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Healthcare personnel's working conditions in relation to risk behaviours for organism transmission: A mixed-methods study
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1712-6350
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1289-9896
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science. Uppsala universitet.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1495-4943
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science. Uppsala universitet.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6738-6102
2022 (English)In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 31, no 7-8, p. 878-894Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate healthcare personnel's working conditions in relation to risk behaviours for organism transmission.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare personnel's behaviour is often influenced by working conditions that in turn can impact the development of healthcare-associated infections. Observational studies are scarce, and further understanding of working conditions in relation to behaviour is essential for the benefit of the healthcare personnel and the safety of the patients.

DESIGN: A mixed-methods convergent design.

METHODS: Data were collected during 104 h of observation at eight hospital units. All 79 observed healthcare personnel were interviewed. Structured interviews covering aspects of working conditions were performed with the respective first-line manager. The qualitative and quantitative data were collected concurrently and given equal priority. Data were analysed separately and then merged. The study follows the GRAMMS guidelines for reporting mixed-methods research.

RESULTS: Regardless of measurable and perceived working conditions, risk behaviours frequently occurred especially missed hand disinfection. Healthcare personnel described staffing levels, patient-level workload, physical factors and interruptions as important conditions that influence infection prevention behaviours. The statistical analyses confirmed that interruptions increase the frequency of risk behaviours. Significantly higher frequencies of risk behaviours also occurred in activities where healthcare personnel worked together, which in the interviews was described as a consequence of caring for high-need patients.

CONCLUSIONS: These mixed-methods findings illustrate that healthcare personnel's perceptions do not always correspond to the observed results since risk behaviours frequently occurred regardless of the observed and perceived working conditions. Facilitating the possibility for healthcare personnel to work undisturbed when needed is essential for their benefit and for patient safety.

RELEVANCE FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE: The results can be used to enlighten healthcare personnel and managers and when designing future infection prevention work.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley , 2022. Vol. 31, no 7-8, p. 878-894
Keywords [en]
healthcare personnel behaviour, healthcare-associated infections, infection prevention, interruptions, mixed methods, working conditions
National Category
Health Sciences
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36757DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15940ISI: 000669380800001PubMedID: 34219318Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85109108596OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-36757DiVA, id: diva2:1578727
Available from: 2021-07-07 Created: 2021-07-07 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. The Relationship Between Working Conditions and Infection Prevention Behaviours: Perspectives of nursing staff and managers in a hospital setting
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Relationship Between Working Conditions and Infection Prevention Behaviours: Perspectives of nursing staff and managers in a hospital setting
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Aim: To examine hospital nursing staff's working conditions in relation to infection prevention behaviours.

Methods: Data were collected through observations, interviews, and questionnaires. The participants were nursing staff and managers at surgical and orthopaedic hospital units.

Results: Nursing staff reported high self-efficacy in infection prevention behaviours, yet observational data revealed frequent lapses regardless of observed or perceived working conditions. Lapses were more frequent during interrupted tasks and when staff worked together, highlighting the influence of momentary situational factors. Lower work-related stress, greater access to structural empowerment, and stronger work engagement were found to have low but definite associations with higher levels of self-efficacy. Qualitative findings based on nursing staff perspectives showed that environmental design, workload, interruptions, knowledge, team dynamics, and leadership influenced infection prevention behaviours. Managers acknowledged these challenges and described strategies such as strengthening a supportive culture, adjusting staffing levels, and tailoring information. At the same time, they emphasised individual responsibility among staff.

Conclusions: Favourable working conditions, such as adequate staffing and access to hygiene materials, do not automatically ensure safe infection prevention work. This thesis shows that situational and emergent factors can challenge behaviours. That infection prevention lapses were more common when nursing staff worked together is a novel contribution to the field. To strengthen infection prevention, strategies must move beyond routines and address how behaviours develop in relation to clinical contexts. The findings offer important insights for healthcare staff, clinical educators, quality developers, and managers, and can inform future interventions and quality improvement work, an area of societal relevance.

Abstract [sv]

Syfte: Att undersöka omvårdnadspersonals arbetsförhållanden i relation till infektionsförebyggande beteenden.

Metod: Data samlades in genom observationer, intervjuer och enkäter. Deltagarna var omvårdnadspersonal och chefer vid kirurgiska och ortopediska vårdavdelningar.

Resultat: Omvårdnadspersonalen skattade hög tilltro till sin egen förmåga att arbeta infektionsförebyggande, men observationsdata visade på återkommande brister, oberoende av upplevda och observerade arbetsförhållanden. Brister inträffade oftare när omvårdnadspersonalen blev avbrutna i sina arbetsuppgifter eller arbetade tillsammans, vilket antyder att situationsbundna och oförutsedda faktorer var av betydelse. Lägre arbetsrelaterad stress, högre tillgång till strukturella förutsättningar och högre arbetsengagemang hade låga men definitiva samband med högre grad av självskattad förmåga. De kvalitativa resultaten visade att faktorer som miljöns utformning, arbetsbelastning, avbrott, kunskap, teamdynamik och ledarskap hade betydelse för hur infektionsförebyggande arbete utfördes i praktiken. Cheferna bekräftade dessa utmaningar och beskrev strategier som att stärka en god säkerhetskultur, justera bemanningen och anpassa information, samtidigt som de även betonade det individuella ansvaret hos personalen.

Slutsatser: Gynnsamma arbetsförhållanden, såsom tillräcklig bemanning och tillgång till material, garanterar inte ett säkert infektionsförebyggande arbete. Avhandlingen visar att oförutsedda situationer kan vara utmanande för omvårdnadspersonalen. Att brister var vanligare när personal arbetade tillsammans är ett nytt forskningsbidrag från denna avhandling. För att stärka infektionsförebyggande arbete behöver det förebyggande arbetet gå bortom rutiner och fokusera på hur beteenden formas av den kliniska kontexten. Resultaten kan vara värdefulla för såväl vårdpersonal, utbildare, kvalitetsutvecklare och chefer, och kan användas i utformning av framtida interventioner och utvecklingsarbeten som främjar säkra beteenden, vilket är av samhällelig relevans.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2025. p. 84
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 68
Keywords
Working conditions, hospital, nursing staff, healthcare managers, infection prevention behaviours, healthcare-associated infections, patient safety, compliance, self-efficacy, mixed-methods, Arbetsförhållanden, sjukhus, omvårdnadspersonal, vårdchefer, infektionsförebyggande beteenden, vårdrelaterade infektioner, patientsäkerhet, följsamhet, tilltro till egen förmåga, mixad metod
National Category
Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-48471 (URN)978-91-89593-81-7 (ISBN)978-91-89593-82-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-12-05, 33:203, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-11-13 Created: 2025-09-08 Last updated: 2025-11-13

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Arvidsson, LisaLindberg, MagnusSkytt, BerniceLindberg, Maria

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