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Behavioral and Physiological Effects of a Co-created Workplace Intervention to Promote Recovery in Office Workers with Flexible Work
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational Health, Psychology and Sports Sciences, Occupational Health Science. University of Gävle, Center for Logistics and Innovative Production.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0726-1831
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational Health, Psychology and Sports Sciences, Occupational Health Science. University of Gävle, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1443-6211
University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational Health, Psychology and Sports Sciences, Occupational Health Science. University of Gävle, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2741-1868
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: As flexible work arrangements (FWAs) become more common, especially among office workers, challenges of maintaining a healthy work-recovery balance increase, but studies addressing interventions and their effects on physical behaviors and physiological recovery are sparse. This study examined the effects of a co-created workplace intervention to promote recovery on the 24-hour composition of physical behaviors and recovery during sleep among office workers with FWAs. Methods: We conducted a controlled intervention in a large government organization that offered FWAs. Employees from one unit (n=27) participated in an intervention comprising 1) an individual-level course in digital tools and work strategies and 2) a workshop to develop common rules and routines within the workgroup. Employees from a comparable unit (n=21) were used as a control group and received no intervention activities. Measures at baseline and 12-month follow-up included accelerometry of 24-hour physical behaviors and heart rate variability during sleep as recovery indicators. We also examined sleep and wake times, as noted in a diary. We calculated 24-hour compositions of physical activity and inactivity during wake time and sleep using Compositional data analysis (CoDA), and intervention effects were analyzed using repeated measures MANOVA and ANOVA. Results: Compared with the control condition, the intervention led to more time spent in sleep relative to time awake, and the effect size was large (F=10.87, p<0.01, η²p=0.28). The intervention had limited effects on physical activity relative to inactivity, and on heart rate variability during sleep (interaction between time and group: p>0.05). Conclusions: An intervention comprising a course in individual work strategies and a workgroup-level workshop to define common rules and routines in flexible work led to longer sleep time, indicating a behavioral change that may promote recovery and health.

Keywords [en]
physical activity, health-promotion, recovery, workplace intervention, flexible work arrangements
National Category
Occupational Health and Environmental Health
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work; Health-Promoting Work, Flexibelt arbete
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-47469OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-47469DiVA, id: diva2:1974919
Funder
Forte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, 2009–1761Swedish Transport Administration, 2017/528Available from: 2025-06-23 Created: 2025-06-23 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Promoting Recovery in Flexible Work
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Promoting Recovery in Flexible Work
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Flexible work offers both opportunities and challenges for recovery by enabling work outside regular working hours. To enable the healthy integration of work in everyday life, it is crucial to understand how flexible work affects recovery and how organizations can support it. This thesis investigates the associations between work time control and the need for recovery and uses a co-creation approach to develop, implement, and evaluate the effects of a workplace intervention on psychological, behavioural, and physiological indicators of recovery among office workers with flexible work arrangements (FWAs).

Methods: The project was conducted in co-creation with the Swedish Transport Administration (STA). Study I was based on data from a cross sectional survey sent to all employees and managers with FWAs at STA. Study II included focus-group interviews with employees to identify interventions to promote a good work environment and health in FWAs. Based on Studies I and II, we implemented an intervention combining an individual-level course on digital tools and work strategies with a workgroup-level workshop to develop common rules and routines in FWAs. Studies III and IV evaluated the effects of the intervention using repeated measurements of psychological, behavioural, and physiological recovery indicators.

Results: Work time control was associated with less need for recovery, but also with greater need for recovery through more work using information and communication technology (ICT) during nonwork time and long working hours (Study I). Employees suggested improvements at organizational, workgroup, and individual levels, including: organizing work to reduce job demands and support recovery, developing workgroup rules regarding availability, and clarifying their availability (Study II). The intervention effectively promoted detachment and reduced the need for recovery among employees with high initial recovery needs (Study III), and promoted longer sleep duration. No intervention effects were found on the composition of physical activity behaviours or heart rate variability during sleep (Study IV).

