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Barriers to and drivers of energy management in Swedish SMEs
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Energy Systems and Building Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9730-2704
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Energy Systems and Building Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9439-5071
Linköpings universitet.
Linköpings universitet.
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2021 (English)In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 14, no 21, article id 6925Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The energy efficiency gap is known as the difference between optimal level of energy efficiency and the actual level of achieved energy efficiency. Energy management has proven to further close the energy efficiency gap. Energy management may differ depending on whether it concerns a large, energy-intensive company or small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). SMEs are of high interest since they form a large share of the economy today. For SMEs, a lighter form of energy management, in the form of energy efficiency network participation, has proven to deliver sound energy efficiency impact, while for larger, energy-intensive firms, a certified energy management system may be more suitable. However, various barriers inhibit adoption of energy efficiency measures. While there is an array of research on barriers to and driving forces for energy efficiency in general, research on barriers to, and driving forces for, energy management is rare, one exception being a study of energy-intensive pulp and paper mills. This holds even more so for industrial SMEs. This paper aims to identify the barriers to, and drivers for, energy management in manufacturing SMEs. Results of this explorative study show that the top four barriers to energy management are lack of time/other priorities, non-energy-related working tasks are prioritized higher, slim organization, and lack of internal expert competences, i.e., mainly organizational barriers. The top four drivers for energy management are to reduce production waste, participation in energy efficiency networks, cost reduction from lower energy use, and commitment from top management. Furthermore, results show that energy management among the studied SMEs seems to not be as mature, even though the companies participated in an energy management capacity building program in the form of energy efficiency networks, which, in turn, shows a still largely untapped potential in the societal aim to reduce the energy efficiency and management gaps. The main contribution of this paper is a first novel attempt to explore barriers to, and drivers for, energy management among SMEs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI , 2021. Vol. 14, no 21, article id 6925
Keywords [en]
energy management, energy efficiency, barriers, drivers, industry, SMEs
National Category
Energy Systems
Research subject
Sustainable Urban Development
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-37313DOI: 10.3390/en14216925ISI: 000719430100001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85117617312OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-37313DiVA, id: diva2:1607291
Available from: 2021-11-01 Created: 2021-11-01 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Improved energy efficiency in industrial small and medium-sized enterprises: Regional energy efficiency network policy programs
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Improved energy efficiency in industrial small and medium-sized enterprises: Regional energy efficiency network policy programs
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Despite large potential for improved energy efficiency in industrial small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the full potential is not realized due to barriers to energy efficiency. Two primary ways to realize the potential are to deploy energy management practices and conduct energy audits. However, such energy management practices are underdeveloped in non-energy intensive SMEs and only half of the measures in an energy audit are implemented. To address this problem, energy efficiency networks (EENs) provide vital services and support for SMEs, and may double the implementation rate of energy efficiency measures and the achieved energy efficiency, compared with an energy audit.

This thesis studies regional energy policy programs for industrial SMEs, and EENs in particular. The results show that despite EEN participation, the potential in the production processes is left untapped and energy management is still underdeveloped in the SMEs. The results also show that EEN participation reduces some of the common barriers to energy efficiency, but is insufficient in reducing all of them. The methodology, using the theory of barriers to evaluate the network process, can be used for future evaluations where it is recommended to apply the process evaluation while the EEN is operating, to assess the performance of the functions. 

From the top barriers to and drivers for energy management, organizational aspects seem to be of high importance, followed by barriers/drivers related to economy and knowledge. The major barriers to energy management seem to be more organizational in nature than the barriers to energy efficiency measures. 

The main contributions are a model for designing energy efficiency policy programs for SMEs, and a model for evaluation of policy programs in general, and EENs specifically. The thesis provides insights on key processes of operation of EEN programs for SMEs. The EEN model and its functions need to be further developed to improve energy management and also target production processes in the SMEs.

