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A Singular Value Decomposition Based Approach for Classifying Concealed Objects in Short Range Polarimetric Radar Imaging
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Science, Electronics. KTH.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9775-6087
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Science, Electronics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2887-049x
KTH.
2019 (English)In: 2019 PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS-Spring), 2019, p. 4109-4115, article id 9017334Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In current research one of the main challenges in short range synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is electrically small structures and objects, which tend to unclear reinforced or through the wall objects, object orientation angle, and obscure contribution to extract the position of concealed multiple small objects. In this paper, ultra-wide-band (UWB) polarimetric radar was used to study reinforced objects and for estimation of object angle at short range. Electrically small 1D periodic mesh, 2D periodic meshes and differently oriented small objects or meshes could not be distinguished in conventional SAR images. A radar system with transmit and receive antennae mounted on a two dimensional scanning grid was used. The aim is non-destructive testing of built structures, in concrete slab manufacturing and for use in the renovation process. UWB short range radar data and images corresponding to different polarization states were analysed by using singular value decomposition (SVD). To perform decomposition, the proposed approach applies SVD to image data matrices produced from the back projection algorithm (BPA) to classify the different objects and identify the object angle. Then, sets of singular-components of different polarization states are analysed to classify objects. Also, the BPA algorithm is performed to construct the object images from the polarimetric radar signals. The object reflection varied with the polarimetric state of the UWB radar, which contributes to different object signatures (i.e., object intensity) since the object signature depends on the orientation, the size, and the number of objects. Object orientation with respect to the radar system and object anisotropy could be determined from the ratio of the different polarimetric singular-components. This proposed complex data analysis method demonstrates the usefulness of the SVD using BPA in extracting more information about and for classifying an object.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2019. p. 4109-4115, article id 9017334
Keywords [en]
Radar imaging, Antenna measurements, Radar antennas, Ultra wideband radar, Radar polarimetry, Springs
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32007DOI: 10.1109/PIERS-Spring46901.2019.9017334ISI: 000550769304015Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85081990211ISBN: 978-1-7281-3403-1 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-32007DiVA, id: diva2:1412416
Conference
2019 PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS-Spring)
Available from: 2020-03-06 Created: 2020-03-06 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Radar-Based Measurement and Antenna Design for UWB Systems: Enhancing Industrial Nondestructive Testing through Advanced RF Front-End and Signal Processing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Radar-Based Measurement and Antenna Design for UWB Systems: Enhancing Industrial Nondestructive Testing through Advanced RF Front-End and Signal Processing
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis explores industrial applications of non-destructive testing techniquesusing radio link systems. Many industries are rapidly substituting manual test operations and moving towards automated operations using modern technolo- gies. Modern technologies such as digital cameras, sonic sensors, infrared sensors, and radar/lidar systems are used for non-destructive testing operations. Among all the different sensors, radar or radio link technologies are suitable in a wide range of industrial applications. The research is centered on two key objectives: (1) the application of radio link measurements in industrial applica- tions, and (2) performance enhancement of radio and radio link measurement systems in such applications.

In pursuit of the first objective, the study focused on analyzing electrically small-concealed structures using synthetic aperture and polarimetry. The study introduces a novel approach employing singular value decomposition on images obtained using the back projection algorithm to improve the resolution and classification of small periodic structures within built materials, such as concrete slabs, which are otherwise difficult to detect with conventional SAR imaging techniques. This method enables more precise non-destructive evaluations, especially in industrial manufacturing and renovation processes. In another study, a new technique is proposed to determine the complex refractive index (or complex relative permittivity) of objects. This technique is designed to be robust against hardware limitations like frequency-dependence in antennas and analog front-end impairments. Furthermore, a UWB method for the determination of the complex refractive index of large volume objects was developed, verified by laboratory test, and used for characterizing wood chips in an industrial plant. Using an industrial setup with embedded electromagnetic sensors, the method compensates for near-field and coupling effects, delivering accurate refractive index measurements.

