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The specialization/collaboration paradox: Investigating specialization within child welfare as a barrier to collaboration
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work, Criminology and Public Health Sciences, Social Work.ORCID iD: 0009-0005-2070-2880
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work, Criminology and Public Health Sciences, Social Work. Department of Social Work, Criminology and Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, University of Gävle , Gävle, SE-801 76,;Department of Social Work, Uppsala University , Uppsala, SE-751 05,.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4155-810x
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work, Criminology and Public Health Sciences, Social Work. Department of Social Work, Criminology and Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, University of Gävle , Gävle, SE-801 76,.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8532-4383
Department of Social Work, Stockholm University.
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2025 (English)In: British Journal of Social Work, ISSN 0045-3102, E-ISSN 1468-263X, Vol. 55, no 3, p. 1178-1197Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Existing research highlights the trend of organizing social services into specialized units, addressing specific areas such as child welfare. Further specialization within child welfare extends to target groups (youth vs child) and work task dimensions. The literature remains inconclusive about whether specialization enhances or hinders social work practice. Potential drawbacks of specialization, like gaps between services and a lack of a holistic view, are assumed to increase the need for collaboration. However, specialization might impede collaboration due to profession-specific tensions, such as differing cultures or turf issues. Empirical findings suggest challenges in collaboration both within and between specialized organizations. This study explores how various specializations in child welfare relate to social workers’ perceptions of collaboration within their workgroup, between different social service units, and with external organizations, considering factors like work demand, time spent with clients, and work experience. Analysing survey data from 2003 to 2018 with 895 social workers in Stockholm County, the present study uses generalized estimating equations to address clustering within organizations. The findings indicate a potential positive association between target group specialization and perceived collaboration functionality within the workgroup and with external organizations, challenging assumptions that specialization hinders collaboration and suggesting that target group specialization could facilitate collaboration.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oxford Academic , 2025. Vol. 55, no 3, p. 1178-1197
Keywords [en]
boundary work, collaboration, child welfare, specialization
National Category
Social Work
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-46186DOI: 10.1093/bjsw/bcae181ISI: 001366349200001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105004038591OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-46186DiVA, id: diva2:1921642
Funder
Afa Trygghetsförsäkringsaktiebolag, 170025Available from: 2024-12-16 Created: 2024-12-16 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Socialt arbete på löpande band?: Specialisering inom den sociala barnavården under 2000-talets inledning
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Socialt arbete på löpande band?: Specialisering inom den sociala barnavården under 2000-talets inledning
2025 (Swedish)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Socialtjänsten, och dess barnavård, har blivit alltmer specialiserad. Specialisering anses möjliggöra expertisutveckling men forskning har också visat nackdelar som fragmentering, medan socialarbetarnas arbetssituation är mindre utforskad.

Avhandlingen bygger på fyra studier om socialsekreterare inom myndighetsutövande barnavård och de organisationer där de verkar. Den beskriver och analyserar specialiseringens utveckling under 2000-talet och dess konsekvenser för socialarbetarna.

Resultaten visar omfattande organisatoriska förändringar där fasspecialisering – uppdelning i mottagning, utredning och uppföljning – blivit dominerande. Arbetsuppgifterna har renodlats till myndighetsutövning. Två diskurser framstår som drivande: en kvalitetsdiskurs som betonar rättssäkerhet och effektivitet samt en arbetsbelastningsdiskurs som syftar till stressreduktion genom tydligare uppgiftsfördelning. Samtidigt skapar specialisering fler överlämningar, svagare helhetssyn och konflikter mellan grupper. Statistiska analyser visar dock att arbetsvillkor snarare än organisationsstruktur avgör hur samverkan fungerar.

Yrkeskåren har blivit yngre, mer oerfaren och lämnar ofta tidigt. BBIC framträder som en central faktor bakom ökad dokumentationsbörda, standardisering och minskat handlingsutrymme, vilket särskilt bidragit till hög personalomsättning i utredningsgrupper. Fasspecialisering förstärker utvecklingen mot ett standardiserat arbete enligt en löpandebandsprincip. Sammantaget har detta lett till en organisation som socialarbetarna inte ser som optimal för klienterna och som minskat deras arbetsglädje. Specialisering framstår därmed mindre som expertisutveckling och mer som en överlevnadsstrategi i en pressad verksamhet.

Resultaten är särskilt relevanta i ljuset av den nya socialtjänstlagen, som syftar till en mer kunskapsbaserad och hållbar socialtjänst. För att intentionerna ska lyckas krävs organisatoriska lösningar som både säkerställer kvalitet och ger socialarbetare förutsättningar för arbetsglädje och kompetens.

Abstract [en]

Swedish social services, including child welfare, have become increasingly specialized. Specialization is assumed to enable the development of expertise, but research has also highlighted disadvantages such as fragmentation, while the working conditions of social workers remain less explored.

This dissertation is based on four studies of child welfare social workers engaged in statutory duties and the organizations in which they operate. It describes and analyzes the development of specialization in child welfare during the 2000s and its consequences for social workers.

The results show extensive organizational changes, with phase specialization – division into intake, investigation, and follow-up – emerging as the dominant model. Work tasks have been streamlined to statutory functions. Two discourses appear as driving forces: a quality discourse emphasizing legal certainty and efficiency, and a workload discourse aiming to reduce stress through clearer task distribution. At the same time, specialization generates more handovers, weaker holistic perspectives, and increased conflict between groups. Statistical analyses, however, indicate that working conditions rather than organizational structure determine how collaboration functions.

The workforce has become younger, less experienced, and more likely to leave the profession early. The standardized framework used in Sweden for assessing and planning interventions for children, BBIC (Children’s Needs in Focus) emerges as a central factor behind increased documentation demands, standardization, and reduced professional discretion, particularly contributing to high staff turnover in investigation units. Phase specialization reinforces the trend toward standardized work, resembling an assembly line principle. Taken together, this has produced an organization that social workers do not regard as optimal for clients, while at the same time leading to reduced job satisfaction for the social workers themselves. Specialization thus appears less as a path to expertise and improved service quality, and more as a survival strategy in a pressured organization.

The findings are particularly relevant in light of the new Social Services Act (Socialtjänstlag 2025:400), which aims to create a more knowledge-based and sustainable social service. For these intentions to succeed, organizational solutions are required that both ensure quality and provide social workers with the conditions for job satisfaction and professional competence.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2025. p. 71
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 67
Keywords
child welfare, specialization, working conditions, organizational development, social barnavård, specialisering, arbetsvillkor, organisatorisk utveckling
National Category
Social Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-48072 (URN)978-91-89593-76-3 (ISBN)978-91-89593-77-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-10-31, 99:133, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 10:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-10-10 Created: 2025-08-15 Last updated: 2025-10-10

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Steive, KarinTham, PiaGrell, Pär

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