hig.sePublications
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • harvard-cite-them-right
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • sv-SE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • de-DE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Augmented Reality for PCB Component Identification and Localization
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2166-3244
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0085-5829
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Computer Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5986-7464
Hellman Dynamic Gävle AB, 80310 Gävle, Sweden.
2025 (English)In: Applied Sciences, E-ISSN 2076-3417, Vol. 15, no 11, article id 6331Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study evaluates the effectiveness of augmented reality (AR), using the Microsoft™ HoloLens™ 2, for identifying and localizing PCB components compared to traditional PDF-based methods. Two experiments examined the influence of user expertise, viewing angles, and component sizes on accuracy and usability. The results indicate that AR improved identification accuracy and user experience for non-experts, although it was slower than traditional methods for experienced users. Optimal performance was achieved at 90° viewing angles, while accuracy declined significantly at oblique angles. Medium-sized components received the highest confidence scores, suggesting favorable visibility and recognition characteristics within this group, though further evaluation with a broader component distribution is warranted. Participant feedback highlighted the system’s intuitive interface and effective guidance but also noted challenges with marker stability, visual discomfort, and ergonomic limitations. These findings suggest that AR can enhance training and reduce errors in electronics manufacturing, although refinements in marker rendering and user onboarding are necessary to support broader adoption. This research provides empirical evidence on the role of AR in supporting user-centered design and improving task performance in industrial electronics workflows.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI , 2025. Vol. 15, no 11, article id 6331
Keywords [en]
augmented reality (AR); PCB assembly; component identification; Microsoft™ HoloLens™ 2; human-centered design; electronics manufacturing; visual guidance
National Category
Other Engineering and Technologies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-47061DOI: 10.3390/app15116331ISI: 001505728100001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105007779575OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-47061DiVA, id: diva2:1964557
Funder
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)Region Gavleborg, 20201871Available from: 2025-06-05 Created: 2025-06-05 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Augmented Reality for Spatial Contextualization in Small-Scale Industrial Processes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Augmented Reality for Spatial Contextualization in Small-Scale Industrial Processes
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In the shift toward more sustainable, digitally enabled industrial practices, there is a growing need for technologies that can enhance task precision, reduce resource waste, and improve human–machine interaction. Delivering spatially contextualized, process-relevant information is essential in smart manufacturing, where task efficiency and decision-making depend on aligning digital content with the physical environment. Augmented Reality (AR), especially when integrated with Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS) and spatial data acquisition frameworks, supports this alignment by providing hands-free, real-time over-lays that improve situational awareness. In small-scale industrial settings, such as printed circuit board (PCB) assembly or inspection, this capability can reduce training overhead, minimize errors, and contribute to more sustainable and adaptive workflows.

This licentiate thesis investigates the integration of AR in small-scale industrial processes through three interrelated studies. The first paper presents a systematic literature review mapping the current state of AR–IPS integration in manufacturing. It identifies limited real-world deployments, fragmented system architectures, and a lack of standardized performance benchmarks. The second study quantitatively evaluates the spatial tracking performance of Microsoft HoloLens 1 under controlled laboratory conditions using a robotic ground-truth system. Results indicate that while sub-centimeter tracking is achievable under orthogonal views, significant drift and accuracy degradation occur at oblique viewing angles. The third paper conducts a user-centered experiment comparing AR-based and traditional PDF-based component identification using Microsoft HoloLens 2. The study demonstrates that AR improves spatial accuracy and user confidence for novice participants, particularly at 90° viewing angles, while experts continue to perform more efficiently with conventional methods. Challenges such as marker instability, visual flicker, and ergonomic fatigue are also documented.

Together, these studies form a coherent investigation into technological maturity, spatial precision, and usability of AR systems in industrial environments. The research contributes empirical tracking benchmarks, integration strategies, and design guidelines that emphasize the need for robust, intuitive, and human-centered AR solutions. The findings align with broader industry goals of sustainability, adaptability, and inclusive technology adoption in the context of digital transformation.

