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Augmented Reality for Spatial Contextualization in Small-Scale Industrial Processes
University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Geospatial Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2166-3244
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In the shift toward more sustainable, digitally enabled industrial practices, there is a growing need for technologies that can enhance task precision, reduce resource waste, and improve human–machine interaction. Delivering spatially contextualized, process-relevant information is essential in smart manufacturing, where task efficiency and decision-making depend on aligning digital content with the physical environment. Augmented Reality (AR), especially when integrated with Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS) and spatial data acquisition frameworks, supports this alignment by providing hands-free, real-time over-lays that improve situational awareness. In small-scale industrial settings, such as printed circuit board (PCB) assembly or inspection, this capability can reduce training overhead, minimize errors, and contribute to more sustainable and adaptive workflows.

This licentiate thesis investigates the integration of AR in small-scale industrial processes through three interrelated studies. The first paper presents a systematic literature review mapping the current state of AR–IPS integration in manufacturing. It identifies limited real-world deployments, fragmented system architectures, and a lack of standardized performance benchmarks. The second study quantitatively evaluates the spatial tracking performance of Microsoft HoloLens 1 under controlled laboratory conditions using a robotic ground-truth system. Results indicate that while sub-centimeter tracking is achievable under orthogonal views, significant drift and accuracy degradation occur at oblique viewing angles. The third paper conducts a user-centered experiment comparing AR-based and traditional PDF-based component identification using Microsoft HoloLens 2. The study demonstrates that AR improves spatial accuracy and user confidence for novice participants, particularly at 90° viewing angles, while experts continue to perform more efficiently with conventional methods. Challenges such as marker instability, visual flicker, and ergonomic fatigue are also documented.

Together, these studies form a coherent investigation into technological maturity, spatial precision, and usability of AR systems in industrial environments. The research contributes empirical tracking benchmarks, integration strategies, and design guidelines that emphasize the need for robust, intuitive, and human-centered AR solutions. The findings align with broader industry goals of sustainability, adaptability, and inclusive technology adoption in the context of digital transformation.

Abstract [sv]

I övergången mot en mer hållbar och digitaliserad industri ökar behovet av teknologier som kan förbättra precisionen i arbetsuppgifter, minska resursförbrukning och stärka samspelet mellan människa och maskin. Att leverera rumsligt kontextualiserad och processrelevant information är avgörande inom smart tillverkning, där effektivitet och beslutsfattande beror på att digitalt innehåll samordnas med den fysiska miljön. Förstärkt verklighet (Augmented Reality, AR), särskilt i kombination med inomhuspositioneringssystem (IPS) och tekniker för 3D-datainsamling, möjliggör detta genom att erbjuda hands-free-överlagringar i realtid som stärker situationsmedvetenheten. I småskaliga industriella miljöer – exempelvis vid montering eller inspektion av kretskort (PCB) – kan sådana lösningar minska behovet av utbildning, begränsa felmarginaler och bidra till mer hållbara och anpassningsbara arbetsflöden.

Denna licentiatavhandling undersöker hur AR kan integreras i småskaliga industriella processer genom tre sammanhängande studier. Den första artikeln består av en systematisk litteraturöversikt som kartlägger nuvarande tillämpningar av AR och IPS i industriella sammanhang. Resultatet visar på begränsade praktiska tillämpningar, fragmenterade systemarkitekturer och brist på standardiserade prestandamått. Den andra studien utvärderar Microsoft HoloLens 1:s spårningsnoggrannhet under kontrollerade laboratorieförhållanden med hjälp av ett robotbaserat referenssystem. Studien visar att subcentimeter-noggrannhet kan uppnås vid ortogonala vyer, men att precisionen försämras avsevärt vid sned betraktelsevinkel. Den tredje studien genomför en användarcentrerad utvärdering där AR-baserad komponentidentifiering jämförs med traditionell PDF-baserad dokumentation, med hjälp av Microsoft HoloLens 2. Resultaten visar att AR förbättrar användarnas precision och självförtroende – särskilt bland novisanvändare vid 90° betraktningsvinkel – medan erfarna användare fortfarande föredrar konventionella metoder. Utmaningar såsom markörinstabilitet, flimmer och ergonomisk belastning identifieras också.

