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Anchoring biases in estimations of age, weight and height
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational Health, Psychology and Sports Sciences, Psychology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5055-6793
2019 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The main purpose of this thesis was to study the circumstances under whichanchoring biases occur for estimation of age, weight and height. Paper Iinvestigated accuracy and biases in age estimates made by salespersons withexperience in age estimation, compared to a control group without any similarexperience. The accuracy in age estimates of young target persons (15-24 yearsold) made by salespersons was higher than that of control persons. Moreover,the salespersons demonstrated less overestimation of the age of youngertarget persons, and whereas the control group own-anchored in their ageestimates, the salespersons did not. Paper II and IV investigated genderdifferences in the tendency to own-anchor in within- and cross-genderestimates of age, weight and height. Both papers found that women ownanchorspontaneously both within and across gender, whereas men for themost part own-anchor only in their estimates of other men. Paper IV alsoinvestigated the possibility to increase own-anchoring by priming theparticipants’ use of their own characteristics in their estimation of age, weightand height. Elaborated similarity priming (asking the participants to statetheir estimates in relation to their own characteristics) did influence theestimates, by increasing the participants’ tendency to own-anchor. Paper IIIaimed to investigate whether standard anchoring effects (i.e., assimilationtowards explicit, experimenter-provided comparison values) occur forestimations of age and quantities – estimations based on visual stimuli andmade with a higher degree of certainty as compared to the judgmentstraditionally used in the standard anchoring paradigm. Anchor effects werefound for both age estimations and quantity estimations, and were notaffected by neither cognitive load nor source credibility.

Abstract [sv]

Huvudsyftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka under vilkaomständigheter som förankringsbias uppstår vid skattningar av ålder, viktoch längd. Artikel I undersökte korrekthet och bias i åldersbedömningargjorda av butikspersonal med erfarenhet av åldersbedömning, jämfört meden kontrollgrupp utan motsvarande erfarenhet. Butikspersonalen uppvisadehögre korrekthet vid åldersskattningar av unga personer (15-24 år) änpersonerna i kontrollgruppen gjorde. Butikspersonalen uppvisade ocksålägre grad av överskattning av yngre personers ålder, och medankontrollgruppen egenförankrade sina skattningar i sin egen ålder, så gjordeinte butikspersonalen det. Artikel II och IV undersökte könsskillnader ibenägenheten att egenförankra vid skattningar av ålder, vikt och längd inomrespektiveöver könsgränserna. Båda artiklarna fann att kvinnoregenförankrar naturligt både inom och mellan könsgränserna, medan män tillövervägande del endast egenförankrar i sina skattningar av andra män.Artikel IV undersökte dessutom möjligheten att öka egenförankringen genomatt primea deltagarnas användning av sina egna egenskaper i bedömningarav ålder, vikt och längd. Elaborerad likhetspriming (där deltagarna ombadsatt göra sina bedömningar i relation till sina egna egenskaper) påverkadeskattningarna genom att öka deltagarnas tendens till egenförankring. ArtikelIII syftade till att undersöka huruvida även klassiska förankringseffekter(d.v.s. assimilation gentemot explicita jämförelsevärden) uppstår förbedömningar av ålder och kvantiteter – bedömningar baserade på visuelltstöd och gjorda med en högre grad av säkerhet jämfört med de bedömningarsom vanligen används inom standardparadigmet. Förankringseffekteruppvisades för bedömningar av både ålder och kvantiteter, och påverkadesinte av manipulationer gällande kognitiv belastning och trovärdighet hosursprunget till jämförelsevärdet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sundsvall: Mid Sweden University , 2019. , p. 61
Series
Mid Sweden University Doctoral Thesis, ISSN 1652-893X ; 309
Keywords [en]
anchoring, anchor effects, own-anchor effect, assimilation, contrast, age estimation, weight estimation, height estimation, social judgments
Keywords [sv]
förankring, förankringseffekter, egenförankring, assimilation, kontrast, åldersbedömning, viktbedömning, längdbedömning, sociala bedömningar
National Category
Psychology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-46318ISBN: 978-91-88947-27-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-46318DiVA, id: diva2:1928212
Public defence
2019-12-17, 13:28
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-01-16 Created: 2025-01-16 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Experts on age estimation: Cognition and neurosciences
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experts on age estimation: Cognition and neurosciences
2009 (English)In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 50, no 4, p. 301-307Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The aim of this investigation was to study the biases and accuracy in age estimation of persons selling alcohol. Two experiments are reported, both suggesting that the accuracy in age estimation of Swedish alcohol salespersons is higher than that of control persons. This expertise in age estimation is probably the result of the extensive training Swedish alcohol salespersons go through as a natural part of their profession. Nonetheless, their estimates were not free from bias. Salespersons overestimated the age of target persons below 20 years of age and thus too young to buy alcohol. The results also revealed that controls, in contrast to salespersons, assimilated their estimates towards their own age (i.e. an own-anchor effect). Furthermore, female participants were shown to estimate the age of old target persons (56-65 years) more accurately than male participants. These results are discussed in relation to previous findings on training in age estimation and present jurisdiction.