Abstract [sv]

I övergången mot en mer hållbar och digitaliserad industri ökar behovet av teknologier som kan förbättra precisionen i arbetsuppgifter, minska resursförbrukning och stärka samspelet mellan människa och maskin. Att leverera rumsligt kontextualiserad och processrelevant information är avgörande inom smart tillverkning, där effektivitet och beslutsfattande beror på att digitalt innehåll samordnas med den fysiska miljön. Förstärkt verklighet (Augmented Reality, AR), särskilt i kombination med inomhuspositioneringssystem (IPS) och tekniker för 3D-datainsamling, möjliggör detta genom att erbjuda hands-free-överlagringar i realtid som stärker situationsmedvetenheten. I småskaliga industriella miljöer – exempelvis vid montering eller inspektion av kretskort (PCB) – kan sådana lösningar minska behovet av utbildning, begränsa felmarginaler och bidra till mer hållbara och anpassningsbara arbetsflöden.

Denna licentiatavhandling undersöker hur AR kan integreras i småskaliga industriella processer genom tre sammanhängande studier. Den första artikeln består av en systematisk litteraturöversikt som kartlägger nuvarande tillämpningar av AR och IPS i industriella sammanhang. Resultatet visar på begränsade praktiska tillämpningar, fragmenterade systemarkitekturer och brist på standardiserade prestandamått. Den andra studien utvärderar Microsoft HoloLens 1:s spårningsnoggrannhet under kontrollerade laboratorieförhållanden med hjälp av ett robotbaserat referenssystem. Studien visar att subcentimeter-noggrannhet kan uppnås vid ortogonala vyer, men att precisionen försämras avsevärt vid sned betraktelsevinkel. Den tredje studien genomför en användarcentrerad utvärdering där AR-baserad komponentidentifiering jämförs med traditionell PDF-baserad dokumentation, med hjälp av Microsoft HoloLens 2. Resultaten visar att AR förbättrar användarnas precision och självförtroende – särskilt bland novisanvändare vid 90° betraktningsvinkel – medan erfarna användare fortfarande föredrar konventionella metoder. Utmaningar såsom markörinstabilitet, flimmer och ergonomisk belastning identifieras också.

Tillsammans utgör dessa studier en samlad analys av teknisk mognad, rumslig noggrannhet och användbarhet för AR-system i industriella miljöer. Avhandlingen bidrar med empiriska riktmärken, integrationsstrategier och designriktlinjer för robusta, intuitiva och användarfokuserade AR-lösningar. Resultaten stödjer bredare industriella mål om hållbarhet, anpassningsförmåga och inkluderande teknikinförande i samband med digital omställning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2025. p. 44
Series
Licentiate thesis ; 20
Keywords
Augmented Reality, Spatial Contextualization, Sustainable Manufacturing, Industrial Digitalization, Indoor Positioning, Tracking Accuracy, Human-Centered Design, HoloLens, Förstärkt verklighet, rumslig kontextualisering, hållbar industri, industriell digitalisering, inomhuspositionering, spårningsnoggrannhet, användarcentrerad design, HoloLens
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics Robotics and automation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-48092 (URN)978-91-89593-78-7 (ISBN)
Presentation
2025-09-19, Lilla Jadwigasalen (12:108), Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-08-28 Created: 2025-08-22 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

Augmented Reality for PCB Component Identification and Localization(4181 kB)157 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 4181 kBChecksum SHA-512
783397d35aabcc882d848572ac8b2340492c83f546253234ea1ed88a7defb8c639a4a601230867634ad052916c3b7c4c04e9c5b8499bfd2de71d02162b264277
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Other links

Publisher's full textScopus

Authority records

Chandel, KuheleeSeipel, StefanÅhlén, Julia

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Chandel, KuheleeSeipel, StefanÅhlén, Julia
By organisation
Geospatial SciencesComputer Science
In the same journal
Applied Sciences
Other Engineering and Technologies

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 157 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 610 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • harvard-cite-them-right
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • sv-SE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • de-DE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf