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Att lämna en placering i samhällsvård: En studie om ungas övergång från samhällsvård till vuxenliv
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Criminology, Social Work.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1155-7416
2022 (Swedish)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Description
Abstract [en]

The focus in this thesis is young peoples’ (aged 17–20) experiences of leaving out-of-home care (OHC) and making the transition into adulthood. Prior research shows care leavers as a vulnerable group making the transition to adulthood at younger age, in shorter duration and with less support than their peers. The overarching aim is to gain knowledge of how young care leavers experience and handle their transition from OHC to adulthood, and how their experiences and strategies change over time. The study design is longitudinal with three waves of interviews: when still in care (T1), 6–11 months later when most of them had left care (T2) and another 10–19 months later (T3). Article I focuses the informants’ (n=15) expectations for their future and how these are changing over time (T1–T2). The participants’ short term expectations are characterized by worries (T1) and ambivalence (T2) – their long-term expectations are more optimistic (both T1 and T2) and tend to be guided by normative developmental patterns. The aim of article II is to study care leavers’ (n=20) strategies for handling adversities during their OHC transition. The results show that the participants over time (T1–T2) develop externally oriented strategies by navigating towards available resources, and internally oriented reflexive strategies for re-negotiating the meaning of their earlier experiences. Departing from an agency perspective article III focuses care leavers’ (n=14) transitional patterns of leaving care (T1–T3). Three patterns are identified: one stable long-term future oriented, one unstable short-term future oriented and one ambivalent pattern shuttling between long- and short-term future orientations. The aim in article IV is to study occupational trajectories, i.e. care leavers’ (n=14) paths into education and employment from a theoretical framework of agency vs. structure. The results show three ideal types of trajectories where agency is: (1) facilitated by structure, (2) perceived as free from structural constraints, and (3) hindered by structural constraints. The longitudinal design provides an original contribution the field of study by uncovering how care leavers’ expectations for their future is changing during the process of transition, how increasingly successful strategies are developed over time, and how transitional OHC patterns are influenced by the agents’ time horizons as well as by structural forces. A conclusion from the study is that societal support targeting young care leavers is deficient and needs to be developed and strengthened. Furthermore, the transition could be facilitated by extending the duration of the transition process, by including care leavers as active participating agents in the planning process of their passage out from OHC, and by strengthening the maintenance of care leavers’ relationships to supportive members in their formal and informal network. ”Independence” as the ultimate goal for young people leaving OHC is criticized based on the results showing that interdependent relationships to significant others is an integrated part of care leavers’ perception of adult life.

Abstract [sv]