Keywords
Age estimation; Expertise; Gender differences; Own-anchor effect
National Category
Applied Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-4109 (URN)10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00726.x (DOI)000267885500002 ()19392943 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-67651146424 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2009-04-16 Created: 2009-04-16 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
2. Women Assimilate across Gender, Men Don’t: The Role of Gender to the Own-Anchor Effect in Age, Height and Weight Estimates
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Women Assimilate across Gender, Men Don’t: The Role of Gender to the Own-Anchor Effect in Age, Height and Weight Estimates
2011 (English)In: Journal of Applied Social Psychology, ISSN 0021-9029, E-ISSN 1559-1816, Vol. 41, no 7, p. 1733-1748Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper reports two studies of the own-anchor effect (i.e., assimilation in age, height and weight estimates) in same- and cross-gender age, height and weight estimates. The own-anchor effect is believed to be stronger for same-gender estimates, but the investigation reported here is the first to test this hypothesis with participants and target persons of both genders. Several own-anchor effects were found in females’ same- and cross-gender estimates, whereas males only showed own-anchor effects in same-gender estimates. These results lean towards the possibility that women assimilate across gender, whereas men do not. Explanations of these results with reference to Krueger’s theory of social projection and the consequences for witness reliability are discussed.

Keywords
age estimation, height estimation, weight estimation, own-anchor effect, gender differences
National Category
Applied Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-5042 (URN)10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00774.x (DOI)000292648500007 ()2-s2.0-79960262627 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2009-08-17 Created: 2009-08-17 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
3. Anchoring in numeric judgments of visual stimuli
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Anchoring in numeric judgments of visual stimuli
2016 (English)In: Frontiers in Psychology, E-ISSN 1664-1078, Vol. 7, article id 225Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article investigates effects of anchoring in age estimation and estimation of quantities, two tasks which to different extents are based on visual stimuli. The results are compared to anchoring in answers to classic general knowledge questions that rely on semantic knowledge. Cognitive load was manipulated to explore possible differences between domains. Effects of source credibility, manipulated by differing instructions regarding the selection of anchor values (no information regarding anchor selection, information that the anchors are randomly generated or information that the anchors are answers from an expert) on anchoring were also investigated. Effects of anchoring were large for all types of judgments but were not affected by cognitive load or by source credibility in either one of the researched domains. A main effect of cognitive load on quantity estimations and main effects of source credibility in the two visually based domains indicate that the manipulations were efficient. Implications for theoretical explanations of anchoring are discussed. In particular, because anchoring did not interact with cognitive load, the results imply that the process behind anchoring in visual tasks is predominantly automatic and unconscious.

Keywords
anchoring effects, decision making, age estimation, cognitive load, judgment, source credibility
National Category
Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21268 (URN)10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00225 (DOI)000370598000001 ()26941684 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2016-02-23 Created: 2016-02-23 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved

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