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Investigations on the contribution of precise levelling for regional realisation of IHRS – a case study over Sweden
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences. Lantmäteriet.
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences. Lantmäteriet.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0602-142X
2025 (English)In: Journal of Geodesy, ISSN 0949-7714, E-ISSN 1432-1394, Vol. 99, article id 70Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The International Association of Geodesy defined the International Height Reference System (IHRS) in 2015. IHRS will be realised through the International Height Reference Frame (IHRF) primarily by geopotential numbers. On the global scale, a sparse core reference network is utilised to realise the IHRS, but denser realisations (or densifications) are needed to ensure local access and height datum unification. ITRF ellipsoidal heights and a gravimetric (quasi-) geoid model form the basis for a model-based IHRS realisation, which can be enhanced by levelling to improve local accessibility to the global frame and relative uncertainty. This study investigates incorporating levelling observations in the IHRS realisation process and explores potential improvements. A case study over Sweden using an initial model-based IHRS realisation and precise levelling observations from the Baltic Levelling Ring (BLR) project was performed. The levelling network was adjusted relative to the model-based IHRF geopotential numbers using three approaches regarding the a priori variance–covariance matrix for weighting of the observations: constrained adjustment, weighted adjustment with realistic a priori uncertainties, and weighted adjustment with Variance Component Estimation (VCE) to iteratively tune the variance–covariance matrix. It is shown that the model-based IHRS realisation improves significantly. Both the estimated standard uncertainty of the adjusted IHRF geopotential numbers and the relative standard uncertainty between nodal benchmarks are reduced by approximately 40 per cent in the Swedish case. To fully exploit precise levelling observations in the IHRS realisation process, a weighted adjustment, preferably using VCE to optimally combine the initial model-based geopotential numbers and the levelling observations is recommended.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer , 2025. Vol. 99, article id 70
Keywords [en]
Geopotential-based height system; Height datum unification; Height system; IHRF; IHRS; Precise levelling; Standard uncertainty; Vertical reference system
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-45203DOI: 10.1007/s00190-025-01992-0ISI: 001550689300001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105013024670OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-45203DiVA, id: diva2:1883201
Available from: 2024-07-09 Created: 2024-07-09 Last updated: 2026-03-19Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Regional realisations of IHRS, the International Height Reference System
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Regional realisations of IHRS, the International Height Reference System
2024 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Regionala realiseringar av IHRS, det internationella höjdsystemet
Abstract [en]

A common global vertical reference frame for physical heights is essential in many applications, but an equivalent to the three-dimensional International Terrestrial Reference System has until recently been lacking for physical heights. The International Height Reference System, IHRS, was defined in 2015. It will be realised by the International Height Reference Frame, IHRF, on the global level by a sparse core reference network. To ensure local access and enable optimum height datum unification, adopted regional or national realisations (or densifications) are required. This thesis explores regional and national realisations of IHRS, employing both the standard pointwise methodology as well as levelling assisted approaches. Levelling observations have the potential to improve pointwise IHRS realisations. The thesis studies a regional levelling network that is adjusted with respect to an initial pointwise IHRS realisation using different approaches. The evaluation of these solutions is based on the resulting geopotential numbers and their estimated standard uncertainties. It is shown that including levelling observations in the IHRS realisation process might lead to significant improvements. It is recommended to employ a weighted adjustment of pointwise geopotential numbers and levelling observations, and to utilise variance component estimation as a tool to estimate a priori uncertainties. With a comparison to the Swedish levelling based realisation of the European Vertical Reference System, RH 2000, differences in the definitions of reference systems are explored. Corrections related to known effects, such as permanent tide concepts, postglacial land uplift epoch and zero level, are here considered. It is shown that the differences in the obtained geopotential numbers can be explained to rather large extent by these corrections. Finally, the thesis discusses how national and regional realisations of IHRS should be interpreted with respect to the global realisation.

Abstract [sv]

Globala referenssystem i höjd är grundläggande för många tillämpningar, dock har det, för fysikaliska höjder, hittills saknats en motsvarighet till det tredimensionella internationella referenssystemet, ITRS. Det internationella höjdsystemet, IHRS (International Height Reference System), som definierades 2015 kommer att realiseras av IHRF (International Height Reference Frame) som på global nivå kommer att bestå av ett glest nätverk av referensstationer. För att tillgodose behovet av lokal tillgänglighet och för att möjliggöra enhetliga höjdsystem krävs komplettering i form av regionala eller nationella realiseringar (eller förtätningar). Denna avhandling undersöker regionala och nationella IHRS-realiseringar både enligt den föreskrivna metodiken, punktvis realisering, och genom att inkludera avvägningsobservationer i realiseringen av IHRS. Avhandlingen studerar, genom olika ansatser, hur ett regionalt nät av avvägningsobservationer kan utjämnas i förhållande till en punktvis IHRS realisering. Utvärderingen av dessa lösningar baseras på de utjämnade geopotentialtalen och deras skattade standardosäkerheter. Resultaten visar att avvägningsobservationerna i IHRS-realiseringen kan bidra till signifikanta förbättringar. Det rekommenderas att använda viktad utjämning av de punktvisa geopotentialtalen och avvägningsobervationerna, samt att nyttja varianskomponentskattning för att uppskatta a priori-osäkerheter. Genom en jämförelse med det svenska höjdsystemet, RH 2000, undersöks definitionsmässiga skillnader mellan referenssystemen. Korrektioner relaterade till kända systemskillnader såsom tidjordssystem, landhöjningsepok och nollnivå beaktas. Resultaten visar att skillnader mellan erhållna geopotentialtal i de olika höjdsystemen till stor del kan hanteras genom att applicera dessa korrektioner. Slutligen behandlar avhandlingen hur regionala och nationella realiseringar av IHRS bör hanteras i förhållande till den globala realiseringen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2024. p. 29
Series
Licentiate thesis ; 19
Keywords
Height datum unification, height reference frame, height reference system, IHRF, IHRS, precise levelling, Enhetliga höjdsystem, IHRS, IHRF, höjdsystem, precisionsavvägning
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-45204 (URN)978-91-89593-42-8 (ISBN)978-91-89593-43-5 (ISBN)
Presentation
2024-09-27, 99:132, Högskolan i Gävle, Gävle, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-09-02 Created: 2024-07-09 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved

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Alfredsson, AndersÅgren, Jonas

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