Avhandlingen handlar om ungdomars (17–20 år) erfarenheter av att lämna samhällsvård och göra sin övergång till vuxenlivet. Tidigare forskning visar att dessa ungdomar är en sårbar grupp där övergången till vuxenlivet sker vid lägre ålder, under kortare tid och med mindre stöd än för andra jämnåriga. Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att få kunskap om hur ungdomar själva upplever och hanterar övergången från samhällsvård till vuxenliv, samt hur deras upplevelser av och strategier för att hantera övergången förändras över tid. Studien är longitudinell med tre intervjufaser: den första i samhällsvård men där utflytt planeras (T1), den andra 6–11 månader senare då de flesta lämnat samhällsvården (T2) och den tredje ytterligare 10–19 månader senare (T3). I artikel I studeras ungdomarnas (n=15) framtidsförväntningar och hur de förändras över tid (T1–T2). Förväntningarna på kort sikt präglas av oro (T1) och ambivalens (T2) – på längre sikt är de mer optimistiska (både vid T1 och T2) och tenderar att följa normativa utvecklingsmönster. I artikel II studeras vilka strategier ungdomarna (n=20) använder för att handskas med svårigheter under övergången från samhällsvården. Resultaten visar att de från T1 till T2 utvecklar strategier där de navigerar med syfte att få tillgång till externa tillgängliga resurser, och reflexiva strategier där de omförhandlar betydelsen av sina tidigare erfarenheter. Med utgångspunkt från ett aktörsperspektiv studeras i artikel III ungdomarnas (n=14) övergångsmönster (T1– T3) för ungdomarnas utflytt från samhällsvården. Tre övergångsmönster identifieras: ett stabilt långsiktigt, ett instabilt kortsiktigt samt ett ambivalent med både kort- och långsiktigt agerande. Artikel IV fokuserar ungdomarnas (n=14) vägar från samhällsvård till sysselsättning i spänningsfältet mellan aktörskap och struktur. Resultaten visar tre idealtypiska trajektorier: en där strukturen möjliggör och underlättar aktörskap, en där aktörskapet upplevs oberoende av strukturella möjligheter eller hinder och en där aktörskapet begränsas av såväl strukturella som individuella hinder. Resultaten från den longitudinella studien skapar ny kunskap om hur framtidsförväntningarna förändras under transitionsprocessen, om hur framgångsrika strategier bland ungdomarna utvecklas över tid och om hur övergångsmönster påverkas av aktörernas tidshorisont samt av strukturella hinder och möjligheter. Övergripande slutsatser från studien är att dagens samhällsstöd behöver utvecklas, att övergången från samhällsvård blir mer gynnsam om den förlängs och sker över längre tid, om ungdomarna görs delaktiga i planeringen av sin egen utflytt samt stärks i att odla och bibehålla stödjande relationer i deras formella och informella nätverk. ”Självständighet” som ett mål för övergången från samhällsvård kritiseras utifrån resultaten som visar att ungdomarnas uppfattning att vuxenlivet inbegriper ett ömsesidigt beroende av viktiga mellanmänskliga relationer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press , 2022. , p. 69
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 27
Keywords [en]
societal care, out-of-home care, youths, transitions, leaving care, care leavers, foster care, residential care, life course perspective
Keywords [sv]
samhällsvård, placering, dygnsvård, ungdomar, transitioner, övergångar, familjehem, HVB, livsloppsperspektiv
National Category
Social Work
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-37514ISBN: 978-91-88145-83-3 (print)ISBN: 978-91-88145-84-0 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-37514DiVA, id: diva2:1619248
Public defence
2022-02-25, Krusenstjernasalen (23:213), Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 10:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-02-04 Created: 2021-12-13 Last updated: 2025-10-02
List of papers
1. Young care leavers’ expectations of their future: A question of time horizon
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Young care leavers’ expectations of their future: A question of time horizon
2018 (English)In: Child & Family Social Work, ISSN 1356-7500, E-ISSN 1365-2206, Vol. 23, no 2, p. 188-195Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper investigates young care leavers’ expectations of their future after discharge from care. The results are based on qualitative longitudinal data where 16- to 21-year-old care leavers (n = 15) were interviewed twice, first when still in care but planning for their discharge (T1) and the second time 6–9 months later (T2). The analysis using a general inductive approach showed that their expectations were dependent on the time horizon and that there was an obvious difference between the young informants’ short- and long-term expectations. Their short-term expectations consisted of worries connected to their approaching discharge (at T1) and how to cope with challenges of everyday life after discharge from care (at T2). These results seem to echo negative outcomes shown in previous quantitative research. However, the informants’ long-term expectations provide a different picture, being mainly positive in both interviews (T1 and T2). The results are discussed from a life course perspective, where the informants’ visions of their future are framed and understood in terms of the different stages of their transition process.

