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Health and work-related factors as predictors of still being active in working life at age 66 and 72 in a Swedish population: A longitudinal study
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1509-1035
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science. Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9912-5350
Aging Research Centre (ARC), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS) Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden.
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2023 (English)In: Work: A journal of Prevention, Assessment and rehabilitation, ISSN 1051-9815, E-ISSN 1875-9270, Vol. 76, no 4, p. 1481-1492Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: Health and work environment are known factors in being active in working life beyond legal retirement.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate sociodemographic, health and work environment factors as possible predictors of being active in working life at ages 66 and 72. Secondly, investigate eventual changes over time, shortly after a major reform in the Swedish pension system, and predictors of still being active in working life at age 66.

METHODS: We used a longitudinal design with two separate cohorts of people at age 60. One baseline assessment was made in 2001–2003 with two 6 years follow-ups, and one in 200–2009 with one 6 years follow-up. Data were accessed through a Swedish national population-based study and analysed using logistic regression. To examine possible differences between the two cohorts, interaction terms with each independent variable were analysed.

RESULTS: Being a man and working in a profession that requires at least three years of university education predicted that the person would still be active in working life at age 66 and 72. Additionally, having a light level of physical activity at work and being diagnosed with fewer than two diseases, also predicted still being active in working life at age 66. Only physical activity at work showed significant changes over time.

CONCLUSION: Shortly after a major reform of the public pension system, there was an increase in participation in working life after age 66 and 72. However, gender, profession, and health factors are still important considerations regarding older people’s participation in working life.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IOS Press , 2023. Vol. 76, no 4, p. 1481-1492
Keywords [en]
Extended working life, healthy ageing, older people
National Category
Health Sciences
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-42671DOI: 10.3233/wor-220480ISI: 001139629100019PubMedID: 37393472Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85180303562OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-42671DiVA, id: diva2:1778745
Available from: 2023-07-03 Created: 2023-07-03 Last updated: 2025-11-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Being active in working life at older ages
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Being active in working life at older ages
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The overall aim of the thesis was to examine factors associated with (Study 1), predictors (Study II), and experiences (Study III) involved with being active in working life after the expected retirement age and the experiences of exiting working life before the expected retirement age (Study IV). In Studies I and II, a quantitative approach was used, with data derived from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care (SNAC). In Studies III and IV, a qualitative approach was used, with data collected through semi-structured interviews. The results from Studies I and II revealed that being active in working life at age 66 was associated with being male, having a university education, working in a highly skilled occupation, having light physical activity at work, or having no more than one diagnosed disease. Being male (Studies I and II), having a university education (only in Study I) or working in a highly skilled occupation (only in Study II) were associated with being active in working life at age 72. The results from Studies III and IV revealed that from an individual perspective, health was a prominent aspect in either remaining in or exiting from working life. Staying active in working life increased feelings of vitality; the innermost dimension of health. Favorable working conditions could be beneficial to cognitive and physical health as well as to social well-being and a sense of meaningfulness. In contrast, strenuous working conditions contributed to the deterioration of health and pushed people at older ages toward an early exit from working life. The present results confirm the complexity regarding the predictors for being active in working life at older ages. The results add knowledge regarding how health in overall life and staying active in or exiting from working life at older ages can be experienced from a subjective perspective. With a successive increase in statutory retirement ages, the focus on the possibilities for healthy aging through being active in working life at older ages needs to be increased.

Abstract [sv]

Avhandlingsarbetet övergripande syfte var att undersöka faktorer associerade med (Studie I), prediktorer (Studie II), och erfarenheter av (Studie III) att vara aktiv i arbetslivet efter förväntad pensionsålder och erfarenheter av att avsluta yrkeslivet före förväntad pensionsålder (Studie IV). I de kvantitativa Studierna I och II användes data från The Swedish National Studie on Aging and Care (SNAC). I de kvalitativa studierna III och IV, samlades data in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultaten från Studie I och II visade att oavsett vilken studiedesign som använts var manligt kön, universitetsutbildning, arbeta inom en profession som företrädesvis kräver 4-års universitetsutbildning, ej haft ett fysiskt tungt arbete samt att inte ha mer än en diagnostiserad sjukdom associerade med att vara aktiv i arbetslivet vid 66 års ålder. Medan manligt kön (både Studie I och II), ha universitetsutbildning (Studie I) eller att arbeta inom en profession som företrädesvis kräver 4-års universitetsutbildning (Studie II) var de faktorer som kunde associeras med att vara aktiv i arbetslivet vid 72 års ålder. Resultaten från Studie III och IV visade att hälsa var en framträdande aspekt för om deltagarna valt att antingen stanna kvar i, eller att avsluta arbetslivet vid högre ålder. Utifrån subjektiva erfarenheter kunde fortsatt arbete förstärka känslor av vitalitet, som betraktas som den innersta dimensionen av upplevd hälsa. Till exempel beskrevs att goda arbetsförhållanden gynnade kognitiv och fysisk hälsa samt socialt välbefinnande och tillförde känslor av meningsfullhet. Tvärtom, beskrevs att ansträngande arbetsförhållanden bidrog till försämrad hälsa vilket också bidrog till ett tidigt utträde ur arbetslivet. Föreliggande resultat bekräftar komplexiteten vad gäller förutsättningar för att vara aktiv i arbetslivet i högre åldrar. Resultaten tillför kunskap om hur upplevd hälsa i livet i stort och att hålla sig aktiv i eller lämna arbetslivet i högre åldrar kan erfaras från ett subjektivt perspektiv. Parallellt med den successiva höjningen av den lagstadgade pensionsåldern behöver också fokus på möjligheterna till ett hälsosamt åldrande genom att vara aktiv i arbetslivet i högre åldrar också ökas.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2023. p. 68
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 37
Keywords
health, healthy aging, older people, working life, hälsa, hälsosamt åldrande, äldre personer, arbetsliv
National Category
Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-42873 (URN)978-91-89593-13-8 (ISBN)978-91-89593-14-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-10-27, 33:202, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 10:00
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-10-04 Created: 2023-09-14 Last updated: 2025-10-02

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Bjuhr, MarieEngström, MariaSjölund, Britt-Marie

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