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Women’s health and psychological well-being in the return-to-work process after long-term sick leave for common mental disorders: Women’s and first-line managers' perspectives
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4676-9010
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1864-5777
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational Health, Psychology and Sports Sciences, Psychology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0915-6426
Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1218-775X
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2024 (English)In: BMC Public Health, E-ISSN 1471-2458, Vol. 24, article id 2834Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background and aim

Common mental disorders are common reasons for long-term sick leave, especially among women. Return to work is often complex and unsuccessful, why more knowledge is needed regarding women’s health and psychological well-being in the return-to-work process. Therefore, the aim was to describe women’s health and psychological well-being in the return-to-work process, from women’s and first-line managers’ perspectives.

Methods

Individual interviews were conducted with 17 women and 16 first-line managers. Qualitative content analysis was performed based on the content areas “Women’s health (i.e. overall well-being, both physical and psychological) throughout the whole RTW process” and “Women’s psychological well-being (happiness, meaning and a sense of being significant) at work after work resumption” Themes and categories were created.

Results

Women and managers had similar descriptions, i.e. that women’s health and psychological well-being depend on the individual characteristics of women themselves, their private life, work and other stakeholders. However, women described relational work tasks (e.g. meeting patients) as beneficial for health, and highlighted small stressors in the work environment, which the managers did not. Having work that was compatible with private life, being in good health, having stimulating work tasks and strengthening relationships at work were important for the women’s psychological well-being.

Conclusions

Based on women’s and first-line managers experiences, promotion of women’s health and psychological well-being during the return-to-work process requires individually adapted assessments and actions involving women’s entire life situation. First-line managers should know that relational work tasks (e.g., meeting patients) can be beneficial for women’s health as well as that minor stressor in the work environment can put their health at risk.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer , 2024. Vol. 24, article id 2834
Keywords [en]
Common mental disorders, First-line managers, Health, Psychological well-being, Return to work, Women
National Category
Health Sciences
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work, Inkluderande arbetsliv
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-43470DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-20350-xISI: 001333597600001PubMedID: 39407212Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85206550138OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-43470DiVA, id: diva2:1820393
Available from: 2023-12-18 Created: 2023-12-18 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Return to work after long-term sick leave for common mental disorders: Women’s beliefs, intentions, health and psychological well-being
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Return to work after long-term sick leave for common mental disorders: Women’s beliefs, intentions, health and psychological well-being
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Long-term sick leaves due to common mental disorders (CMDs)are common in Sweden today, especially among women. Return-to-work (RTW) support usually includes work-related factors and treatment for the CMD. Despite this, the way back to work is often long with an increased risk of relapse into sick leave afterwards. The overall aim of this thesis was to generate knowledge about women’s RTW after long-term sick leave for CMDs by investigating their beliefs, intentions, perceived health and psychological wellbeing.

Methods: Study I reported on the development and psychometric evaluation of the RTW Beliefs Questionnaire based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). It contain items about attitude towards, social pressure to, perceived behavioural control over, and intentions to RTW. Study II was a cross-sectional study investigating determinants (RTW beliefs and perceived health) of RTW intentions. Study III was a 1-year follow-up investigating predictors of RTW and psychological well-being. Study IV was a qualitative study describing women’s health and psychological well-being in the RTW process from women’s and first-line managers’ perspectives.

Results: Beliefs about RTW mainly concerned health, psychological well-being, the work situation and relations in private life. The RTW Beliefs Questionnaire showed varied psychometric qualities and a distinct division between work and private life. Women with a more positive attitude, stronger social pressure and higher perceived behavioural control had stronger RTW intentions. The follow-up showed that the only predictor of having RTW one year later was stronger RTW intentions at baseline. However, these intentions were not associated with higher psychological well-being. In the qualitative study, women’s health and psychological well-being were described to be dependent on the individual characteristics of the women themselves, their private life, work and RTW stakeholders.

Conclusions: Women’s RTW after long-term sick leave for CMDs concerned three core aspects: Private-, personal- and work-related. It is important that RTW is compatible with good health and high psychological well-being and that health promotion continue after the end of sick leave. Future studies in the area should consider private life aspects in addition to personal- and work-related aspects.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Långtidssjukskrivningar för psykisk ohälsa är vanliga i Sverige idag, särskilt hos kvinnor. Stöd i återgången till arbete inkluderar vanligtvis arbetsrelaterade faktorer och behandling för psykisk ohälsa. Trots detta är vägen tillbaka till arbete ofta lång med en ökad risk för återfall i sjukskrivning efteråt. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att generera kunskap om kvinnors återgång i arbete efter långtidssjukskrivning för psykisk ohälsa genom att undersöka deras föreställningar, intentioner, upplevda hälsa och psykiska välbefinnande.

Metod: Studie I beskrev utvecklingen och psykometrisk utvärdering av RTW Beliefs Questionnaire baserat på Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Det innehåller frågor om attityd till-, social press till-, upplevd kontroll över- och intention till att återgå i arbete. Studie II var en tvärsnittsstudie som undersökte faktorer (föreställningar om att återgå och upplevd hälsa) relaterade till intentionen att återgå. Studie III var en 1-årsuppföljning som undersökte prediktorer för återgång och psykiskt välbefinnande. Studie IV var en kvalitativ studie som beskrev kvinnors hälsa och psykiska välbefinnande under återgångsprocessen ur kvinnornas och första linjens chefers perspektiv.

Resultat: Föreställningar om återgången gällde främst hälsa, psykiskt välbefinnande, arbetssituationen och relationer i privatlivet. RTW Beliefs Questionnaire visade på olika psykometriska egenskaper och en distinkt uppdelning mellan arbete och privatliv. Kvinnor med en mer positiv attityd, starkare social press och högre upplevd kontroll hade starkare intention till att återgå. Uppföljningen visade att den enda prediktorn för återgång ett år senare var starkare intention vid baslinjen. Denna intention var dock inte associerat med ett högre psykiskt välbefinnande. I den kvalitativa studien beskrevs kvinnors hälsa och psykiska välbefinnande vara beroende av kvinnornas individuella egenskaper, deras privatliv, arbete och samhällsaktörer.

Slutsatser: Kvinnors återgång efter långtidssjukskrivning för psykisk ohälsa rörde tre kärnaspekter: Privata, personliga och arbetsrelaterade. Det är viktigt att återgången är förenlig med en god hälsa och högt psykiskt välbefinnande och att främjandet av hälsa fortsätter även efter att sjukskrivningen har avslutats. Framtida studier inom området bör ta hänsyn till privatlivsaspekter utöver personliga och arbetsrelaterade.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2024. p. 82
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 41
Keywords
Beliefs, Common mental disorders, First-line managers, Health, Intentions, Long-term sick leave, Psychological well-being, Return to work, Women, Föreställningar, Första linjens chefer, Hälsa, Intention, Kvinnor, Långtidssjukskrivning, Psykisk ohälsa, Psykiskt välbefinnande, Återgång till arbete
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work, Inkluderande arbetsliv
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-43469 (URN)978-91-89593-21-3 (ISBN)978-91-89593-22-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-03-08, 99:132, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-02-14 Created: 2024-01-03 Last updated: 2025-10-02

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Hedlund, ÅsaKristofferzon, Marja-LeenaBoman, EvaNilsson, Annika

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