Tillsammans utgör dessa studier en samlad analys av teknisk mognad, rumslig noggrannhet och användbarhet för AR-system i industriella miljöer. Avhandlingen bidrar med empiriska riktmärken, integrationsstrategier och designriktlinjer för robusta, intuitiva och användarfokuserade AR-lösningar. Resultaten stödjer bredare industriella mål om hållbarhet, anpassningsförmåga och inkluderande teknikinförande i samband med digital omställning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press , 2025. , p. 44
Series
Licentiate thesis ; 20
Keywords [en]
Augmented Reality, Spatial Contextualization, Sustainable Manufacturing, Industrial Digitalization, Indoor Positioning, Tracking Accuracy, Human-Centered Design, HoloLens
Keywords [sv]
Förstärkt verklighet, rumslig kontextualisering, hållbar industri, industriell digitalisering, inomhuspositionering, spårningsnoggrannhet, användarcentrerad design, HoloLens
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics Robotics and automation
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-48092ISBN: 978-91-89593-78-7 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hig-48092DiVA, id: diva2:1991439
Presentation
2025-09-19, Lilla Jadwigasalen (12:108), Kungsbäcksvägen 47, Gävle, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-08-28 Created: 2025-08-22 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Augmented Reality and Indoor Positioning in Context of Smart Industry: A Review
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Augmented Reality and Indoor Positioning in Context of Smart Industry: A Review
2022 (English)In: Management and Production Engineering Review, ISSN 2080-8208, E-ISSN 2082-1344, Vol. 13, no 4, p. 72-87Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Presently, digitalization is causing continuous transformation of industrial processes. However, it does pose challenges like spatially contextualizing data from industrial processes. There are various methods for calculating and delivering real-time location data. Indoor positioning systems (IPS) are one such method, used to locate objects and people within buildings. They have the potential to improve digital industrial processes, but they are currently under utilized. In addition, augmented reality (AR) is a critical technology in today’s digital industrial transformation. This article aims to investigate the use of IPS and AR in manufacturing, the methodologies and technologies employed, the issues and limitations encountered, and identify future research opportunities. This study concludes that, while there have been many studies on IPS and navigation AR, there has been a dearth of research efforts in combining the two. Furthermore, because controlled environments may not expose users to the practical issues they may face, more research in a real-world manufacturing environment is required to produce more reliable and sustainable results

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Polish Academy of Sciences, 2022
Keywords
Industrial Augmented Reality, Indoor Positioning Systems, Smart Manufacturing, Smart Factory.
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences
Research subject
Intelligent Industry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-40651 (URN)10.24425/mper.2022.142396 (DOI)000961972800007 ()2-s2.0-85168687249 (Scopus ID)
Projects
Spatial Data Innovation (SDI)
Funder
Region Gavleborg, 20201871Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth
Available from: 2023-01-02 Created: 2023-01-02 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
2. Evaluating the Tracking Abilities of Microsoft HoloLens-1 for Small-Scale Industrial Processes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluating the Tracking Abilities of Microsoft HoloLens-1 for Small-Scale Industrial Processes
2023 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This study evaluates the accuracy of Microsoft HoloLens (Version 1) for small-scale industrial activities, comparingits measurements to ground truth data from a Kuka Robotics arm. Two experiments were conducted to assess its positiontracking capabilities, revealing that the HoloLens device is effective for measuring the position of dynamic objects with smalldimensions. However, its precision is affected by the velocity of the trajectory and its position within the device's field of view.While the HoloLens device may be suitable for small-scale tasks, its limitations for more complex and demanding applicationsrequiring high precision and accuracy must be considered. The findings can guide the use of HoloLens devices in industrialapplications and contribute to the development of more effective and reliable position-tracking systems.

Keywords
Augmented reality (AR), Microsoft HoloLens, object tracking, industrial processes, manufacturing processes
National Category
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-42841 (URN)
Conference
ICMAT 2023: International Conference on Computerized Manufacturing Automation Technologies, Stockholm, July 6-7, 2023
Available from: 2023-08-15 Created: 2023-08-15 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved
3. Augmented Reality for PCB Component Identification and Localization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Augmented Reality for PCB Component Identification and Localization
2025 (English)In: Applied Sciences, E-ISSN 2076-3417, Vol. 15, no 11, article id 6331Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study evaluates the effectiveness of augmented reality (AR), using the Microsoft™ HoloLens™ 2, for identifying and localizing PCB components compared to traditional PDF-based methods. Two experiments examined the influence of user expertise, viewing angles, and component sizes on accuracy and usability. The results indicate that AR improved identification accuracy and user experience for non-experts, although it was slower than traditional methods for experienced users. Optimal performance was achieved at 90° viewing angles, while accuracy declined significantly at oblique angles. Medium-sized components received the highest confidence scores, suggesting favorable visibility and recognition characteristics within this group, though further evaluation with a broader component distribution is warranted. Participant feedback highlighted the system’s intuitive interface and effective guidance but also noted challenges with marker stability, visual discomfort, and ergonomic limitations. These findings suggest that AR can enhance training and reduce errors in electronics manufacturing, although refinements in marker rendering and user onboarding are necessary to support broader adoption. This research provides empirical evidence on the role of AR in supporting user-centered design and improving task performance in industrial electronics workflows.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2025
Keywords
augmented reality (AR); PCB assembly; component identification; Microsoft™ HoloLens™ 2; human-centered design; electronics manufacturing; visual guidance
National Category
Other Engineering and Technologies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-47061 (URN)10.3390/app15116331 (DOI)001505728100001 ()2-s2.0-105007779575 (Scopus ID)
Funder
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)Region Gavleborg, 20201871
Available from: 2025-06-05 Created: 2025-06-05 Last updated: 2025-10-02Bibliographically approved

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Chandel, Kuhelee

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