Keywords
adolescence, foster care, leaving care, residential care, young people (well-being of in care)
National Category
Social Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-25356 (URN)10.1111/cfs.12399 (DOI)000430665900007 ()2-s2.0-85045758513 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2017-10-04 Created: 2017-10-04 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
2. ‘Well, it’s up to me now’ – young care leavers’ strategies for handling adversities when leaving out-of-home care in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>‘Well, it’s up to me now’ – young care leavers’ strategies for handling adversities when leaving out-of-home care in Sweden
2018 (English)In: Nordic Social Work Research, ISSN 2156-857X, E-ISSN 2156-8588, Vol. 8, no sup 1Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This qualitative longitudinal study of 20 young Swedish care leavers investigates their subjective experience of and strategies for handling adversities when being in the process of leaving out-of-home care. The empirical data is based on two sets of interviews, the first conducted at time 1 (T1) when they were still in care but the moving out process had begun, the second (T2) 6-10 months later when the vast majority had left care. The thematic analysis based on resilience theory showed that the majority of the informants over time developed process-oriented strategies, which in our categorization emanated either from the inner world of the informants (e.g. through re-framing of experiences and an emerging self-reliance) or from their outer contextual world (e.g. through a restructuring of the social network). The results are discussed from a resilience theoretical perspective in which the informants' strategies are illustrated by the conceptual pair of 'navigation' and 'negotiation', used to make sense of their inner and outer world-oriented strategies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Routledge, 2018
Keywords
Leaving care; longitudinal studies; resilience; young people; handling adversities
National Category
Social Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26112 (URN)10.1080/2156857X.2018.1428673 (DOI)
Available from: 2018-02-07 Created: 2018-02-07 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
3. Transitional patterns when leaving care – Care leavers’ agency in a longitudinal perspective
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Transitional patterns when leaving care – Care leavers’ agency in a longitudinal perspective
2020 (English)In: Children and youth services review, ISSN 0190-7409, E-ISSN 1873-7765, Vol. 118, article id 105486Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Based on three waves of semi-structured interviews, this longitudinal qualitative study aims to understand the transition from out-of-home care (OHC; foster care, residential care) to independent adulthood, for a group of Swedish care leavers aged 16–20 years (n = 14). What are the main patterns in their transition process? How is agency reflected in these processes? The first interview (T1) was conducted when they were all still in OHC but on the verge of leaving, the second (T2) when the majority had left care and the third (T3) when they had been out for some time. Average time from T1 to T3 was 21 months, ranging from 17 to 28 months. By directed content analysis and an abductive approach, three transitional patterns were identified: From care to societal insiders, From care to societal outsiders and From care to societal in-betweeners. These patterns were connected to different dimensions of agency. Agency with long-term goals was shown to be connected to a stable transition from care, facilitating the emerging identification as independent “insiders” of society. Agency oriented towards the short term instead seemed to be connected to unstable transitions with a growing perception of being left as “outsiders” of society. Shuttling between those agentic positions, trying to apply long-term agency but experiencing the need for instant and pragmatic decisions, implied a halted transition “in-between” OHC and independent adulthood. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
Keywords
Agency, Leaving care, Longitudinal studies, Transition, Young people
National Category
Social Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-34075 (URN)10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105486 (DOI)000580051200117 ()2-s2.0-85091672294 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2020-10-08 Created: 2020-10-08 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
4. Teaming up or struggling alone from care to occupation – A study of young Swedish care leavers’ occupational trajectories
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Teaming up or struggling alone from care to occupation – A study of young Swedish care leavers’ occupational trajectories
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Employment is crucial for independence and integration into society, but few studies have focused on care leavers’ own experiences of the transition to working life. This study presents longitudinal data on 14 young Swedish care leavers’ occupational trajectories from out-of-home care (OHC) towards working life. The first interview (T1) was conducted when the respondents were still in OHC but on the verge of leaving care, the second (T2) when the majority had left care, and the third (T3) when they had been out of care for some time. The aim was to study occupational trajectories from out-of-home care among young Swedish care leavers. What are the main features of their trajectories? How do they handle this transition? The thematic analysis generated three different occupational trajectories, recognized as “teamwork,” “lone wolf,” and “tug-of-war.” The theoretical concepts of structure and agency were used to understand these trajectories over time. “Agency enabled by structure” outlined the teamwork trajectory and seemed to imply a successful pathway towards working life. The lone wolf trajectory represented “agency perceived as free from structural constraint” and meant a successful “self-made” trajectory, however, at the expense of vulnerability, and the tug-of-war trajectory represented “agency hindered by structural constraint” as well as individual adversities. 

Keywords
leaving care, out-of-home care, residential care, foster care, life course, youth, unemployyment
National Category
Other Social Sciences
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-37513 (URN)
Available from: 2021-12-13 Created: 2021-12-13 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved

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