n=14) paths into education and employment from a theoretical framework of agency vs. structure. The results show three ideal types of trajectories where agency is: (1) facilitated by structure, (2) perceived as free from structural constraints, and (3) hindered by structural constraints. The longitudinal design provides an original contribution the field of study by uncovering how care leavers’ expectations for their future is changing during the process of transition, how increasingly successful strategies are developed over time, and how transitional OHC patterns are influenced by the agents’ time horizons as well as by structural forces. A conclusion from the study is that societal support targeting young care leavers is deficient and needs to be developed and strengthened. Furthermore, the transition could be facilitated by extending the duration of the transition process, by including care leavers as active participating agents in the planning process of their passage out from OHC, and by strengthening the maintenance of care leavers’ relationships to supportive members in their formal and informal network. ”Independence” as the ultimate goal for young people leaving OHC is criticized based on the results showing that interdependent relationships to significant others is an integrated part of care leavers’ perception of adult life.

Abstract [sv]

Avhandlingen handlar om ungdomars (17–20 år) erfarenheter av att lämna samhällsvård och göra sin övergång till vuxenlivet. Tidigare forskning visar att dessa ungdomar är en sårbar grupp där övergången till vuxenlivet sker vid lägre ålder, under kortare tid och med mindre stöd än för andra jämnåriga. Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att få kunskap om hur ungdomar själva upplever och hanterar övergången från samhällsvård till vuxenliv, samt hur deras upplevelser av och strategier för att hantera övergången förändras över tid. Studien är longitudinell med tre intervjufaser: den första i samhällsvård men där utflytt planeras (T1), den andra 6–11 månader senare då de flesta lämnat samhällsvården (T2) och den tredje ytterligare 10–19 månader senare (T3). I artikel I studeras ungdomarnas (n=15) framtidsförväntningar och hur de förändras över tid (T1–T2). Förväntningarna på kort sikt präglas av oro (T1) och ambivalens (T2) – på längre sikt är de mer optimistiska (både vid T1 och T2) och tenderar att följa normativa utvecklingsmönster. I artikel II studeras vilka strategier ungdomarna (n=20) använder för att handskas med svårigheter under övergången från samhällsvården. Resultaten visar att de från T1 till T2 utvecklar strategier där de navigerar med syfte att få tillgång till externa tillgängliga resurser, och reflexiva strategier där de omförhandlar betydelsen av sina tidigare erfarenheter. Med utgångspunkt från ett aktörsperspektiv studeras i artikel III ungdomarnas (n=14) övergångsmönster (T1– T3) för ungdomarnas utflytt från samhällsvården. Tre övergångsmönster identifieras: ett stabilt långsiktigt, ett instabilt kortsiktigt samt ett ambivalent med både kort- och långsiktigt agerande. Artikel IV fokuserar ungdomarnas (n=14) vägar från samhällsvård till sysselsättning i spänningsfältet mellan aktörskap och struktur. Resultaten visar tre idealtypiska trajektorier: en där strukturen möjliggör och underlättar aktörskap, en där aktörskapet upplevs oberoende av strukturella möjligheter eller hinder och en där aktörskapet begränsas av såväl strukturella som individuella hinder. Resultaten från den longitudinella studien skapar ny kunskap om hur framtidsförväntningarna förändras under transitionsprocessen, om hur framgångsrika strategier bland ungdomarna utvecklas över tid och om hur övergångsmönster påverkas av aktörernas tidshorisont samt av strukturella hinder och möjligheter. Övergripande slutsatser från studien är att dagens samhällsstöd behöver utvecklas, att övergången från samhällsvård blir mer gynnsam om den förlängs och sker över längre tid, om ungdomarna görs delaktiga i planeringen av sin egen utflytt samt stärks i att odla och bibehålla stödjande relationer i deras formella och informella nätverk. ”Självständighet” som ett mål för övergången från samhällsvård kritiseras utifrån resultaten som visar att ungdomarnas uppfattning att vuxenlivet inbegriper ett ömsesidigt beroende av viktiga mellanmänskliga relationer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2022. p. 69
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 27
Keywords
societal care, out-of-home care, youths, transitions, leaving care, care leavers, foster care, residential care, life course perspective, samhällsvård, placering, dygnsvård, ungdomar, transitioner, övergångar, familjehem, HVB, livsloppsperspektiv
National Category
Social Work
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-37514 (URN)978-91-88145-83-3 (ISBN)978-91-88145-84-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-02-25, Krusenstjernasalen (23:213), Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 10:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-02-04 Created: 2021-12-13 Last updated: 2025-10-02

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Bengtsson, MattiasSjöblom, YvonneÖberg, Peter

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