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Assessment of Airflows in a School Building with Mechanical Ventilation Using Passive Tracer Gas Method
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5822-4838
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9076-0801
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8985-2562
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system. Division of Energy Systems, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping Unviersty, Linköping, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3472-4210
2017 (English)In: Mediterranean Green Buildings & Renewable Energy: Selected Papers from the World Renewable Energy Network’s Med Green Forum / [ed] Sayigh, Ali, Springer, 2017, 1, p. 619-631Chapter in book (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The focus of this study is to assess the airflows in a school building built in 1963 in Gävle, Sweden, which is subject to energy conservation measures (ECMs) in a forthcoming renovation. Today, the school building is mainly ventilated by several mechanical ventilation systems, which are controlled by a constant air volume (CAV) strategy. Schedules and presence sensors impose a high operation mode during the day and a low operation mode at night, on weekends and on holidays. The homogeneous tracer gas emission method with passive sampling is used to measure the average local mean age of air (τ) during different operation modes. Temperature, relative humidity and CO2 concentration are simultaneously measured. The calculated relative uncertainty for the average local mean age of air in every measured point is approx. ±20 %. The results during low operation mode show an average value of τ of approx. 8.51 h [corresponding to 0.12 air changes per hour (ACH)], where τ in various zones ranges between 2.55 and 16.37 h (indicating 0.06–0.39 ACH), which is related to the unintentional airflow in the school. The results during mixed operation mode show an average value of τ of approx. 4.60 h (0.22 ACH), where τ in various zones ranges between 2.00 and 8.98 h (0.11–0.50 ACH), which is related to both unintentional and intentional airflows in the school. Corridors, basement and attic rooms and entrances have lower τ compared to classrooms, offices and other rooms. High maximums of the CO2 concentration in some rooms indicate an imbalance in the mechanical ventilation systems. During a regular school week of mixed operation, which includes both high and low operation modes, it is found that mainly the low operation modes show up in the results. The dynamics of the highly varying airflows in the building cannot be identified using the passive sampling technique.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2017, 1. p. 619-631
Keywords [en]
Homogeneous tracer gas emission technique, Local mean age of air, Air change rate, Air leakage, School building
National Category
Energy Systems
Research subject
Sustainable Urban Development
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24006DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30746-6_47Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85029047826Libris ID: 19983693ISBN: 978-3-319-30745-9 (print)ISBN: 978-3-319-30746-6 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-24006DiVA, id: diva2:1095276
Available from: 2017-05-12 Created: 2017-05-12 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Prediction of Energy Use of a Swedish Secondary School Building: Building Energy Simulation, Validation, Occupancy Behaviour and Potential Energy-Efficiency Measures
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Prediction of Energy Use of a Swedish Secondary School Building: Building Energy Simulation, Validation, Occupancy Behaviour and Potential Energy-Efficiency Measures
2020 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Residential and public buildings account for about 40% of the annual energy use in Europe. Many buildings are in urgent need of renovation, and reductions in energy demand in the built environment are of high importance in both Europe and Sweden. Building energy simulation (BES) tools are often used to predict building performance. However, it can be a challenge to create a reliable BES model that predicts the real building performance accurately. BES modelling is always associated with uncertainties, and modelling occupancy behaviour is a challenging task.

This research presents a case study of a BES model of a school building from the 1960s in Gävle, Sweden, comprising an example of a validation strategy and a study of energy use and potential energy-efficiency measures (EEMs). The results show that collection of input data based on evidence, stepwise validation (for unoccupied and occupied cases), and the use of a backcasting method (which predicts varying occupancy behaviour and airing) is an appropriate strategy to create a reliable BES model of the studied school building. Several field measurements and data logging in the building management system were executed, in order to collect input data and for validation of the predicted results. Through the stepwise validation, the building’s technical and thermal performance was validated during an unoccupied period. The backcasting method demonstrates a strategy on how to predict the effect of the varying occupancy behaviour and airing activities in the school building, based on comparisons of BES model predictions and field measurement data. After applying the backcasting method to the model, it was validated during an occupied period. The annual predicted specific energy use was 73 kWh/m2 for heating of the studied building. The distribution of heat losses indicates that the best potential EEMs are changing to efficient windows, additional insulation of the external walls, improved envelope airtightness and new controls of the mechanical ventilation system.

Abstract [sv]

Byggnadssektorn står för ungefär 40 % av den årliga energianvändningen i Europa. Många byggnader är i stort behov av renovering och en minskning av energibehovet inom den byggda miljön är av stor vikt i både Europa och Sverige. För att undersöka byggnaders energianvändning används ofta simuleringsverktyg, men det kan vara utmanande att skapa pålitliga simuleringsmodeller som tillräckligt noggrant predikterar den verkliga byggnadens energianvändning. Simulering av byggnaders energianvändning är alltid förknippat med osäkerheter och att simulera människors beteendemönster är en stor utmaning.

Den här forskningen innefattar en fallstudie med en simuleringsmodell av en skolbyggnad, byggd under 1960 talet och belägen i Gävle, inkluderat ett exempel på en valideringsstrategi och en studie av energianvändning och potentiella energieffektiviseringsåtgärder i byggnaden. Resultaten visar att insamling av indata baserade på evidens, stegvis validering (obemannad och bemannad) och användande av en backcasting-metod (vilket predikterar varierande brukarbeteende och vädring) är en lämplig strategi för att skapa en pålitlig energisimuleringsmodell för den studerade skolbyggnaden. Flertalet fältmätningar genomfördes och data loggades i systemet för fastighetsautomation, för att samla indata och för validering av de predikterade resultaten. Genom den stegvisa valideringen kunde byggnadens tekniska och termiska prestanda valideras för en obemannad period. Backcasting-metoden visar en strategi för hur man kan prediktera varierande brukarbeteende och vädringsaktiviteter i skolbyggnaden, baserat på jämförelser av modellens prediktioner och data från fältmätningar. När backcasting-metoden tillämpats i energisimuleringsmodellen, kunde modellen valideras för en bemannad period. Den årliga predikterade specifika energianvändningen för uppvärmningen är 73 kWh/m2. Fördelningen av värmeförluster i byggnaden indikerar att de bästa potentiella energieffektiviseringsåtgärderna är byte till fönster med bättre U-värde, tilläggsisolering av ytterväggarna, bättre lufttäthet i byggnadsskalet och ny styrning av det mekaniska ventilationssystemet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2020. p. 41
Series
Licentiate thesis ; 7
Keywords
building energy simulation, school building, field measurements, energy use, heat power demand, validation, occupancy behaviour, airing, energy-efficiency measures, byggnadssimulering, skolbyggnad, fältmätningar, energianvändning, värmeeffektbehov, validering, brukarbeteende, vädring, energieffektiviseringsåtgärder
National Category
Energy Engineering
Research subject
Sustainable Urban Development
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-33313 (URN)978-91-88145-46-8 (ISBN)978-91-88145-47-5 (ISBN)
Presentation
2020-09-25, 99:133, Kungsbäcksvägen 46, Gävle, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-09-04 Created: 2020-08-19 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved

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Steen Englund, JessikaAkander, JanBjörling, MikaelMoshfegh, Bahram

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