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Unveiling Intra-urban Complexity and Identifying Urban Cores through the Lens of Living Structure Using Point-of-interest Data
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0794-0110
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2337-2486
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0085-5829
2026 (English)In: Geo-spatial Information Science, ISSN 1009-5020, E-ISSN 1993-5153, Vol. 29, no 1, p. 530-545Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The intra-urban space is essentially an organized structure of complexity that consists of centers at different hierarchical levels or scales. This kind of complexity can be measured from the perspective of living structure inspired by Christopher Alexander's organic view of space. Previous studies have revealed that the living structure can be used to characterize the structural complexity of photos, satellite images and urban systems. However, its potential to measure intra-urban complexity using massive point-based datasets remains underexplored. This study introduces a recursive method to analyze intra-urban complexity using massive point-of-interest (POI) data. By recursively decomposing urban substructures, we quantified structural complexity based on the livingness of substructures using a unified criterion. Our findings indicate that cities or intra-urban areas with higher livingness exhibit greater structural complexity. The resulting substructures exhibit power-law distributions and align closely with human activity patterns across multiple spatial scales in four large cities in China. Remarkably, intra-urban structures can be effectively understood with no more than four levels of recursive decomposition. Furthermore, we found that the urban centers or core areas can be effectively located using the proposed method. These insights underscore the potential of living structure as a framework for understanding and measuring the organized complexity of intra-urban spaces.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis , 2026. Vol. 29, no 1, p. 530-545
Keywords [en]
Urban complexity, living structure, intra-urban structure, power law, point-of-interest (POI) data
National Category
Social and Economic Geography
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-46658DOI: 10.1080/10095020.2025.2525494ISI: 001529030700001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105011289084OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-46658DiVA, id: diva2:1947106
Available from: 2025-03-25 Created: 2025-03-25 Last updated: 2026-04-01Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Unveiling the Complexity of Geographic Space from the Lens of Living Structure Using Geospatial Big Data
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Unveiling the Complexity of Geographic Space from the Lens of Living Structure Using Geospatial Big Data
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The complexity of geographic space can be better understood through the concept of living structure, which consists of numerous interconnected smaller features and a few larger ones distributed across multiple spatial scales. The rise of geospatial big data presents unprecedented opportunities to explore this complexity, offering finer spatial resolution for analyzing urban structures and human activities. This thesis leverages diverse geospatial datasets – including street nodes, building footprints, points of interest, social media check-ins, andnighttime light imagery – to examine urban forms and the intricate patterns of geographic features and their underlying human activities across scales. To address key challenges in geographic analysis in the era of big data, this research adopts a topological representation of living structure, inspired by Christopher Alexander’s organic view of space to characterize the complexity of space. Under this perspective, geographic space is not neutral or lifeless but rather an organized complexity that can be mathematically quantified.

The findings reveal a strong correlation between human activities, as indicated by social media check-ins, and the spatial distribution of street nodes and building footprints at various scales. To account for the heterogeneous spatial distribution of geographic features, an enhanced spatial clustering method is introduced. This study also quantifies the structural complexity of intra-urban spaces and identifies urban centers by integrating multi-source geospatial data. Furthermore, the complexity of geographic space is analyzed globally usingnight time light data, leveraging recursively generated substructures. By adopting a holistic, multi-scale perspective on geographic space, the concept of living structure provides a novel framework for understanding complex human activity patterns in the era of big data. This research offers new insights into the spatial organization of cities and contributes to the development of sustainable urban environments.

Abstract [sv]

Det geografiska rummets komplexitet kan förstås bättre genom konceptet living structure, som består av många sammanlänkade mindre element och ett fåtal större, fördelade över flera rumsliga skalor. Framväxten av geospatiala big data erbjuder enastående möjligheter att utforska denna komplexitet och möjliggör analyser av urbana strukturer och mänskliga aktiviteter med högre rumslig upplösning. Denna avhandling använder olika geospatiala datakällor– inklusive gatunoder, byggnadsfotavtryck, intressepunkter, incheckningar på sociala medier och nattljusbilder – för att undersöka stadsformers och geografiska företeelsers komplexa mönster samt de bakomliggande mänskliga aktiviteterna över skalor. För att hantera centrala utmaningar inom geografisk analys i big data-eran tillämpar denna studie en topologisk representation av living structure, inspirerad av Christopher Alexanders organiska syn på rummet. Ur detta perspektiv är det geografiska rummet inte neutralt eller livlöst, utan en intrikat organiserad komplexitet som kan kvantifieras.

Resultaten visar ett starkt samband mellan mänskliga aktiviteter, representerade genom incheckningar på sociala medier, och den rumsliga fördelningen av gatunoder och byggnadsfotavtryck på olika skalor. För att hantera den heterogena rumsliga fördelningen av geografiska företeelser introduceras en förbättrad metod för rumslig klustring. Studien kvantifierar även den strukturella komplexiteten – eller livfullheten – hos intra-urbana rum och identifierar stadscentra genom att integrera geospatial data från flera källor. Vidare analyseras det geografiska rummets komplexitet globalt med hjälp av nattljusdata och rekursivt genererade delstrukturer. Genom att anta ett holistiskt perspektiv på geografiskt rum över alla skalor erbjuder konceptet living structure en ny ram för att förstå mänskliga aktivitetmönster i big data-eran. Denna forskning bidrar med nya insikter i städers rumsliga organisering och ger vägledning för utvecklingen av hållbara urbana miljöer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2025. p. 68
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 63
Keywords
Living structure, topological representation, human activities, natural cities, urban centers, organized complexity, big data, Living structure, topologisk representation, mänskliga aktiviteter, naturliga städer, stadskärnor, organiserad komplexitet, big data
National Category
Other Geographic Studies Social and Economic Geography
Research subject
Sustainable Urban Development
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-46659 (URN)978-91-89593-68-8 (ISBN)978-91-89593-69-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-06-03, 12:108, Högskolan i Gävle, 801 76 Gävle, Gävle, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-05-13 Created: 2025-03-25 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved

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Ren, ZhengJiang, BinSeipel, Stefan

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