Abstract [sv]

Trots stor potential för förbättrad energieffektivisering i industriella små och medelstora företag (SMF) förverkligas inte den fulla potentialen på grund av ett antal hinder för energieffektivisering. Ett primärt sätt att förverkliga den fulla potentialen är att arbeta med energiledning och genomföra energikartläggningar. Energiledningen är dock underutvecklad i icke-energiintensiva SMF och endast hälften av åtgärderna i en energikartläggning genomförs. För att lösa detta problem bistår energieffektiviseringsnätverk (EEN) med viktiga tjänster och stöd till SMF vilket kan fördubbla implementeringsgraden av åtgärder såväl som den uppnådda energieffektiviteten, jämfört med en energikartläggning.

Denna avhandling studerar regionala styrmedel för energieffektivisering i industriella SMF, och specifikt EEN. Resultaten visar att, trots deltagande i EEN, så förverkligas inte potentialen i produktionsprocesserna och energiledningen är fortfarande underutvecklad i SMF. Resultaten visar också att EEN minskar några av de vanligaste hindren för energieffektivisering, men är otillräckligt för att minska dem alla. Metodiken, att med hjälp av hinderteori utvärdera nätverksprocessen, kan användas för framtida utvärderingar där det rekommenderas att tillämpa processutvärderingen medan EEN är i drift, för att bedöma funktionernas prestanda.

Från de främsta hindren mot och drivkrafter för energiledning verkar organisatoriska aspekter vara av stor betydelse, följt av hinder/drivkrafter relaterade till ekonomi och kunskap. Hindren för energiledning verkar vara mer av organisatorisk form än hindren för energieffektiviseringsåtgärder.

De huvudsakliga bidragen är en modell för utformning av energiprogram för energieffektivisering i SMF, samt en modell för utvärdering av energiprogram i allmänhet, och EEN specifikt. Dessutom ger avhandlingen insikter om nyckelprocesser för driften av EEN-program för SMF. Nätverksmodellen och dess funktioner behöver vidareutvecklas för att förbättra energiledningen och även nå produktionsprocesserna i SMF.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2022. p. 62
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 28
Keywords
Regional energy efficiency policy, Energy efficiency networks, Industrial SMEs, Barriers, Drivers, Energy management, Regional energipolicy, energieffektiviseringsnätverk, industriella SMF, hinder, drivkrafter, energiledning
National Category
Energy Systems
Research subject
no Strategic Research Area (SFO)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-37595 (URN)978-91-88145-87-1 (ISBN)978-91-88145-88-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-03-11, 12:108, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 10:15 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-02-15 Created: 2022-01-11 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
2. Beyond technology-driven efficiency towards knowledge-driven approaches among industrial SMEs: Lean-based energy efficiency networks, knowledge creation, and social constructions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Beyond technology-driven efficiency towards knowledge-driven approaches among industrial SMEs: Lean-based energy efficiency networks, knowledge creation, and social constructions
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

A substantial share of energy efficiency (EE) potential remains unrealized due to persistent barriers, especially among Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Energy Efficiency Networks (EENs), as policy instruments, support SMEs through audits and knowledge exchange. Compared to standalone audits, EENs can double the implementation rate of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs), particularly in support processes. However, these programs often follow a technology-driven approach and need to evolve toward management- and knowledge-driven approaches.

This thesis aims to advance the understanding of EE, energy management, and EENs beyond a purely technical focus. A qualitative multiple case study approach was applied, using interviews, questionnaires, observations, document analysis, and secondary data.

The findings indicate that EENs can address certain barriers, such as the “lack of technical experts,” but they often fall short in tackling organizational and knowledgerelated barriers. SMEs typically display low maturity in energy management. Notably, knowledge appears more dominant as a barrier than as a driver, especially the “lack of internal competence,” which signals a weakness in the current network structure adopted in Sweden and other countries, which advocates for advancing how EEis understood and applied.

