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Development and psychometric evaluation of a theory-based questionnaire measuring women’s return-to-work beliefs after long-term sick leave for common mental disorders
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4676-9010
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational Health Science and Psychology, Psychology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0915-6426
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1864-5777
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1969-0163
2023 (English)In: Work: A journal of Prevention, Assessment and rehabilitation, ISSN 1051-9815, E-ISSN 1875-9270, Vol. 76, no 1, p. 109-124Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Common mental disorders (CMDs) are currently a major cause of long-term sick leave, with women being the most affected.Objective: Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), we aimed to describe the development and psychometric evaluation of a new questionnaire to measure women's beliefs about return to work (RTW) after long-term sick leave for CMDs.Methods: Data were collected in central Sweden from women on long-term sick leave(2–24 months) for CMDs. The questionnaire was developed by conducting an elicitation study with 20 women and included direct and indirect measures. Subsequently, 282 women participated in a psychometric evaluation and 35 of them in a test-retest procedure. Psychometric properties were evaluated by determining reliability (internal consistency [Cronbach’s alpha] and test-retest stability [intraclasscorrelation coefficient]), construct validity (exploratory factor analysis) and content validity. Results: The development resulted in 60 questionnaire items. Content validity assessment showed that the women overall found it easy to complete the questionnaire. Reliability analyses showed satisfactory results for direct and indirect measures, with a few exceptions. Factor analyses of the indirect scales showed that items were generally in line with the TPB, but that items related to life as a whole/personal life and items related to work separated into two different factors. Conclusions: The questionnaire, called the RTW Beliefs Questionnaire, showed promising results and can among women with CMDs considered useful, especially scales for direct measures. This questionnaire gives the opportunity to identify new potential predictors for RTW.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IOS Press , 2023. Vol. 76, no 1, p. 109-124
Keywords [en]
Mental health recovery, Psychological Theory, Psychometrics, Rehabilitation
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-40320DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220301ISI: 001067722700009PubMedID: 36806536Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85171600222OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-40320DiVA, id: diva2:1707128
Available from: 2022-10-29 Created: 2022-10-29 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Return to work after long-term sick leave for common mental disorders: Women’s beliefs, intentions, health and psychological well-being
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Return to work after long-term sick leave for common mental disorders: Women’s beliefs, intentions, health and psychological well-being
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Long-term sick leaves due to common mental disorders (CMDs)are common in Sweden today, especially among women. Return-to-work (RTW) support usually includes work-related factors and treatment for the CMD. Despite this, the way back to work is often long with an increased risk of relapse into sick leave afterwards. The overall aim of this thesis was to generate knowledge about women’s RTW after long-term sick leave for CMDs by investigating their beliefs, intentions, perceived health and psychological wellbeing.

Methods: Study I reported on the development and psychometric evaluation of the RTW Beliefs Questionnaire based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). It contain items about attitude towards, social pressure to, perceived behavioural control over, and intentions to RTW. Study II was a cross-sectional study investigating determinants (RTW beliefs and perceived health) of RTW intentions. Study III was a 1-year follow-up investigating predictors of RTW and psychological well-being. Study IV was a qualitative study describing women’s health and psychological well-being in the RTW process from women’s and first-line managers’ perspectives.

Results: Beliefs about RTW mainly concerned health, psychological well-being, the work situation and relations in private life. The RTW Beliefs Questionnaire showed varied psychometric qualities and a distinct division between work and private life. Women with a more positive attitude, stronger social pressure and higher perceived behavioural control had stronger RTW intentions. The follow-up showed that the only predictor of having RTW one year later was stronger RTW intentions at baseline. However, these intentions were not associated with higher psychological well-being. In the qualitative study, women’s health and psychological well-being were described to be dependent on the individual characteristics of the women themselves, their private life, work and RTW stakeholders.

Conclusions: Women’s RTW after long-term sick leave for CMDs concerned three core aspects: Private-, personal- and work-related. It is important that RTW is compatible with good health and high psychological well-being and that health promotion continue after the end of sick leave. Future studies in the area should consider private life aspects in addition to personal- and work-related aspects.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Långtidssjukskrivningar för psykisk ohälsa är vanliga i Sverige idag, särskilt hos kvinnor. Stöd i återgången till arbete inkluderar vanligtvis arbetsrelaterade faktorer och behandling för psykisk ohälsa. Trots detta är vägen tillbaka till arbete ofta lång med en ökad risk för återfall i sjukskrivning efteråt. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att generera kunskap om kvinnors återgång i arbete efter långtidssjukskrivning för psykisk ohälsa genom att undersöka deras föreställningar, intentioner, upplevda hälsa och psykiska välbefinnande.

Metod: Studie I beskrev utvecklingen och psykometrisk utvärdering av RTW Beliefs Questionnaire baserat på Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Det innehåller frågor om attityd till-, social press till-, upplevd kontroll över- och intention till att återgå i arbete. Studie II var en tvärsnittsstudie som undersökte faktorer (föreställningar om att återgå och upplevd hälsa) relaterade till intentionen att återgå. Studie III var en 1-årsuppföljning som undersökte prediktorer för återgång och psykiskt välbefinnande. Studie IV var en kvalitativ studie som beskrev kvinnors hälsa och psykiska välbefinnande under återgångsprocessen ur kvinnornas och första linjens chefers perspektiv.

Resultat: Föreställningar om återgången gällde främst hälsa, psykiskt välbefinnande, arbetssituationen och relationer i privatlivet. RTW Beliefs Questionnaire visade på olika psykometriska egenskaper och en distinkt uppdelning mellan arbete och privatliv. Kvinnor med en mer positiv attityd, starkare social press och högre upplevd kontroll hade starkare intention till att återgå. Uppföljningen visade att den enda prediktorn för återgång ett år senare var starkare intention vid baslinjen. Denna intention var dock inte associerat med ett högre psykiskt välbefinnande. I den kvalitativa studien beskrevs kvinnors hälsa och psykiska välbefinnande vara beroende av kvinnornas individuella egenskaper, deras privatliv, arbete och samhällsaktörer.

Slutsatser: Kvinnors återgång efter långtidssjukskrivning för psykisk ohälsa rörde tre kärnaspekter: Privata, personliga och arbetsrelaterade. Det är viktigt att återgången är förenlig med en god hälsa och högt psykiskt välbefinnande och att främjandet av hälsa fortsätter även efter att sjukskrivningen har avslutats. Framtida studier inom området bör ta hänsyn till privatlivsaspekter utöver personliga och arbetsrelaterade.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2024. p. 82
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 41
Keywords
Beliefs, Common mental disorders, First-line managers, Health, Intentions, Long-term sick leave, Psychological well-being, Return to work, Women, Föreställningar, Första linjens chefer, Hälsa, Intention, Kvinnor, Långtidssjukskrivning, Psykisk ohälsa, Psykiskt välbefinnande, Återgång till arbete
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work, Inkluderande arbetsliv
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-43469 (URN)978-91-89593-21-3 (ISBN)978-91-89593-22-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-03-08, 99:132, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-02-14 Created: 2024-01-03 Last updated: 2025-10-02

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Hedlund, ÅsaBoman, EvaKristofferzon, Marja-LeenaNilsson, Annika

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