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Are return to work beliefs, psychological well-being and perceived health related to return-to-work intentions among women on long-term sick leave for common mental disorders? A cross-sectional study based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4676-9010
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1864-5777
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational Health Science and Psychology, Psychology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0915-6426
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1969-0163
2021 (English)In: BMC Public Health, E-ISSN 1471-2458, Vol. 21, no 1, article id 535Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Long-term sick leave due to common mental disorders (CMDs) is a great burden in several countries. Women are more likely to be affected by CMDs. A strong intention to return to work (RTW) as well as symptom relief may facilitate RTW in this group. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding what constitutes a strong intention. The Theory of Planned Behaviour is well-suited to identifying underlying beliefs about intentions to perform a behaviour. By including psychological well-being and perceived health, a more comprehensive picture of determinants of RTW intention might be achieved. Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify associations between RTW beliefs, psychological well-being, perceived health and RTW intentions among women on long-term sick leave due to CMDs, and to do so based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour.

Methods: The study was cross-sectional. Between October 2019 and January 2020, 282 women on long-term sick leave (>2 months) due to CMDs were included in the study. The questionnaires for data collection were: “RTW Beliefs Among Women-Questionnaire”, the “General Health Questionnaire -12” and the “EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale”. Standard multiple regression analysis was performed both with and without adjustment for potential confounders.

Results: The results showed that more positive attitude towards RTW, stronger social pressure to RTW, higher perceived control over RTW and higher psychological well-being were associated with stronger RTW intention. The adjusted analysis eliminated the importance of psychological well-being for RTW intention, but showed that women who reported that their employer had taken actions to facilitate their RTW had stronger RTW intention. 

Conclusion: The RTW beliefs, derived from the Theory of Planned Behaviour, were all important for a strong RTW intention, while psychological well-being and perceived health showed weaker associations. Furthermore, having an employer that take actions for facilitating RTW was associated with stronger RTW intentions. Though some caution is warranted regarding the representativeness of the sample, the results do improve our understanding of some important determinants of RTW intention among women on long-term sick leave for CMDs. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer , 2021. Vol. 21, no 1, article id 535
Keywords [en]
Beliefs, Common mental disorders, Long-term sick leave, Return to work, Women
National Category
Health Sciences
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-34726DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10562-wISI: 000631559800004PubMedID: 33740921Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85102831363OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-34726DiVA, id: diva2:1518389
Available from: 2021-01-15 Created: 2021-01-15 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Return to work after long-term sick leave for common mental disorders: Women’s beliefs, intentions, health and psychological well-being
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Return to work after long-term sick leave for common mental disorders: Women’s beliefs, intentions, health and psychological well-being
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Long-term sick leaves due to common mental disorders (CMDs)are common in Sweden today, especially among women. Return-to-work (RTW) support usually includes work-related factors and treatment for the CMD. Despite this, the way back to work is often long with an increased risk of relapse into sick leave afterwards. The overall aim of this thesis was to generate knowledge about women’s RTW after long-term sick leave for CMDs by investigating their beliefs, intentions, perceived health and psychological wellbeing.

Methods: Study I reported on the development and psychometric evaluation of the RTW Beliefs Questionnaire based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). It contain items about attitude towards, social pressure to, perceived behavioural control over, and intentions to RTW. Study II was a cross-sectional study investigating determinants (RTW beliefs and perceived health) of RTW intentions. Study III was a 1-year follow-up investigating predictors of RTW and psychological well-being. Study IV was a qualitative study describing women’s health and psychological well-being in the RTW process from women’s and first-line managers’ perspectives.

Results: Beliefs about RTW mainly concerned health, psychological well-being, the work situation and relations in private life. The RTW Beliefs Questionnaire showed varied psychometric qualities and a distinct division between work and private life. Women with a more positive attitude, stronger social pressure and higher perceived behavioural control had stronger RTW intentions. The follow-up showed that the only predictor of having RTW one year later was stronger RTW intentions at baseline. However, these intentions were not associated with higher psychological well-being. In the qualitative study, women’s health and psychological well-being were described to be dependent on the individual characteristics of the women themselves, their private life, work and RTW stakeholders.

Conclusions: Women’s RTW after long-term sick leave for CMDs concerned three core aspects: Private-, personal- and work-related. It is important that RTW is compatible with good health and high psychological well-being and that health promotion continue after the end of sick leave. Future studies in the area should consider private life aspects in addition to personal- and work-related aspects.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Långtidssjukskrivningar för psykisk ohälsa är vanliga i Sverige idag, särskilt hos kvinnor. Stöd i återgången till arbete inkluderar vanligtvis arbetsrelaterade faktorer och behandling för psykisk ohälsa. Trots detta är vägen tillbaka till arbete ofta lång med en ökad risk för återfall i sjukskrivning efteråt. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att generera kunskap om kvinnors återgång i arbete efter långtidssjukskrivning för psykisk ohälsa genom att undersöka deras föreställningar, intentioner, upplevda hälsa och psykiska välbefinnande.

Metod: Studie I beskrev utvecklingen och psykometrisk utvärdering av RTW Beliefs Questionnaire baserat på Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Det innehåller frågor om attityd till-, social press till-, upplevd kontroll över- och intention till att återgå i arbete. Studie II var en tvärsnittsstudie som undersökte faktorer (föreställningar om att återgå och upplevd hälsa) relaterade till intentionen att återgå. Studie III var en 1-årsuppföljning som undersökte prediktorer för återgång och psykiskt välbefinnande. Studie IV var en kvalitativ studie som beskrev kvinnors hälsa och psykiska välbefinnande under återgångsprocessen ur kvinnornas och första linjens chefers perspektiv.

Resultat: Föreställningar om återgången gällde främst hälsa, psykiskt välbefinnande, arbetssituationen och relationer i privatlivet. RTW Beliefs Questionnaire visade på olika psykometriska egenskaper och en distinkt uppdelning mellan arbete och privatliv. Kvinnor med en mer positiv attityd, starkare social press och högre upplevd kontroll hade starkare intention till att återgå. Uppföljningen visade att den enda prediktorn för återgång ett år senare var starkare intention vid baslinjen. Denna intention var dock inte associerat med ett högre psykiskt välbefinnande. I den kvalitativa studien beskrevs kvinnors hälsa och psykiska välbefinnande vara beroende av kvinnornas individuella egenskaper, deras privatliv, arbete och samhällsaktörer.

Slutsatser: Kvinnors återgång efter långtidssjukskrivning för psykisk ohälsa rörde tre kärnaspekter: Privata, personliga och arbetsrelaterade. Det är viktigt att återgången är förenlig med en god hälsa och högt psykiskt välbefinnande och att främjandet av hälsa fortsätter även efter att sjukskrivningen har avslutats. Framtida studier inom området bör ta hänsyn till privatlivsaspekter utöver personliga och arbetsrelaterade.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2024. p. 82
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 41
Keywords
Beliefs, Common mental disorders, First-line managers, Health, Intentions, Long-term sick leave, Psychological well-being, Return to work, Women, Föreställningar, Första linjens chefer, Hälsa, Intention, Kvinnor, Långtidssjukskrivning, Psykisk ohälsa, Psykiskt välbefinnande, Återgång till arbete
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work, Inkluderande arbetsliv
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-43469 (URN)978-91-89593-21-3 (ISBN)978-91-89593-22-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-03-08, 99:132, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-02-14 Created: 2024-01-03 Last updated: 2025-10-02

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Hedlund, ÅsaKristofferzon, Marja-LeenaBoman, EvaNilsson, Annika

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