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Expanded span of control, leadership and management performance, work-related stress, and job satisfaction among first-line managers: A repeated cross-sectional study
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science.ORCID iD: 0009-0005-9512-3867
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science. Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1495-4943
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science. Centre for Research and Development, Region Gävleborg/Uppsala University, Gävle, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6738-6102
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Science, Caring Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1289-9896
2025 (English)In: Work: A journal of Prevention, Assessment and rehabilitation, ISSN 1051-9815, E-ISSN 1875-9270, Vol. 81, no 3, p. 2952-2963Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background

First-line healthcare managers navigate complex organizational demands to ensure a good work environment and quality care. Key factors such as expanded span of control, leadership and management performance, and work-related stress significantly influence their job satisfaction. However, how these factors evolve over time in organizational settings remains unclear.

Objective

To examine expanded span of control, leadership and management performance, work-related stress, and job satisfaction among first-line healthcare managers and assess whether the relationships between these variables remained stable over time.

Methods

A repeated cross-sectional design was used to collect annual data from 2020 to 2023 among first-line managers in a Swedish healthcare organization. The Ottawa Hospital Span of Control tool, the Leadership and Management Inventory, the Health & Safety Executive stress tool, and a single-item job satisfaction measure were used to collect data. Kruskal-Wallis tests and Spearman correlation analysis were performed.

Results

An expanded span of control negatively impacted job satisfaction in certain years. Leadership and management performance showed a positive but inconsistent association with job satisfaction. Factors in work-related stress, particularly high demands and strained relationships, consistently had a negative relationship with job satisfaction, whereas control and support positively contributed to greater job satisfaction.

Conclusions

Work-related stress, driven by high demands and poor relationships, significantly decreases job satisfaction. Leadership and management performance influence satisfaction, but inconsistently. Reducing workload and improving support structures can enhance job satisfaction and managerial effectiveness.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sage , 2025. Vol. 81, no 3, p. 2952-2963
Keywords [en]
first-line manager, job satisfaction, leadership, management, span of control, work-related stress
National Category
Health Sciences
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-46737DOI: 10.1177/10519815251326470ISI: 001464287400001PubMedID: 40179141Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105009824255OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-46737DiVA, id: diva2:1950625
Available from: 2025-04-08 Created: 2025-04-08 Last updated: 2025-12-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Should I Stay or Should I Go?: First-Line Managers' Experiences and Factors Influencing Retention and Turnover in Healthcare
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Should I Stay or Should I Go?: First-Line Managers' Experiences and Factors Influencing Retention and Turnover in Healthcare
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to generate knowledge and understanding of first-line managers' experiences of the factors influencing their retention and turnover, including their self-reported work-related stress, job satisfaction, span of control, leadership and management performance, and how these factors interact and change over time.

Methods: Four studies were conducted in a Swedish regional healthcare organization. Studies I and III used qualitative descriptive designs with semi-structured interviews to explore reasons for staying or leaving. Study II was a repeated cross-sectional survey assessing associations among span of control, leadership and management performance, work-related stress, and job satisfaction, including the stability of these associations. Study IV was a 40-month prospective cohort using Cox regression to examine whether these factors were associated with time to leave.

Results: Managers who stayed emphasized trust, autonomy, meaningful relationships, and support from colleagues and superiors, together with a sense of purpose in influencing staff and patient care. Those who left often described tipping points linked to high demands, limited influence, or insufficient support. In Study II, job satisfaction remained stable over time and was positively associated with control, manager and peer support, and role clarity; high demands and poor relationships showed strong negative associations. In Study IV, 28 managers left in 40 months. Being categorized at a moderate level in control and manager support was associated with a higher risk of leaving, whereas workplace relationships were not significant.

Conclusion: Retention and turnover among first-line managers are shaped by organizational, group, and individual experiences. Role clarity, supportive relations, sufficient resources, and meaningfulness are central to sustaining engagement and reducing stress, which influence first-line managers’ willingness to remain in their role.

Abstract [sv]

Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att öka kunskapen om förstalinjechefers erfarenheter av faktorer som påverkar beslutet att stanna kvar respektive lämna rollen, inklusive deras självskattade arbetsrelaterade stress, arbetstillfredsställelse, kontrollspann samt ledarskaps- och chefsprestation, och hur dessa faktorer samverkar och förändras över tid.

Metod: Fyra delstudier genomfördes i en svensk hälso- och sjukvårdsorganisation. Studie I och III använde kvalitativ deskriptiv design med semistrukturerade intervjuer för att beskriva orsaker att stanna respektive lämna. Studie II var en upprepad tvärsnittsstudie som undersökte samband mellan kontrollspann, chef- och ledarskapsutövande, arbetsrelaterad stress och arbetstillfredsställelse, samt stabiliteten i dessa samband över tid. Studie IV var en 40-månaders prospektiv kohortstudie med Cox-regression för att analysera om dessa faktorer var associerade med tid till avgång.

Resultat: Chefer som stannade betonade tillit, autonomi, meningsfulla relationer och stöd från kollegor och närmaste chef, tillsammans med känslan av att kunna påverka medarbetare och vård. De som lämnade beskrev ofta brytpunkter kopplade till höga krav, begränsat inflytande eller otillräckligt stöd. I studie II var arbetstillfredsställelse stabil över tid och positivt associerad med kontroll, stöd från chef och kollegor, samt tydliga roller, medan höga krav och bristande relationer hade starka negativa samband. I studie IV slutade 28 chefer under 40 månader. Att vara kategoriserad på en måttlig nivå i kontroll och chefstöd var associerat med ökad risk att lämna, medan relationer inte hade någon signifikant betydelse.

Slutsats: Förstalinjechefers beslut att stanna eller lämna formas av organisatoriska, grupprelaterade och individuella erfarenheter. Tydliga roller, stödjande relationer, tillräckliga resurser och meningsfullhet är centrala för att upprätthålla engagemang, minska stress och möjliggöra att de stannar i rollen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2025. p. 56
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 69
Keywords
first-line managers, healthcare organization, job satisfaction, leadership and management, retention, span of control, turnover, work-related stress, arbetsrelaterad stress, arbetstillfredsställelse, förstalinjechefer, hälso- och sjukvårdsorganisation, kontrollspann, ledarskap och chefskap, personalomsättning
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-48541 (URN)978-91-89593-83-1 (ISBN)978-91-89593-84-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-12-10, 12:108, Lilla Jadwiga, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-11-18 Created: 2025-09-19 Last updated: 2025-11-18

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Svanström, JonasSkytt, BerniceLindberg, MariaLindberg, Magnus

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