The second objective, initially focuses on addressing the issue of crosstalk between transmit and receive antennas in UWB radar systems. To mitigate this, the study introduces a microwave metamaterial-based absorber placed between the antennas, leading to significant performance enhancements in short-range radar applications. Further, a novel printed lens structure is presented, designed to improve radar gain and directivity across a wide frequency band. Results reveal that this lens greatly enhances antenna gain in UWB radar systems, making it particularly advantageous for tasks like structural monitoring and renova- tion. Furthermore, the radio system has been redesigned. This updated system integrates a radio antenna, dielectric loads, and a 3D-printed refractive index lens to optimize the overall sensing performance. The proposed system was manufactured and tested and accurate measurements of the complex refractiveindex were achieved.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling utforskar industriella tillämpningar av oförstörande testningsteknike rmed hjälp av radiolänksystem. Många industrier ersätter snabbtmanuella testoperationer och går mot automatiserade operationer med modernteknik. Moderna tekniker som digitalkameror, ljudsensorer, infraröda sensoreroch radar/lidar-system används för oförstörande testoperationer. Bland alla olikasensorer är radar- eller radiolänktekniker lämpliga i en mängd olika industriellatillämpningar. Forskningen är inriktad på två huvudmål: (1) tillämpning avradiolänkmätningar i industriella tillämpningar, och (2) prestandaförbättring avradio- och radiolänkmätningssystem i sådana tillämpningar.

I syfte att uppnå det första målet fokuserade studien på att analysera elektrisktsmå dolda strukturer med hjälp av syntetisk apertur och polarimetri. Studien introducerar en ny metod som använder singulära värdesönderdelningpå bilder erhållna med hjälp av bakprojektionsalgoritmen för att förbättra upplösningenoch klassificeringen av små periodiska strukturer i byggda material,såsom betongplattor, vilka annars är svåra att detektera med konventionellaSAR-avbildningstekniker. Denna metod möjliggör mer exakta icke-destruktivautvärderingar, särskilt i industriell tillverkning och renoveringsprocesser. I enannan studie föreslås en ny teknik för att bestämma det komplexa brytningsindexet(eller den komplexa relativa permittiviteten) för objekt. Denna teknik ärutformad för att vara robust mot hårdvarubegränsningar som frekvensberoendei antenner och analoga frontend-försämringar. Dessutom utvecklades en UWBmetodför bestämning av det komplexa brytningsindexet för objekt med storvolym, verifierades genom laboratorietester och användes för att karakteriseraträflis i en industrianläggning. Med hjälp av en industriell uppställning medinbyggda elektromagnetiska sensorer kompenserar metoden för närfälts- ochkopplingseffekter, vilket ger noggranna brytningsindexmätningar.

Det andra målet fokuserar inledningsvis på att ta itu med problemet medöverhörning mellan sändar- och mottagarantenner i UWB-radarsystem. För attmildra detta introducerar studien en absorbator baserad på mikrovågsmetamaterial placerad mellan antennerna, vilket leder till betydande prestandaförbättringari radarapplikationer med kort räckvidd. Vidare presenteras en ny trycktlinsstruktur, utformad för att förbättra radarförstärkning och riktningsverkanöver ett brett frekvensband. Resultaten visar att denna lins avsevärt förbättrarantennförstärkningen i UWB-radarsystem, vilket gör den särskilt fördelaktig för uppgifter som strukturell övervakning och renovering. Dessutom har radiosystemetomdesignats. Detta uppdaterade system integrerar en radioantenn, dielektriska belastningar och en 3D-printad brytningsindexlins för att optimeraden övergripande avkänningsprestandan. Det föreslagna systemet tillverkades och testades och noggranna mätningar av det komplexa brytningsindexet uppnåddes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2025. p. 96
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 64
Keywords
Non-destructive testing, Antenna measurements, UWB system, radio-link system, radar applications, radar measurements, industrial applications, radio measurement, Icke-förstörande testning, antennmätningar, UWB-system, radiolänksystem, radarapplikationer, radarmätningar, industriella applikationer, radiomätning
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-47384 (URN)978-91-89593-70-1 (ISBN)978-91-89593-71-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-10-29, 12:108, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-10-03 Created: 2025-06-17 Last updated: 2025-10-03

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Choudhary, VipinRönnow, Daniel

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