The first key contribution introduces Lean-based EENs as a more advanced model. Integrating Lean principles enhanced both efficiency and effectiveness. Participants developed the capacity to improve production and support processes independently, with a positive correlation found between EE gains and knowledge creation phases (externalization, combination, internalization, socialization) to transform explicit knowledge into tacit knowledge, where tacit knowledge is expected to generate competitive advantage and sustain the impact of Lean programs, which is usually overlooked. However, no firm reached the socialization phase.

The second advancement brings the lens of social construction in understanding EE, energy management, and multiple energy benefits (MEBs). However, MEBs are rarely treated as social constructions and have been excluded from current EE culture frameworks. This research demonstrates that both EEMs and MEBs operate within shared cultural levels at macro, meso, and micro levels, and examines how regional policy shapes the perception of MEBs across six European Union regions. A key insight is that the most valued benefit across participants was “improved understanding of the company’s energy use.” Despite the presence of supportive policies in all regions, there appears to be a tendency to prioritize certain types of benefits over others.

Finally, this thesis suggests advancing the approach to policy evaluation that integrates technology-, management-, and knowledge-driven perspectives.

Abstract [sv]

En betydande del av energieffektiviseringspotentialen hos små och medelstora företag(SMF) förblir outnyttjad på grund av formella hinder och förlegade traditioner. Energieffektiviseringsnätverk (EEN) kan användas som politiska styrmedel för att stödja SMF genom energikartläggningar och kunskapsutbyte. Jämfört med enskilda kartläggningar kan EEN fördubbla genomförandet av energieffektiviseringsåtgärder (EEÅ), särskilt i stödprocesser. Befintliga program är dock ofta teknikdrivna och behöver utvecklas mot lednings- och kunskapsdrivna angreppssätt.

Syftet med denna avhandling är att utveckla förståelsen för energieffektivisering, energiledning och EEN bortom ett rent tekniskt perspektiv. En kvalitativ metod baserad på multipla fallstudier har använts, där såväl intervjuer, enkäter, observationer, dokumentanalys, som sekundärdata ingår.

Resultaten visar att EEN kan minska vissa hinder, såsom bristen på teknisk kompetens, men har begränsad effekt på organisatoriska och kunskapsrelaterade hinder. SMF har ofta låg mognadsgrad i energiledning. Kunskap framträder mer som ett hinder än en drivkraft, och särskilt bristen på intern kompetens pekar på svagheter i den nuvarande nätverksstrukturen i Sverige och andra länder.

Avhandlingens första bidrag introducerar Lean-baserade EEN som en mer avancerad modell. Genom att integrera Lean-principer stärks både effektiviteten och förbättringsförmågan i produktion och stödprocesser. En positiv koppling upptäcktes mellan förbättrad energieffektivitet och nya kunskaper om externalisering, kombination, internalisering och socialisering, där särskilt tyst kunskap förväntas bidra tilllångsiktiga konkurrensfördelar. Inget av de studerade företagen nådde dock socialiseringsfasen.

Det andra bidraget belyser energifrågor ur ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv, inklusive multipla energirelaterade nyttor (MEB). Studien visar att både EEÅ och MEB påverkas av kulturella nivåer (makro, meso, mikro) och att regional politik påverkar hur dessa nyttor uppfattas. Den mest värderade nyttan var en ökad förståelse för företagets energianvändning.

Avslutningsvis föreslås en mer integrerad modell för policyutvärdering som kombinerarteknik-, lednings- och kunskapsdrivna perspektiv.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2025. p. 130
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 66
Keywords
energy efficiency, energy management, policy evaluation, energy efficiency network, Lean, knowledge creation, social construction, multiple energy benefits, ringsnätverk, Lean, kunskapsskapande, social konstruktion, multipla energinyttor
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-48017 (URN)978-91-89593-74-9 (ISBN)978-91-89593-75-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-11-03, 12:108, Kungbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-10-13 Created: 2025-08-02 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved

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