Conclusions: Work time control may reduce recovery needs, but it may also increase recovery needs through increased work-related ICT use during nonwork time and long working hours. Employees suggested interventions targeting work strategies at multiple organizational levels. The co-created workplace intervention, combining individual- and workgroup-level strategies, was effective in promoting detachment and reducing recovery needs among those at risk of poor recovery, and in promoting longer sleep duration. However, the intervention did not improve physical activity behaviours or physiological recovery.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Flexibelt arbete kan skapa möjligheter och utmaningar för återhämtning genom möjligheten att arbeta utanför ordinarie arbetstid. Denna avhandling undersöker sambanden mellan arbetstidskontroll och återhämtningsbehov samt använder en samskapande process för att utveckla, implementera och utvärdera effekter av en arbetsplatsintervention på indikatorer för psykologisk, beteendemässig och fysiologisk återhämtning bland kontorsanställda med flexibelt arbete.

Metod: Projektet har samskapats med Trafikverket. Studie I baserades på data från en tvärsnittsenkät som skickades till alla kontorsanställda med flexibelt arbete inom organisationen. Studie II omfattade fokusgruppintervjuer med medarbetare för att identifiera effektiva och genomförbara åtgärder för att främja en god arbetsmiljö och hälsa i flexibelt arbete. Baserat på Studie I och II implementerades en intervention som kombinerade en kurs på individnivå om digitala verktyg och arbetsstrategier med en workshop på gruppnivå för att utveckla gemensamma spelregler och rutiner i flexibelt arbete. Studie III och IV utvärderade interventionens effekter genom upprepade mätningar av psykologiska, beteendemässiga och fysiologiska indikatorer för återhämtning.

Resultat: Arbetstidskontroll visade samband med ett lägre återhämtningsbehov, men också med ett högre återhämtningsbehov genom ökad arbetsrelaterad teknikanvändning och längre arbetstid (Studie I). Medarbetarna föreslog förbättringar på organisations-, arbetsgrupps- och individnivå för att främja god arbetsmiljö och hälsa i flexibelt arbete, till exempel genom att organisera arbetet för att minska arbetskrav och stödja återhämtning, utveckla gemensamma spelregler och rutiner kring tillgänglighet samt tydliggöra sin egen tillgänglighet (Studie II). Interventionen främjade psykologisk återhämtning genom att underlätta psykologisk frånkoppling från arbetet hos medarbetare med höga initiala återhämtningsbehov (Studie III) samt beteendemässig återhämtning genom ökad sömntid, men hade inga effekter på fysisk aktivitet eller fysiologiska återhämtningsindikatorer (Studie IV).

Slutsatser: Arbetstidskontroll kan minska behovet av återhämtning, men också bidra till ökat återhämtningsbehov genom mer arbetsrelaterad teknikanvändning och längre arbetstid. Medarbetarna föreslog förbättringar med fokus på arbetsstrategier på flera organisatoriska nivåer. Den samskapade interventionen kombinerade en individuell kurs i digitala verktyg och arbetsstrategier med en gruppworkshop för att ta fram gemensamma spelregler och rutiner i flexibelt arbete. Interventionen var effektiv för att hjälpa personer med hög risk för bristande återhämtning att koppla bort och återhämta sig från arbetet samt stödja längre sömn, men inte för att främja fysisk aktivitet eller fysiologisk återhämtning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2025. p. 59
Series
Doctoral thesis ; 65
Keywords
work control, job autonomy, health promotion, intervention, Kontroll i arbetet, autonomi, hälsofrämjande, intervention
National Category
Occupational Health and Environmental Health
Research subject
Health-Promoting Work, Flexibelt arbete
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-47954 (URN)978-91-89593-72-5 (ISBN)978-91-89593-73-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-10-17, Krusenstjernasalen 23:213, Högskolan i Gävle, 801 76 Gävle, Gävle, 10:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-09-26 Created: 2025-07-09 Last updated: 2025-10-02

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Edvinsson, JohannaMathiassen, Svend ErikHallman, David

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