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Experimental studies of single-sided ventilation for semi-enclosed models with horizontal opening
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Energy Systems and Building Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4163-0191
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Energy Systems and Building Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1121-2394
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Energy Systems and Building Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2023-689x
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, Energy Systems and Building Technology.
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2025 (English)In: ROOMVENT 2024, Stockholm: EDP Sciences , 2025, article id 03006Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

As a preliminary investigation of the wind-driven purging process for densely built environments through the canopy layer, the ventilation efficiency of standalone semi-enclosed models incorporating a horizontal opening in the roof façade was investigated in the wind tunnel. For comparison, two models with different geometries were constructed, and each model was tested individually. Both models were equipped with replaceable roof covers, enabling the adjustment to the opening size. The ventilation efficiency was evaluated by continuous releasing and sampling of the tracer gas, from which the normalized purging velocity (PFVn) was derived. Additionally, the flow condition over the opening was monitored using the Laser Doppler Anemometer. It was found that separation flows from the frontal edge(s) of the model could introduce secondary circulations across large openings, resulting in dramatic increases in PFVn. Both the rectangular prism model and cylinder model possessed higher PFVn compared to prior studies on single-sided ventilation, while close values were observed with cylinder model mounted under the wind tunnel floor. Besides, the vertical distribution of integral length scales of streamwise velocity indicated the stratification feature of separation flows under low-turbulent incoming flow conditions. Measurement results provide validation data for further simulation studies including more detailed structures.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: EDP Sciences , 2025. article id 03006
Series
E3S Web of Conferences, E-ISSN 2267-1242 ; 672
Keywords [en]
Urban ventilation, purging velocity, wind tunnel, tracer gas, single-sided ventilation, semi-enclosed model
National Category
Fluid Mechanics Energy Engineering
Research subject
Sustainable Urban Development
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-44569DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202567203006Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105031099425OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-44569DiVA, id: diva2:1868900
Conference
ROOMVENT 2024, Stockholm, 22-24 April
Part of project
Stadsventilation, Swedish Research Council Formas
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2018–00238Available from: 2024-06-12 Created: 2024-06-12 Last updated: 2026-03-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Evaluation of roof-level ventilation potential of the urban canopy layer: Experimental and numerical investigations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluation of roof-level ventilation potential of the urban canopy layer: Experimental and numerical investigations
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Urban densification increases aerodynamic resistance to incoming rural winds and suppresses channeling flow within street networks. The resulting weakening of advective ventilation raises concerns about pollutant removal across the roof level between the urban canopy layer and the overlying atmosphere. This study investigates how urban morphology influences total aerodynamic resistance and the mechanisms governing roof-level air exchange through windtunnel experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Idealized models were adopted to enable generalizable insights.

An idealized urban neighborhood with discretely arranged building blocks was first examined. Based on total drag force (Fd), the highest aerodynamic resistance occurred at moderate plan area density (λp ~0.25), while spanwise repeated arrays exhibited decreasing Fd with increasing λp over 0.11–0.56. At fixed λp, layouts, allowing more direct flow impingement on windward façades produced larger Fd. Poorly ventilated hotspots were mainly associated with recirculation in building near wakes, typical of wake-interference and isolated roughness regimes. Increased geometric contrast between adjacent buildings enhanced vertical transport across the canopy–roof interface, although local ventilation remained spatially heterogeneous.

A worst-case scenario without channeling flow was analyzed using quasi two-dimensional street canyons and isolated semi-enclosed cavities, with emphasis on fluctuating components of ventilation. Under skimming flow, air exchange was dominated by a mixing layer across the opening, yielding nondimensional ventilation rates (Q*) of 0.02–0.03. Vertically stacked multi-vortex structures inhibited internal mixing and significantly reduced ventilation efficiency, whereas geometry-induced flow perturbations generally enhanced roof-level exchange.

Three rooftop flow regimes were identified: recirculation zone, flow attachment, and conical vortex. When recirculation dominates, ventilation resembles shear-driven lateral exchange. Whether direct mean-flow advection occurs depends on the opening’s position relative to the flow reattachment point. Under oblique inflow, conical vortices over a rectangular prism markedly increased ventilation through strong suction and elevated turbulence. Turbulence intensity in the approaching flow further modified separation behavior and ventilation efficiency.

Overall, the study demonstrates that building-induced turbulence plays a central role in roof-level ventilation and that idealized models provide generalizable insights into how urban morphology governs air exchange in dense urban environments.

Abstract [sv]

Urban förtätning ökar det aerodynamiska motståndet mot inkommande vindar och dämpar kanaliserat flöde i gatunätet. Den försvagade advektiva ventilationen försvagar borttransport av föroreningar vid taknivå, mellan den urbana canopy-nivån och den överliggande atmosfären. Denna studie undersöker hur urban utformning påverkar det totala aerodynamiska motståndet och de mekanismer som styr luftutbytet vid taknivå genom vindtunnelexperiment och simuleringar med Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Idealiserade modeller användes för att möjliggöra generaliserbara insikter.

Ett idealiserat urbant kvarter med diskret arrangerade byggnadsblock analyserades först. Baserat på den totala dragkraften (Fd) uppnåddes högst aerodynamiskt motstånd vid en måttlig bebyggelsegrad (λp ~0.25), medan spannvisu pprepade byggnadsmatriser uppvisade avtagande Fd med ökande λp inom intervallet 0,11–0,56. Vid fast λp gav utformningar som tillät mer direkt flödesimpingementmot lovartsfasader större Fd. Otillräckligt ventilerade zoner var främst kopplade till recirkulation i byggnaders närliggande läområden, typiska för wake-interference- och isolated-roughness-regimer. Ökad geometrisk kontrast mellan intilliggande byggnader förstärkte den vertikala transporten över gränsytan vid taknivå mellan bebyggelsen och den överliggande atmosfären, även om ventilationen var rumsligt heterogen.

Ett värstafallsscenario utan kanaliserat flöde analyserades med kvasi-tvådimensionella gatukanjoner och isolerade semi-inneslutna kaviteter, med fokuspå de fluktuerande komponenternas roll i ventilationen. Under skimming flow dominerades luftutbytet av ett blandningsskikt över öppningen, med dimensionslösa ventilationsgrader (Q*) på 0,02–0,03. Vertikalt staplade multivirvelstrukturer hämmade den interna blandningen och reducerade ventilationseffektiviteten avsevärt, medan geometriskt inducerade flödesstörningar generellt förbättrade luftutbytet vid taknivå.

Tre dominerande takflödesregimer identifierades: recirkulationszon, flödesanliggning och konisk virvel. När recirkulation dominerar liknar ventilationen skjuvinducerad lateral luftväxling. Om direkt advektion med medelflödet uppstår beror på öppningens position i förhållande till återanliggningspunkten.Vid sned inflödesriktning ökade koniska virvlar över en rektangulär prismamodell ventilationen markant genom starkt sug och förhöjd turbulens. Turbulensnivån i det inkommande flödet påverkade dessutom flödesseparationen och därmed ventilationseffektiviteten.

Sammanfattningsvis visar studien att byggnadsinducerad turbulens spelar en central roll för ventilation vid taknivå och att idealiserade modeller kan ge generaliserbara insikter om hur urban morfologi styr luftutbytet i täta urbana miljöer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2026. p. 89
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 73
Keywords
wind-tunnel measurement, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), urban layout, urban dispersion, vertical transport, free-end flow separation, single- sided ventilation, conical vortex, shear-induced ventilation, street canyon., vindtunnelmätning, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), urban utformning, spårgas, föroreningsspridning ensidig ventilation, vertikal transport, gatukanjon.
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-49309 (URN)978-91-89593-91-6 (ISBN)978-91-89593-92-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-04-17, 13:111, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-03-19 Created: 2026-02-10 Last updated: 2026-03-19Bibliographically approved

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Lin, YuanyuanSandberg, MatsCehlin, MathiasClaesson, LeifWigö, Hans

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